Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin as a Green Co-Solvent in the Aqueous Extraction of Polyphenols from Waste Orange Peels

There is, to-date, an expanding interest concerning the use of cyclodextrins as green food-grade co-solvents in the aqueous extraction of polyphenols, however, data regarding polyphenol extraction from waste orange peels (WOP) are lacking. On this ground, hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), a highly water-soluble cyclodextrin, was used to develop a simple and straightforward methodology for the effective recovery of WOP polyphenols. Process optimization by response surface showed that maximum total polyphenol recovery (26.30 ± 1.49 mg gallic acid equivalents g−1 dry mass) could be accomplished with 15 mM HP-β-CD at 40 °C. On the other hand, integration of ultrasonication pretreatment was found unsuitable, as it resulted in reduced polyphenol yield. Examination of solvent acidity indicated that polyphenol extraction may be enhanced at pH 4, but the difference was non-significant (p > 0.05) compared to yields attained at pH 2, 3, and 5. Extraction of WOP polyphenols with HP-β-CD was shown to provide significantly higher hesperidin yield compared to 60% (v/v) aqueous ethanol, which suggested selectivity of HP-β-CD toward this polyphenolic metabolite.

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The Effect of Ultrasonication Pretreatment on the Production of Polyphenol-Enriched Extracts from Moringa oleifera L. (Drumstick Tree) Using a Novel Bio-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10010220 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 220 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Achillia Lakka ◽

Spyros Grigorakis ◽

Olga Kaltsa ◽

Ioanna Karageorgou ◽

Georgia Batra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Moringa Oleifera ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Total Polyphenol ◽

Recent Interest ◽

The Difference ◽

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽

Polyphenolic Profile ◽

Positive Effect

Moringa oleifera L. leaves are a plant tissue particularly rich in polyphenolic phytochemicals with significant bioactivities, and there has been significant recent interest for the production of extracts enriched in these substances. The current investigation is aimed at establishing a green extraction process, using a novel eco-friendly natural deep eutectic solvent, composed of glycerol and nicotinamide. Furthermore, sample ultrasonication prior to batch stirred-tank extraction was studied to examine its usefulness as a pretreatment step. Optimization of the extraction process through response surface methodology showed that the maximum total polyphenol yield (82.87 ± 4.28 mg gallic acid equivalents g−1 dry mass) could be achieved after a 30 min ultrasonication pretreatment, but the difference with the yield obtained from the non-pretreated sample was statistically non-significant (p < 0.05). Extraction kinetics revealed that the activation energy for the ultrasonication-pretreated samples was more energy-demanding, a fact attributed to phenomena pertaining to washing of the readily extracted polyphenols during pretreatment. Liquid-chromatography-diode array-mass spectrometry showed that ultrasonication pretreatment may have a limited positive effect on polyphenol extractability, but the overall polyphenolic profile was identical for the ultrasonication-pretreated and non-pretreated samples.

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Effect of Processing Variables on Anthocyanin and Total Polyphenol Extraction from Water Caltrop (Trapa bispinosa) Hull

Himalayan Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/hijost.v2i0.25847 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 76-83

Author(s):

Babita Adhikari ◽

Ojeswi Krishna Shrestha

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Extraction Method ◽

Aqueous Extraction ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Polyphenol Content ◽

Total Polyphenol ◽

Total Polyphenol Content ◽

Significant Difference

Anthocyanins are water soluble pigments responsible for the brilliant orange red through deep purple colors in flower and fruits. The effects of different extraction variables (pH, particle size, temperature and time, extraction method) on anthocynin, total polyphenol content and antioxidant of the extracts were studied. The anthocyanin content of fresh and dried (55 °C for 2 h) water caltrop hull were 68.68 and 44.38 μg/100 g d.b. respectively. Temperature, particle size and pH played a significant role (p<0.05) in aqueous extraction of anthonycinin. The optimum aqueous extraction condition were pH of 4.49, particle size of 300 μm, temperature of 67.2 °C and time of 25.38 min which gave 70.3% anthocynin extraction. There was a significant effect of extraction method (acidified ethanol, acidified ethanol and pH differential methods) and particles size on anthocynin extraction (p<0.05). The total polyphenol content in the aqueous extracts from water caltrop hull powder of 300, 690 and 1080 μm were in the range of 55.02-60.31 mg GAE/g dm. The extraction of total polyphenol from 300 μm was significantly different from 690 and 1080 μm particle sizes, while there was no significant difference between from 690 and 1080 μm respectively (p>0.05). The particle size had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the antioxidant activity of the extract and the values ranged from 173.36 μg/mL to 193.69 μg/mL.

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ANALISA KANDUNGAN BETA-GLUKAN LARUT AIR DAN LARUT ALKALI DARI TUBUH BUAH JAMUR TIRAM (Pleurotus ostreatus) DAN SHIITAKE (Lentinus edodes)

Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Indonesia ◽

10.29122/jsti.v13i3.894 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Netty Widyastuti ◽

Teguh Baruji ◽

Henky Isnawan ◽

Priyo Wahyudi ◽

Donowati Donowati

Keyword(s):

Molecular Structure ◽

Molecular Weight ◽

Immune System ◽

Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Lentinus Edodes ◽

Beta Glucan ◽

Oyster Mushrooms ◽

The Difference

Beta glucan is a polysaccharide compound, generally not soluble inwater and resistant to acid. Beta glucan is used as an immunomodulator (enhancing the immune system) in mammals is usually a beta-glucan soluble in water, easily absorbed and has a low molecular weight. Several example of beta-glucan such as cellulose (β-1 ,4-glucan), lentinan (β-1 0.6-glucan) and (β-1 ,3-glucan), pleuran (β-1, 6 and β-1 ,3-glucan) are isolated from species of fungi Basidiomycota include mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes).The purpose of thisresearch activity is to obtain beta-glucan compound that can be dissolved in water and in alkali derived from fungi Basidiomycota, i.e, Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes). The result of beta-glucan compared to characterize the resulting beta glucan that is molecular structure . The difference of beta glucan extraction is based on the differences in solubility of beta-glucan. Beta glucan could be water soluble and insoluble water.

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The Composition, Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant Activity, and Sensory Properties of Estonian Honeys

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10030511 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 511

Author(s):

Evelin Kivima ◽

Kristel Tanilas ◽

Kaie Martverk ◽

Sirli Rosenvald ◽

Loreida Timberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Invertase Activity ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Sensory Characteristics ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Coumaric Acid ◽

Total Polyphenol ◽

Northern Climate ◽

Sensory Parameters ◽

Major Amino Acid

Thirty honey samples from different regions of Estonia were investigated to determine the chemical compositions, physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, and sensory characteristics of typical honeys from a northern climate. The physicochemical parameters, such as electrical conductivity, moisture content, free acidity, hydroxymethylfurfural, diastase, and invertase activity were measured. The color was measured and expressed by L*-, a*-, and b*-coordinates. Sensory parameters were determined by using “fruity”, “floral”, “berry-like”, “herbal”, “woody”, “spicy”, “sweet”, and “animal-like” as the main odor and flavor attributes. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were in the range of 26.2–88.7 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per 100 g and 1.9–6.4 mg quercetin equivalents (QE) per 100 g, respectively. The identified polyphenols showed the highest intensities of caffeic acid, coumaric acid, and abscisic acid and its derivatives. The protocatechuic acid intensity was highest in honeys containing traces of honeydew elements and of cinnamic acid and myricetin in heather honey. The water-soluble antioxidant values were 37.8–311.2 mg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) per 100 g and the lipid soluble antioxidant values were 14.4–60.7 mg Trolox equivalents (TE) per 100 g. The major amino acid in the analyzed honeys was proline, with variable values depending on the honey’s botanical source. Correlations were calculated based on the results obtained. It was revealed that the typical Estonian honey has floral, berry-like, sweet, and rather mild sensory characteristics. Most of the honeys lacked stronger spicy, woody, and animal-like attributes. The typical color of Estonian honey is quite light.

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Raw and Fermented Alfalfa Brown Juice Induces Changes in the Germination and Development of French Marigold (Tagetes patula L.) Plants

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10061076 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1076

Author(s):

Döme Barna ◽

Szilvia Kisvarga ◽

Szilvia Kovács ◽

Gábor Csatári ◽

Ibolya O. Tóth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Tap Water ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Ornamental Plants ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Tagetes Patula ◽

Root And Shoot Length ◽

Horticultural Practice ◽

Brown Juice

Organic and ecological farming programs require new and efficient biostimulants with beneficial properties for the sustainable and safe production of seedlings and ornamental plants. We examined the effect of non-fermented and lacto-fermented alfalfa brown juice (BJ) on seed germination and the vegetative, physiological, and anatomical properties of French marigold (Tagetes patula L. ‘Csemő’) plants which were treated with 0.5–10% fermented and non-fermented BJ, with tap water applied as a control. Applying 0.5% fermented BJ significantly improved seed germination compared with non-fermented BJ, resulting in an increase of 9.6, 11.2, 10.9, and 41.7% in the final germination percent, germination rate index, germination index, and vigor index, respectively. In addition, it increased the root and shoot length by 7.9 and 16.1%, respectively, root and shoot dry mass by 20 and 47.6%, respectively, and the number of leaves by 28.8% compared to the control. Furthermore, an increase in contents of water-soluble phenol, chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoid was reported upon the application of 0.5% fermented BJ, while peroxidase activity decreased. Our results prove that alfalfa BJ can be enrolled as a biostimulant as part of the circular farming approach which supports the sustainable horticultural practice.

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Selective Transport of Water-Soluble Proteins from Aqueous to Ionic Liquid Phase via a Temperature-Sensitive Phase Change of These Mixtures

Australian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1071/ch12282 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 65 (11) ◽

pp. 1548 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Yuki Kohno ◽

Nobuhumi Nakamura ◽

Hiroyuki Ohno

Keyword(s):

Phase Change ◽

Aqueous Phase ◽

Selective Dissolution ◽

Selective Extraction ◽

Soluble Proteins ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Temperature Sensitive ◽

Salting Out ◽

Key Factor ◽

The Difference

Mixtures of some ionic liquids (ILs) and water show reversible phase change between a homogeneous mixture and phase-separated state by a small change in temperature. Some water-soluble proteins have been migrated from the aqueous to the IL phase. When tetrabutylphosphonium 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonate was used as an IL, cytochrome c (Cyt.c) was found to be extracted from the water phase to the IL phase. Conversely, both horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and azurin remained in the aqueous phase. This selective extraction was comprehended to be due to the difference in solubility of these proteins in both phases. The separated aqueous phase contained a small amount of IL, which induced the salting-out of Cyt.c. On the other hand, condensed IL phase promoted the salting-in of Cyt.c. As a result, Cyt.c was preferably dissolved in the hydrated IL phase rather than aqueous phase. In the case of HRP, there was only a salting-out profile upon increasing the concentration of IL, which induced selective dissolution of HRP in the aqueous phase. These results clearly suggest that the profile of salting-out and salting-in for proteins is the key factor to facilitate the selective extraction of proteins from aqueous to the IL phase.

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Nanofiltration process as non-thermal alternative to thermovinification in Pinot noir winemaking

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.2020.54.1.2507 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 37-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Claudia Nioi ◽

Maria Tiziana Lisanti ◽

Soizic Lacampagne ◽

Pascal Noilet ◽

Martine Mietton Peuchot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alcoholic Fermentation ◽

Red Wine ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

Grape Pomace ◽

Pinot Noir ◽

Color Intensity ◽

Total Polyphenol ◽

Total Anthocyanins ◽

Polyphenol Extraction ◽

Phenolic Extraction

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of membrane technology to improve polyphenol extraction during red wine alcoholic fermentation of the Pinot noir grape variety. The effect of adding permeate obtained from saignée nanofiltration onto grape pomace during alcoholic fermentation on wine phenolic extraction was investigated. The process consisted in the addition of nanofiltration permeate (NF) from saignée onto grape pomace in three different steps during alcoholic fermentation, corresponding to volumic mass of 1.060, 1.030 and 1.000 g.cm-3 (treatments called NF1060, NF1030 and NF1000, respectively). This innovative extraction strategy was compared with the extraction by thermovinification (TV), a conventional method used to increase anthocyanin extraction in red winemaking. All trials were performed at microvinification scale (30 kg of grapes, in duplicate). Total polyphenol index, color intensity and total anthocyanins were measured during fermentation. In the finished wines, after malolactic fermentation, tannins, HCl index, gelatin index and dialysis index were determined and a sensory evaluation was made by an expert panel. The results show that nanofiltration treatments were able to extract the same amount of total polyphenols and reach the same color intensity as thermovinification. A higher extraction of anthocyanins (around 25 %) was obtained using NF1030 and NF1000, and a higher content of tannins was found in NF wine than TV wine, with a higher degree of polymerization in NF1060 and NF1030. The perceived astringency reflected the gelatin index values, with NF1030 wine the least astringent. The wine tasters agreed on a higher sensory appreciation for NF wines, especially NF1030. The results obtained in this study are a good incentive to promote research on nanofiltration processes as a non-thermal alternative to modulating polyphenol extraction during red wine fermentation.

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Recognition- and defense-related gene expression at 3 resynthesis stages in lichen symbionts

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/cjm-2014-0470 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Sarangi N.P. Athukorala ◽

Michele D. Piercey-Normore

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Physical Contact ◽

Related Gene ◽

Defense Related Gene ◽

The Difference ◽

Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽

Cladonia Rangiferina ◽

Incompatible Interactions

Recognition and defense responses are early events in plant–pathogen interactions and between lichen symbionts. The effect of elicitors on responses between lichen symbionts is not well understood. The objective of this study was to compare the difference in recognition- and defense-related gene expression as a result of culture extracts (containing secreted water-soluble elicitors) from compatible and incompatible interactions at each of 3 resynthesis stages in the symbionts of Cladonia rangiferina. This study investigated gene expression by quantitative PCR in cultures of C. rangiferina and its algal partner, Asterochloris glomerata/irregularis, after incubation with liquid extracts from cultures of compatible and incompatible interactions at 3 early resynthesis stages. Recognition-related genes were significantly upregulated only after physical contact, demonstrating symbiont recognition in later resynthesis stages than expected. One of 3 defense-related genes, chit, showed significant downregulation in early resynthesis stages and upregulation in the third resynthesis stage, demonstrating a need for the absence of chitinase early in thallus formation and a need for its presence in later stages as an algal defense reaction. This study revealed that recognition- and defense-related genes are triggered by components in culture extracts at 3 stages of resynthesis, and some defense-related genes may be induced throughout thallus growth. The parasitic nature of the interaction shows parallels between lichen symbionts and plant pathogenic systems.

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Applying Exogenous Humic Acids and Natural Zeolite for Remediating the Lead-Polluted Garden Soil

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.919 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 113-116 ◽

pp. 919-922

Author(s):

Wei Yu Shi ◽

Hua Li ◽

Li Ye Chu ◽

Hong Bo Shao

Keyword(s):

Humic Acids ◽

Large Scale ◽

Lead Concentration ◽

Soluble Fraction ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Garden Soil ◽

Polluted Soils ◽

Lead Compounds ◽

Mixed Treatment ◽

The Difference

The study reported the co-remediation effect on the lead-polluted garden soil by zeolite and humic acids (HA), which was from comparing with the remediation of single zeolite in term of the lead fraction of sequential extraction in the soil and the distribution of lead in different parts of rape. Mixed treatment (zeolite and HA) and single treatment (zeolite) were, respectively, applied to the artificially polluted garden soil to examine the difference of their remediation effects in pot experiment. Results indicated that the co-remediation led to significantly greater (p < 0.01) reduction in the lead concentration in plants than by singly adding to zeolite. The co-application of zeolite and HA reduced the available fraction of lead compounds, but slightly increased (p < 0.01) the water-soluble fraction of lead compounds in the garden soil, compared with the application of single zeolite, especially in the severe lead-polluted soil (≥1000mg kg−1).This method might be an efficient way to remediate the lead-polluted soils on a large scale.

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Influence of the SolubleInsoluble Ratios of Cyclodextrins Polymers on the Viscoelastic Properties of Injectable ChitosanBased Hydrogels for Biomedical Application

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11020214 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 214 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Carla Palomino-Durand ◽

Marco Lopez ◽

Frédéric Cazaux ◽

Bernard Martel ◽

Nicolas Blanchemain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viscoelastic Properties ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Structural Integrity ◽

Biomedical Application ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Self Healing ◽

Indirect Contact ◽

Polyelectrolyte Complexes ◽

Anionic Polymers ◽

The Difference

Injectable pre-formed physical hydrogels provide many advantages for biomedical applications. Polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) formed between cationic chitosan (CHT) and anionic polymers of cyclodextrin (PCD) render a hydrogel of great interest. Given the difference between water-soluble (PCDs) and water-insoluble PCD (PCDi) in the extension of polymerization, the present study aims to explore their impact on the formation and properties of CHT/PCD hydrogel obtained from the variable ratios of PCDi and PCDs in the formulation. Hydrogels CHT/PCDi/PCDs at weight ratios of 3:0:3, 3:1.5:1.5, and 3:3:0 were elaborated in a double–syringe system. The chemical composition, microstructure, viscoelastic properties, injectability, and structural integrity of the hydrogels were investigated. The cytotoxicity of the hydrogel was also evaluated by indirect contact with pre-osteoblast cells. Despite having similar shear–thinning and self-healing behaviors, the three hydrogels showed a marked difference in their rheological characteristics, injectability, structural stability, etc., depending on their PCDi and PCDs contents. Among the three, all the best above-mentioned properties, in addition to a high cytocompatibility, were found in the hydrogel 3:1.5:1.5. For the first time, we gained a deeper understanding of the role of the PCDi/PCDs in the injectable pre-formed hydrogels (CHT/PCDi/PCDs), which could be further fine-tuned to enhance their performance in biomedical applications.

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