A Putative Prophylactic Solution for COVID-19: Development of Novel Multiepitope Vaccine Candidate against SARS-COV-2 by Comprehensive Immunoinformatic and Molecular Modelling Approach

The outbreak of 2019-novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes severe respiratory infection (COVID-19) has spread in China, and the World Health Organization has declared it a pandemic. However, no approved drug or vaccines are available, and treatment is mainly supportive and through a few repurposed drugs. The urgency of the situation requires the development of SARS-CoV-2-based vaccines. Immunoinformatic and molecular modelling are time-efficient methods that are generally used to accelerate the discovery and design of the candidate peptides for vaccine development. In recent years, the use of multiepitope vaccines has proved to be a promising immunization strategy against viruses and pathogens, thus inducing more comprehensive protective immunity. The current study demonstrated a comprehensive in silico strategy to design stable multiepitope vaccine construct (MVC) from B-cell and T-cell epitopes of essential SARS-CoV-2 proteins with the help of adjuvants and linkers. The integrated molecular dynamics simulations analysis revealed the stability of MVC and its interaction with human Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which trigger an innate and adaptive immune response. Later, the in silico cloning in a known pET28a vector system also estimated the possibility of MVC expression in Escherichia coli. Despite that this study lacks validation of this vaccine construct in terms of its efficacy, the current integrated strategy encompasses the initial multiple epitope vaccine design concepts. After validation, this MVC can be present as a better prophylactic solution against COVID-19.

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A Putative Prophylactic Solution for COVID-19: Development of Novel Multiepitope Vaccine Candidate against SARS‐COV‐2 by Comprehensive Immunoinformatic and Molecular Modelling Approach

10.20944/preprints202003.0242.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hafiz Muzzammel Rehman ◽

Muhammad Usman Mirza ◽

Mahjabeen Saleem ◽

Matheus Froeyen ◽

Sarfraz Ahmad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Modelling ◽

In Silico ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Adaptive Immune Response ◽

World Health ◽

Vector System ◽

T Cell Epitopes ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization ◽

Dynamics Simulations

The outbreak of 2019-novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes severe respiratory infection (COVID-19) has spread in China, and the world health organization declared it pandemic. However, no approved drug or vaccines are available, and treatment is mainly supportive and through a few repurposed drugs. In this urgency situation, development of SARS-CoV-2 based vaccines is immediately required. Immunoinformatic and molecular modelling are generally used time-efficient methods to accelerate the discovery and design of the candidate peptides for vaccine development. In recent years, the use of multiepitope vaccines is proved to be a promising immunization strategy against viruses and pathogens, which induce more comprehensive protective immunity. The current study demonstrated a comprehensive in-silico strategy to design stable multiepitope vaccine construct (MVC) from B-cell and T-cell epitopes of essential SARS-CoV-2 proteins with the help of adjuvants and linkers. The integrated molecular dynamics simulations analysis revealed the stability of MVC and its interaction with human Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which trigger an innate and adaptive immune response. Later, the in-silico cloning in a known pET28a vector system also estimated the possibility of MVC expression in E. Coli. Despite this study lacks validation of this vaccine construct in terms of its efficacy, the current integrated strategy encompasses the initial multiple epitope vaccine design concepts. After validation, this MVC can present to be a better prophylactic solution against COVID-19.

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Cross-reactive antibody response between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infections

10.1101/2020.03.15.993097 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Huibin Lv ◽

Nicholas C. Wu ◽

Owen Tak-Yin Tsang ◽

Meng Yuan ◽

Ranawaka A. P. M. Perera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Cross Reactivity ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

World Health ◽

Cross Neutralization ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization ◽

Reactive Antibody

AbstractThe World Health Organization has recently declared the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19, which is caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, as pandemic. There is currently a lack of knowledge in the antibody response elicited from SARS-CoV-2 infection. One major immunological question is concerning the antigenic differences between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. We address this question by using plasma from patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV, and plasma obtained from infected or immunized mice. Our results show that while cross-reactivity in antibody binding to the spike protein is common, cross-neutralization of the live viruses is rare, indicating the presence of non-neutralizing antibody response to conserved epitopes in the spike. Whether these non-neutralizing antibody responses will lead to antibody-dependent disease enhancement needs to be addressed in the future. Overall, this study not only addresses a fundamental question regarding the antigenicity differences between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, but also has important implications in vaccine development.

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Design of multi epitope-based peptide vaccine against E protein of human COVID-19: An immunoinformatics approach

10.1101/2020.02.04.934232 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Miyssa I. Abdelmageed ◽

Abdelrahman H. Abdelmoneim ◽

Mujahed I. Mustafa ◽

Nafisa M. Elfadol ◽

Naseem S. Murshed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

Mhc Class Ii ◽

Envelope Protein ◽

Peptide Vaccine ◽

World Health ◽

Comparative Genomic ◽

World Population ◽

T Cell Epitopes ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

AbstractBackgroundNew endemic disease has been spread across Wuhan City, China on December 2019. Within few weeks, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a novel coronavirus designated as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In late January 2020, WHO declared the outbreak of a “public-health emergency of international concern” due to the rapid and increasing spread of the disease worldwide. Currently, there is no vaccine or approved treatment for this emerging infection; thus the objective of this study is to design a multi epitope peptide vaccine against COVID-19 using immunoinformatics approach.MethodSeveral techniques facilitating the combination of immunoinformatics approach and comparative genomic approach were used in order to determine the potential peptides for designing the T cell epitopes-based peptide vaccine using the envelope protein of 2019-nCoV as a target.ResultsExtensive mutations, insertion and deletion were discovered with comparative sequencing in COVID-19 strain. Additionally, ten peptides binding to MHC class I and MHC class II were found to be promising candidates for vaccine design with adequate world population coverage of 88.5% and 99.99%, respectively.ConclusionT cell epitopes-based peptide vaccine was designed for COVID-19 using envelope protein as an immunogenic target. Nevertheless, the proposed vaccine is rapidly needed to be validated clinically in order to ensure its safety, immunogenic profile and to help on stopping this epidemic before it leads to devastating global outbreaks.

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in-silica Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 viral strain using Reverse Vaccinology Approach: A Case Study for USA

10.1101/2020.06.16.154559 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ajay Agarwal

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Virulent Strain ◽

Human Interaction ◽

Reverse Vaccinology ◽

World Health ◽

Genetic Characteristics ◽

Bioinformatics Databases ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

AbstractThe recent pandemic of COVID19 that has struck the world is yet to be battled by a potential cure. Countless lives have been claimed due to the existing pandemic and the societal normalcy has been damaged permanently. As a result, it becomes crucial for academic researchers in the field of bioinformatics to combat the existing pandemic. The study involved collecting the virulent strain sequence of SARS-nCoV19 for the country USA against human host through publically available bioinformatics databases. Using in-silica analysis and reverse vaccinology, two leader proteins were identified to be potential vaccine candidates for development of a multi-epitope drug. The results of this study can provide further researchers better aspects and direction on developing vaccine and immune responses against COVID19. This work also aims at promoting the use of existing bioinformatics tools to faster streamline the pipeline of vaccine development.The Situation of COVID19A new infection respiratory disease was first observed in the month of December 2019, in Wuhan, situated in the Hubei province, China. Studies have indicated that the reason of this disease was the emergence of a genetically-novel coronavirus closely related to SARS-CoV. This coronavirus, now named as nCoV-19, is the reason behind the spread of this fatal respiratory disease, now named as COVID-19. The initial group of infections is supposedly linked with the Huanan seafood market, most likely due to animal contact. Eventually, human-to-human interaction occurred and resulted in the transmission of the virus to humans. [13].Since then, nCoV-19 has been rapidly spreading within China and other parts of World. At the time of writing this article (mid-March 2020), COVID-19 has spread across 146 countries. A count of 164,837 cases have been confirmed of being diagnosed with COVID-19, and a total of 6470 deaths have occurred. The cumulative cases have been depicting a rising trend and the numbers are just increasing. WHO has declared COVID-19 to be a “global health emergency”. [14].Current Scenario and ObjectivesCurrently, research is being conducted on a massive level to understand the immunology and genetic characteristics of the disease. However, no cure or vaccine of nCoV-19 has been developed at the time of writing this article.Though, nCoV-19 and SARS-CoV are almost genetically similar, the respiratory syndrome caused by both of them, COVID-19 and SARS respectively, are completely different. Studies have indicated that –“SARS was more deadly but much less infectious than COVID-19”.-World Health Organization

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The Global War Against the Novel Coronavirus Enemy: What Is COVID-19? Of Course, Nothing Is Certain Yet

Journal of Applied Biotechnology ◽

10.5296/jab.v8i2.18002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 26

Author(s):

Elham F. Mohamed ◽

Gamal Awad

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Development ◽

World Health ◽

The Novel ◽

Who Guidelines ◽

Comprehensive Knowledge ◽

Academic Researchers ◽

Definition Of ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization ◽

Global War

In this review, the new Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic problem was discussed. This concept was covered via answer the comment questions about the new COVID-19 problems. The main objective of this review is to supply a comprehensive knowledge in the definition of COVID-19, Corona virus concept, discusses the infection common symptoms, the transmission, diagnosis, and management of COVID-19. Finally, we provide a tool and recommendations to avoid infection spread. In this review, we collected data from diverse research reports such as the World Health Organization (WHO), guidelines and other articles. Because of the wide and fast spread of the virus, academic researchers, environmental scientists, antiviral designs, vaccine development against the virus and providers of health care are expected to acquire current information and future outlooks of the new pandemic coronavirus.

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The parallels between COVID-19 and the Spanish flu of 1918

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20204776 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 4687

Author(s):

Markordor Lyngdoh

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Development ◽

Influenza Pandemic ◽

World Health ◽

Health Crisis ◽

The World ◽

Spanish Flu ◽

Avian Origin ◽

1918 Influenza ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

The 1918 influenza pandemic was the most severe pandemic in recent history. It was caused by an H1N1 virus with genes of avian origin. On the other hand, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus hailed by the world health organization as a “once in a century health crisis” which has led to devastating impacts to health and livelihood the world over. The prevailing situation is reminiscent of the Spanish flu where definitive cure is unavailable and the public health measures like quarantine, social distancing, hand hygiene and isolation are the only alternatives. Both these diseases are transmitted through respiratory droplets, highly contagious and target the respiratory organs. The parallels between these two events cannot be denied. The Spanish flu thrived at a time when the knowledge and availability of antivirals and vaccine development were inadequate. This article strives to highlight a little more on these two separate pandemics and observe their similarities as well as their differences.

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mRNA Vaccine: The Next Generation Vaccine Revolution in Medical Science & Vaccinology

10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.ppsvhlh.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mahnoor Patel

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Medical Science ◽

Modern Medicine ◽

World Health ◽

Next Generation ◽

Time Duration ◽

Success Stories ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

Vaccination is one of the major success stories of modern medicine. It has the ability for reducing the incidence of infectious diseases such as measles, and helps in eradicating others like smallpox. Conventional vaccine approaches have not been as effective against rapidly evolving pathogens like influenza or emerging disease threats such as the Ebola, Zika Viruses or Novel Coronavirus. RNA based vaccines could have an impact in these areas due to their shorter manufacturing times and greater effectiveness. Beyond infectious diseases RNA vaccines have potential as Novel therapeutic options for major disease such as cancer for development of personalized medicine. At the time of epidemic like Ebola or pandemic like 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) mRNA vaccine technology is the most effective way to develop a vaccine at the possible earliest time. As compared to the traditional way of vaccine development, next generation technology for developing vaccine is more essential. A novel pandemic cause by virus has been reported in Wuhan, China; in late December 2019. Within time duration of few weeks, the newly identified virus designated as 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and it was declared as pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO). At the time of late January 2020, WHO announced it as the international emergency outbreak because of the rapid spread and increases at the global level. There is no any preventive vaccine is present or any approved therapy/treatment for this viral emergency which is very infectious globally. The principle behind RNA vaccine is to use natural mRNA as a data carrier which can give instructions to the human body for the production of its proteins to fight against various diseases. RNA based vaccines provide good safety when it comes to their delivery in the cytoplasm. RNA vaccines comprise as mRNA vaccine which can offer robust safety profile with minimal genetic construction to express the desired antigen. There are few mRNA vaccines which were developed by few Biotechnology companies, showing positive results against COVID-19 and it is there in 4th phase clinical trial which possibly be the first vaccine available in the market in between mid-2021.

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Current Status of COVID-19 Diagnostics

10.5772/intechopen.96955 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Surabhi Dixit ◽

Monal Sharma

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Development ◽

Control Measures ◽

World Health ◽

Current Status ◽

The Novel ◽

Diagnostic Assays ◽

Global Demand ◽

The World ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

In December 2019, an unexpected outbreak was caused by novel corona virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The lung disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was given the name of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020. Since its origin in the Hubei province of Wuhan city in China, now it has spread to 218 countries worldwide. Panic situation created by COVID-19 has compelled researchers and doctors to work collaboratively. To combat with the disease, every control measures are under consideration from drug discovery to vaccine development. In the management of disease, rapid diagnosis is equally important as development of vaccine and drug. At present, various diagnostic kits are available for COVID-19. With the disease progression, global demand for diagnostics is raising. So, this chapter will include the updates on efficient diagnostic assays and future of diagnostic.

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2019 Novel Coronavirus: A review on Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Current Clinical Trials in Vaccine Development

Coronaviruses ◽

10.2174/2666796701666201230104321 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 01 ◽

Author(s):

Megala Jayaraman ◽

Sabari Krishna B. B. ◽

Parijat Dutta ◽

Jayesh Telang ◽

Sreshta Adhikari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Development ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Diagnostic Techniques ◽

Public Health Emergency ◽

World Health ◽

Transmission Potential ◽

Vaccine Trials ◽

The World ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

: Coronavirus disease-2019, a viral disease caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified by the Centre for Disease Control (CDC), China on January 7, 2020. This mysterious respiratory epidemic occurred in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019. A month later its outbreak in China, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) due to its severity and high transmission potential throughout the world, leading many nations to implement multiple lockdown sessions and strict social distancing measures. As of September 21, 2020, 30,675,675 active cases and 954,417 deaths had been reported worldwide. Intensive research is being carried out across the globe to identify precise diagnostic techniques and to develop novel, effective vaccines against the virus. Herein, we elaborate on details of epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and vaccine trials related to this pandemic.

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The scientific community in COVID-19 global pandemic: A systematic update on recent progress and challenges

European Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.5155/eurjchem.12.2.222-234.2084 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 222-234

Author(s):

Zeba Firdaus ◽

Sushil Kumar Singh ◽

Tryambak Deo Singh ◽

Meenakshi Singh

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Development ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Human Life ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Host Cells ◽

World Health ◽

The Novel ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

The novel coronavirus, which emerged in China in late December 2019, is officially named as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The rapid spread of the virus across the continent has disrupted human life in every aspect leading to health and economic crises. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the novel coronavirus outbreak as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. In spite of complete lockdown and quarantine efforts in many countries, the occurrence of infections continues to rise, with more than 88 million laboratory-confirmed cases and over 1.9 million deaths worldwide as on January 10, 2021. Since the beginning of the outbreak, lot of intriguing studies about the phylogenetic evolution, epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission, clinical characteristics, and possible treatment of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been published. This review aims to provide an insight into the progress in this regard and provides a reference for future studies including general awareness. We have discussed the origin, transmission, and infection mechanism of coronaviruses in host cells as well as available treatment options with relevant case studies. Furthermore, the stages of vaccine development, types of vaccines, and candidate vaccines with their phases of clinical trial are also incorporated. In a nutshell, the article is an attempt to retrieve the latest information available on virus behavior, efficacy of the available drugs, and development of candidate vaccines on SARS-CoV-2.

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