scholarly journals Use of a Reforming Catalyst for Hydrogen Production in the Carbonization Process of Torrefied Biomass

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1300
Author(s):  
Alexander Lopez-Urionabarrenechea ◽  
Esther Acha ◽  
Aitziber Adrados ◽  
Jon Solar ◽  
Blanca María Caballero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Metallurgical Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Charcoal Production ◽  
Carbonization Process ◽  
Reforming Catalyst ◽  
Eucalyptus Wood ◽  
Torrefied Biomass ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Catalytic Treatment

The utilization of charcoal from woody biomass is an efficient way to reduce CO2 emissions from the metallurgical industry. The main aim of this work is to study the charcoal production process from torrefied biomass. For this purpose, torrefaction (3 °C min−1, 250 °C, 30 min) and carbonization (3 °C min−1, 750 °C, 30 min) experiments of eucalyptus wood were carried out in a 3.5 L tank reactor. In the carbonization experiments, a thermo-catalytic treatment of the vaporized phase was also performed, with the objective of producing less condensates and H2-rich gases. The results show that the torrefaction pre-treatment does not affect the chemical properties of charcoal but significantly improves the performance of the carbonization process, where more than 50 wt% of charcoal is obtained. In addition, the thermal and thermo-catalytic treatment of the vaporized phase during the carbonization of torrefied biomass yields better results than in the case of fresh biomass. When torrefied biomass is used as raw material and the reforming catalyst is employed to treat the vapors and gases, a proportion of 71 vol% of H2 in the gases is achieved, together with very low quantities of condensates (8.0 wt%). This allows designing a carbonization process in which, in addition to charcoal, pure H2 can also be produced.

Development of Ketchup from Sudanese Red karkade (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) byproduct

Food Biology ◽  
1970 ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Nawal Abdel-Gayoum Abdel-Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Quality ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Hibiscus Sabdariffa ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Tomato Ketchup

The aim of this study is to use of karkede (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) byproduct as raw material to make ketchup instead of tomato. Ketchup is making of various pulps, but the best type made from tomatoes. Roselle having adequate amounts of macro and micro elements, and it is rich in source of anthocyanine. The ketchup made from pulped of waste of soaked karkede, and homogenized with starch, salt, sugar, ginger (Zingiber officinale), kusbara (Coriandrum sativum) and gum Arabic. Then processed and filled in glass bottles and stored at two different temperatures, ambient and refrigeration. The total solids, total soluble solids, pH, ash, total titratable acidity and vitamin C of ketchup were determined. As well as, total sugars, reducing sugars, colour density, and sodium chloride percentage were evaluated. The sensory quality of developed product was determined immediately and after processing, which included colour, taste, odour, consistency and overall acceptability. The suitability during storage included microbial growth, physico-chemical properties and sensory quality. The karkede ketchup was found free of contaminants throughout storage period at both storage temperatures. Physico-chemical properties were found to be significantly differences at p?0.05 level during storage. There were no differences between karkade ketchup and market tomato ketchup concerning odour, taste, odour, consistency and overall acceptability. These results are encouraging for use of roselle cycle as a raw material to make acceptable karkade ketchup.

Anthocyanins: Chemical Properties and Health Benefits: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siraj Salman Mohammad ◽  
Renata Oliveira Santos ◽  
Maria Ivone Barbosa ◽  
José Lucena Barbosa Junior
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
The Body ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Extraction Properties ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Food Processes ◽  
Shed Light

: Anthocyanins are widely spread in different kinds of food, especially fruits and floral tissues, there is an extensive range of anthocyanin compounds reach more than 600 exist in nature. Anthocyanins can be used as antioxidants and raw material for several applications in food and pharmaceutical industry. Consequently, a plenty of studies about anthocyanins sources and extraction methods were reported. Furthermore, many studies about their stability, bioactive and therapeutic properties have been done. According to the body of work, we firstly worked to shed light on anthocyanin properties including chemical, antioxidant and extraction properties. Secondly, we reported the applications and health benefits of anthocyanin including the applications in food processes and anthocyanin characteristics as therapeutic and prophylactic compounds. We reviewed anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-fatness, oxidative Stress and lipid decreasing and vasoprotective effects of anthocyanins. In conclusion, because the importance of phytochemicals and bioactive compounds the research is still continuing to find new anthocyanins from natural sources and invest them as raw materials in the pharmaceutical and nutrition applications.

Research status of microwave-assisted reduction technology of pyrolusite

2020 ◽  
Vol 07 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Qiannan ◽  
Ling Yeqing ◽  
Zheng Hewen ◽  
Yang Zhi
Keyword(s):  
Metallurgical Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Manganese Ore ◽  
Effective Utilization ◽  
Research Status ◽  
Strategic Position ◽  
Research Intensity ◽  
Stable Development

: Manganese ore is an important metallurgical raw material that holds an important strategic position in the national economy of China. However, the grade of manganese ore in the country is mostly low, and the utilization efficiency of lowgrade manganese ore resources is low, which seriously restrict the healthy and stable development of China’s metallurgical industry. As a new green heating method, microwave is expected to address the problems of conventional methods and realize the effective utilization of low-grade manganese ore. In this paper, the research status of the microwave composite reduction of pyrolusite in recent years is reviewed. Microwave plays an important role in metallurgy, and it is the current direction pursued to improve the research intensity of microwave heating and extend it to actual industrial processes.

scholarly journals Assessment of Pellets from Three Forest Species: From Raw Material to End Use

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 447
Author(s):  
Miguel Alfonso Quiñones-Reveles ◽  
Víctor Manuel Ruiz-García ◽  
Sarai Ramos-Vargas ◽  
Benedicto Vargas-Larreta ◽  
Omar Masera-Cerutti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
End Use ◽  
The Impact

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the relationship between chemical properties, energy efficiency, and emissions of wood and pellets from madroño Arbutus xalapensis Kunth, tázcate Juniperus deppeana Steud, and encino colorado Quercus sideroxyla Humb. & Bonpl. in two gasifiers (top-lit-up-draft (T-LUD) and electricity generation wood camp stove (EGWCS)) in order to determine the reduction of footprint carbon. In accordance with conventional methodologies, we determined the extracts and chemical components (lignin, cellulose, holocellulose), and the immediate analyses were carried out (volatile materials, fixed carbon, ash content and microanalysis of said ash), as well as the evaluation of emission factors (total suspended particulate matter (PM2.5), CO, CO2, CH4, black carbon (BC), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC)). The results were statistically analyzed to compare each variable among species and gasifiers. The raw material analyzed showed how the pH ranged from 5.01 to 5.57, and the ash content ranged between 0.39 and 0.53%. The content values of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, and Ca ranged from 0.08 to 0.22, 0.18 to 0.19, 0.38 to 0.84, 1.75 to 1.90, and 3.62 to 3.74 mg kg−1, respectively. The extractive ranges from cyclohexane were 2.48–4.79%, acetone 2.42–4.08%, methanol 3.17–7.99%, and hot water 2.12–4.83%. The range of lignin was 18.08–28.60%. The cellulose content ranged from 43.30 to 53.90%, and holocellulose from 53.50 to 64.02%. The volatile material range was 81.2–87.42%, while fixed carbon was 11.30–17.48%; the higher heating value (HHV) of raw material and pellets presented the ranges 17.68–20.21 and 19.72–21.81 MJ kg−1, respectively. Thermal efficiency showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between pellets and gasifiers, with an average of 31% Tier 3 in ISO (International Organization for Standardization) for the T-LUD and 14% (ISO Tier 1) for EGWCS, with Arbutus xalapensis being the species with the highest energy yield. The use of improved combustion devices, as well as that of selected raw material species, can reduce the impact of global warming by up to 33% on a cooking task compared to the three-stone burner.

Preparation of Glass-Ceramics Using Molybdenum Tailings

2011 ◽  
Vol 284-286 ◽  
pp. 1431-1434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Rui Zhang ◽  
Ru Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Differential Thermal Analysis ◽  
Crystalline Phase ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Nucleation Agents

In order to utilization the molybdenum tailings which be deposited in large quantities. Test used it to prepare glass-ceramics as main raw material, TiO2 as nucleation agents and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system and wollastonite as the principal crystalline phase. Heat treatment system of glass-ceramics was based on the differential thermal analysis. The crystalline phase, microstructure and characteristics of glass-ceramics were analysis by XRD, SEM and physical, chemical properties test. The result shows that the performance of glass-ceramics was superior to the other types of building decoration stone.

scholarly journals Preparation of Graphene/TiO2Composite Nanomaterials and Its Photocatalytic Performance for the Degradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donggen Huang ◽  
Tianzi Yang ◽  
Zhuanghong Mo ◽  
Qin Guo ◽  
Shuiqing Quan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Hydrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Anoxic Water ◽  
Field Environment ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Electrochemical Stripping

The graphene (GR) was prepared by an improved electrochemical stripping method using a high-purity graphite rod as raw material and high temperature heat reduction in hydrogen atmosphere, and the graphene/TiO2(GR/TiO2) composite nanomaterials were manufactured by the method of sol-gel and high temperature crystallization in hydrogen atmosphere using butyl titanate and electrolysis graphene as precursors. The physical and chemical properties of the composites had been characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM),  and specific surface area (SSA) by BET method. The photocatalytic properties of GR/TiO2composites nanomaterials in anoxic water were studied by using 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as probe. The results showed that graphite was well intercalated and peeled by a facile electrolysis method in different electric field environment; a well dispersed and rings structure of graphene was prepared by coupling ultrasound-assisted changing voltage electrochemical stripping technology. The as-prepared GR/TiO2composites had good performance for the photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-D in anoxic water; the chlorines were removed from benzene ring; the middle products of dichlorophenol, chlorophenol, phloroglucinol, and so forth were produced from the photocatalytic redox reaction of 2,4-D in anoxic water; parts of 2,4-D were decomposed completely, and CO2and H2O were produced.

scholarly journals pH of exudate test in the physiological quality of crambe seeds

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1014-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charline Zaratin Alves ◽  
Lennis Afraire Rodrigues ◽  
Carlos Henrique Queiroz Rego ◽  
Josué Bispo da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
C 30

ABSTRACT: Crambe is a rapeseed with high oil content and can be used as a winter cover or as a source of raw material for the production of biodiesel, however espite the growing interest in the culture, research on the subject is still incipient, especially concerning the seed production and analysis technology. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the physiological quality of crambe seeds, 'FMS Brilhante' cultivar, by testing the pH of exudate. Five seed lots were submitted to the determination of water content and the tests of germination and vigor (first count, emergence and tetrazolium). In the conduction of pH exudate test, temperatures (25 and 30oC), and periods of seed imbibition in water (15, 30 and 45 minutes) were tested. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized manner, with four replicates, and the mean values were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability; Pearson correlation between the pH of the exudate and initial tests was also made. Testing the pH of exudate is promising for separating lots of crambe seeds and the following combinations of 25°C/30 minutes or 30°C/45 minutes can be used.

scholarly journals Chemical Properties and Fatty Acid Composition of Palado Seed Oil (Aglaia sp) Extracted Using Chloroform Solvent

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syamsul RAHMAN ◽  
Salengke Salengke ◽  
Abu Bakar TAWALI ◽  
Meta MAHENDRADATTA
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Food Ingredients

Palado (Aglaia sp) is a plant that grows wild in the forest around Mamuju regency of West Sulawesi, Indonesia. This plant is locally known as palado. Palado seeds (Aglaia sp) can be used as a source of vegetable oil because it contains approximately 14.75 % oil, and it has the potential to be used as food ingredients or as raw material for oil production. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical properties and the composition of fatty acids contained in palado seed oil (Aglaia sp). The employed method involved the use of palado fruit that had been processed to be palado seed and undergoing flouring process. Palado flour was produced by the extraction process by using chloroform solvent with the soxhlet method. The characteristics of the chemical properties in the oil produced were analyzed by using a standard method, including iodine, saponification, and acid values. The analysis of fatty acid composition was conducted by using gas chromatography. The results showed that palado oil extracted with hexane had an iodine value of 15.38 mg/g, saponification value of 190.01 mg KOH/g, and acids value of 1.961 mg KOH/g. The fatty acid composition of the palado seed oil consisted of saturated fatty acids (41.601 %), which included palmitic acid (41.062 %), myristic acid (0.539 %), and unsaturated fatty acids (45.949 %), which included mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) such as (22.929 %), oleic acid and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which was linoleic acid (23.020 %).

scholarly journals Geochemical And Mineralogical Assessment Of Secondary Gypsum In Al-Najaf, Iraq And Employment As Raw Material For Cement Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 215-222
Author(s):  
Mohanad R.A. Al-Owaidi ◽  
◽  
Mohammed L. Hussein ◽  
Ruaa Issa Muslim ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Portland Cement ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Mineralogical Study ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Industry Success

The Portland cement industry is one of the strategic industries in any country. The basis of an industry success is the availability of raw materials and, the low extraction in addition to transportation costs. The Bahr Al-Najaf region is abundant with limestone rocks but lacks primary gypsum. An investigation had been carried out to identify the source of secondary gypsum as an alternative to primary gypsum. Twelve boreholes were drilled for a depth of 2 m, as the thickness of suitable secondary gypsum layer ranges from 1 to 1.5 m. The mineralogical study revealed the predominance of gypsum followed by quartz and calcite, with an average of 62.9%, 19.6% and 14.35%, respectively. The geochemical analysis revealed that the content of SO3 is appropriate and ranging from 41.92% to 32.89% with an average of 37.73%. The SO3 content is within an acceptable range. The mean abundance of the major oxides of the study area may be arranged as SO3 > CaO> SiO2> MgO> Al2O> Fe2O3. The insoluble residue was at an acceptable rate. The laboratory experiments for milling secondary gypsum with clinker has successfully proven the production of Portland cement that matches the limits of the Iraqi Quality Standard (IQS) No. 5 of 1984. Great care must be taken when using secondary gypsum; secondary gypsum must be mixed well to maintain the chemical properties before blending with clinker and utilizing in the cement mill in the cement plant.

Conversion of Wood into Hierarchically Porous Charcoal in the 200-Gram-Scale Using Home-Built Kiln

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Leonel ◽  
Pablo Arnal
Keyword(s):  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Chemical Behavior ◽  
Typical Structure ◽  
Hierarchically Porous ◽  
Carbonization Process ◽  
Eucalyptus Wood

Wood-to-charcoal is crucial in developing new materials at the lab-scale for relevant applications, such as pollutant removal from water. Unfortunately, laboratory carbonization methods are costly and produce charcoal on the gram-scale. This work presents a simple-to-build and simple-to-operate home-made kiln that carbonizes Eucalyptus wood chips (yield of 30 ± 1%) and produces charcoal on the 200-gram scale. Solid particles had the typical structure, composition, and chemical behavior of charcoal obtained from wood. We believe that his carbonization process eases the charcoal synthesis required for the development of new charcoal-based materials.

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