Stress in Caregivers and Children with a Developmental Disorder Who Receive Rehabilitation

This study aimed to evaluate the stress levels of caregivers and children with developmental disorders who were receiving rehabilitation treatment. The relationships between stress levels and factors such as early rehabilitation and home rehabilitation were quantified. Methods: This study was conducted in children with development disorders, aged from 1.5 years to 18 years, who were undergoing rehabilitation. The Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL) and the Adult Self-Report (K-ASR) were used to evaluate stress levels in children and caregivers, respectively. Results: Questionnaires were provided to 150 caregivers who agreed to participate. However, only 76 copies of the K-CBCL and 75 copies of the K-ASR were collected. The mean K-CBCL and K-ASR t scores were in the normal range. The K-CBCL score correlated positively with the K-ASR score (p value < 0.5). K-CBCL externalizing problems score correlated positively with the age at the start of rehabilitation, and the K-CBCL and K-ASR externalizing problems scores correlated negatively with home treatment delivered by caregivers. Conclusions: Stress levels of children and caregivers were closely related. Home rehabilitation provided by caregivers reduced stress in both caregivers and children. Early rehabilitation did not impart additional psychological burden on caregivers or children.

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P129 Adolescent knee pain and risk of knee osteoarthritis 50 years later

Rheumatology ◽

10.1093/rheumatology/keaa111.124 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 59 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

Michael A Clynes ◽

Faidra Laskou ◽

Mark H Edwards ◽

Cyrus Cooper ◽

Angela Taylor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Knee Osteoarthritis ◽

Knee Pain ◽

Meniscal Tear ◽

Later Life ◽

Self Report ◽

P Value ◽

Knee Oa ◽

American College Of Rheumatology ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Mean

Abstract Background Adolescent knee pain is a common complaint which may be due to patellar dislocation, meniscal tear, Osgood-Schlatter’s disease or patellofemoral maltracking. We studied the association of such pain with knee osteoarthritis (OA) 50 years later using a retrospective cohort design. Methods This study was based in the Hertfordshire Cohort Study, a cohort of men and women born in 1931 - 9. Participants completed a questionnaire detailing recall of adolescent knee pain, self-reported OA, demographics, lifestyle and The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC). Clinical OA was defined based on the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria and assessed at a clinical visit where knee radiographs were also taken and graded according to the methods of Kellgren and Lawrence. Results Completed data were available for 135 men and 139 women. The mean age was 78.8 (SD 2.6) years and the mean (SD) BMI was 26.3 (4.0). Two percent of men (n = 3) and 5% of women (n = 7) reported adolescent knee pain, of which 2 men and 3 women sought medical advice for their knee pain. 1 man and 2 women reported that their pain had been constant since teenage years while 2 men and 4 women reported that it was intermittent in nature. A report of adolescent knee pain was associated with an increased risk of clinical (odds ratio (OR) 5.45, p-value 0.015, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39 - 21.36); radiological (OR 2.33, p-value 0.228, 95% CI 0.60 - 9.24) and self-report (OR 2.71, p-value 0.134, 95% CI 0.74 - 10.0) of knee OA in later life. After adjustments for age, sex and BMI, adolescent knee pain was associated with an increased risk of clinical (OR 4.80, p-value 0.047, 95% CI 1.02 - 22.53); radiological (OR 1.85, p-value 0.404, 95% CI 0.44 - 7.78); self-report (OR 3.23, p-value 0.10, 95% CI 0.80 - 12.94) although relationships were only significant for clinical knee OA. Conclusion Recalled adolescent knee pain was associated with a clinical diagnosis of knee OA in later life. The lack of association with self-report of OA suggests that this is not simply a consequence of recall bias and exploration in other data sets is now indicated. Disclosures M.A. Clynes: None. F. Laskou: None. M.H. Edwards: None. C. Cooper: None. A. Taylor: None. M. Stokes: None. E.M. Dennison: None.

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Association of maternal developmental disorder traits with child maltreatment

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz186.126 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Author(s):

T Fujiwara

Keyword(s):

Child Maltreatment ◽

Pervasive Developmental Disorders ◽

Developmental Disorders ◽

Adult Adhd ◽

Developmental Disorder ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Self Report ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Maternal Characteristics ◽

Child Mistreatment

Abstract Objective Maternal mental disorders are known risk factors for child mistreatment. However, little is known about the involvement of maternal developmental disorder traits. The aim of this study was to examine maternal traits related to Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and their possible association with child maltreatment. Methods Maternal PDD and ADHD were assessed through a self-administered questionnaire (N = 846) during mid-pregnancy using the Pervasive Developmental Disorders Autism Society Japan Rating Scale (PARS) and Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). The mothers completed another questionnaire on child mistreatment when the offspring was approximately 18 months of age. The associations between maternal PDD and ADHD traits and child maltreatment score were analyzed using linear regression models adjusted for covariates. Results Mothers who exhibited stronger PDD traits showed significantly higher child maltreatment score, even after adjustment for maternal characteristics at baseline and ADHD traits. At the same time, ADHD traits were significantly associated with child maltreatment after adjustment of covariates, although the association became non-significant after adjustment of PDD traits. Conclusions Mothers who showed PDD and ADHD traits during pregnancy were more likely to maltreat their children. It is essential to educate mothers with such traits with appropriate, easy-to-follow childcare instructions, preferably in simple language combined with pictorial aids. Key messages Maternal developmental disorder traits are risk factor of child maltreatment. Specific parenting training intervention for mothers with developmental disorders are needed.

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PENERAPAN TERAPI SELF-DISCLOUSURE PADA REMAJA YANG MENGALAMI STRES

JURNAL KEPERAWATAN MUHAMMADIYAH BENGKULU ◽

10.36085/jkmb.v9i1.1464 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 11-16

Author(s):

Sutri Yani ◽

Iin Nilawati

Keyword(s):

Stress Level ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Alternative Therapy ◽

P Value ◽

Mean Stress ◽

Self Disclosure ◽

Stress Levels ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

The Mean ◽

Reducing Stress

Self-disclosure therapy is stress therapy through self-disclosure, which is the activity of sharing familiar feelings with others through telling stories, communicating deeply, and allowing themselves to be known by others. The ability to express oneself, such as feelings and thoughts, to others is recognized as important. This study aims to determine the effect of self-disclosure therapy on adolescents who experience stress on reducing stress levels. This study used a quasi experimental design. The sample in this study were teenagers, amounting to 29 respondents. In this study, respondents were given a pre-test before being given self-disclosure therapy. Then the respondent is given self-disclosure therapy. After being given therapy, the respondent is given a post test, then the stress level is measured. The results showed that there was an effect of self disclosure on adolescents who experienced stress. This can be seen from the mean stress level before self-disclosure therapy, the mean stress level (24.31) and after the self-disclosure therapy, the mean stress level (16.34). The results of statistical tests using the Man-Wilney test showed that the P value = 0.000, which means that there is a significant effect of providing self-disclosure therapy on reducing stress levels in adolescents who experience stress. It is hoped that self-disclosure therapy can be used as an alternative therapy to reduce stress levels in adolescents. Keywords: Self Disclousure; Stress; Adolescencts

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ASSESSMENT OF DENTAL CARIES IN INDIVIDUALS WITH INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER IN KOZHIKODE DISTRICT– A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

10.36106/gjra/5109245 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 5-8

Author(s):

Nimmy S Mukundan ◽

Prasanth Balan ◽

Jayasree S

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Developmental Disorder ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Mean ◽

And Gender

Background: Individuals with intellectual developmental disorder (IDD) suffers from poor oral health due to impaired physical coordination and cognitive skills. However, their dental caries status is mostly underreported particularly in low-income countries. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the dental caries status of individuals with IDD as compared to age and gender matched healthy individuals in India. Methodology: In this comparative cross-sectional study, dental caries status of 266 individuals with IDDs aged 13-35 years and 266 age and gender-matched healthy individuals were assessed using the DMFT index. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon signed ranks test, Kruskal Wallis Test and Mann Whitney test. Results: Of the 266 individuals with IDD, IDD associated with autism (n=40, 15%) was the most common type of disability. 10.9% of the case and 30.5% of controls were caries-free. The mean number of decayed tooth and the DMFT score (DT= 4.16±4.17 vs 0.65±0.90; DMFT= 4.56±4.55 vs 1.41±1.42); P Value=0.00) were signicantly higher among disabled compared to their healthy controls. Whereas the mean number of the lled tooth (0.18±0.81 vs 0.68±1.1; Pvalue=0.00) was signicantly lower. DT and DMFT increased signicantly with the severity of disability (P value<0.05). Conclusion:Individuals with IDD had a highercaries experience and considerably lower lled tooth ratecompared to healthy individuals. Uplifting the priority given to oral health by oral health education programs and implementing strategies to improve access to dental services will help to address many of the challenges faced by these lessfortunate individuals.

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Religiosity and mental health of pre-adolescents with psychiatric problems and their parents: The TRAILS study

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.07.006 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 30 (7) ◽

pp. 845-851 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

W. van der Jagt-Jelsma ◽

M.R. de Vries-Schot ◽

Rint de Jong ◽

C.A. Hartman ◽

F.C. Verhulst ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Internalizing Problems ◽

Externalizing Problems ◽

Internalizing Symptoms ◽

Child Behavior Checklist ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Self Report ◽

Adolescent Religiosity ◽

And Gender ◽

Psychiatric Problems

AbstractBackground:This study investigated the association between the religiosity of parents and pre-adolescents, and pre-adolescents’ psychiatric problems.Method:In a clinic-referred cohort of 543 pre-adolescents at least once referred to a mental health outpatient clinic mental health problems were assessed using self-reports (Youth Self-Report; YSR), parent reports (Child Behavior Checklist; CBCL), and teacher reports (Teacher's Report Form; TRF) of child behavioral and emotional problems. Paternal, maternal, and pre-adolescent religiosity were assessed by self-report. MANCOVAs were performed for internalizing and externalizing problems as dependent variables, with maternal religiosity, paternal religiosity, pre-adolescent religiosity, parental religious harmony, and gender as independent variables, and socioeconomic status and divorce as covariates.Results:Internalizing problems. Pre-adolescents of actively religious mothers had more internalizing symptoms than pre-adolescents of nonreligious mothers. Harmony and gender did not significantly affect the association between maternal religiosity and internalizing problems. Externalizing problems. No associations between religiosity of pre-adolescents, religiosity of mothers, religiosity of fathers and/or harmony of parents and externalizing problem behavior have been found.Discussion and conclusions:Overall, associations between mental health and religiosity were modest to absent. Results are discussed in the context of a clinic-referred cohort, the quest phase of internalizing religious beliefs and role modeling of parents.

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Functional Diarrhoea in a Nigerian Community: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Associated Quality of Life

JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ◽

10.7860/jcdr/2020/45113.14107 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Abiodun Christopher Jemilohun ◽

Charles John Elikwu ◽

Olufunke Oluwatosin Adeleye ◽

Theophilus Oludare Ajiro ◽

Oluwatoyin Adetutu Fasesan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Short Form ◽

Self Report ◽

P Value ◽

Odds Ratios ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Female Ratio ◽

The Mean

Introduction: Diarrhoea, in general, is well investigated but the epidemiology of Functional Diarrhoea (FDr) as a disease entity has not been adequately evaluated globally, and more especially, in the sub-Saharan African population. Aim: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of FDr, and the associated quality of life in a Nigerian community. Materials and Methods: The study was a community-based cross-sectional survey involving 515 consenting adults aged 18-70 years. Data collection was done from February to March 2019. Ten participants were excluded because of inappropriately filled questionnaires, thus leaving a total of 505 subjects. The research instrument contained sociodemographic information, the Rome IV Functional Bowel Disorder questionnaire, the Short Form 12, version 2 Health Survey (SF-12v2) questionnaire, the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Early Trauma Inventory-Self Report. Respondents who were positive for FDr were the cases while those who had no FDr were the controls in the data analysis. Independent Student t-test was used to compare means. The odds ratios of prospective risk factors of FDr were calculated with logistic regression. Odds Ratios (OR) >1 and p-value ≤0.05 were considered significant. Results: The mean age of the participants was 32.7±12.9 years. Six participants {1.2% (95% CI, 0.4%-2.4%)} had FDr with a 1:2 Male/Female ratio. Functional diarrhoea had a statistically significant association with depression (18.0±12.8 vs 8.2±9.5, p-value=0.021) only among the possible risk factors considered. The mean SF-12v2 scale scores, except Vitality, were lower in subjects with FDr than the controls, though only Social Functioning was statistically significant (p-value=0.003). Conclusion: The prevalence of FDr is low in the present study population. The disease is associated with depression and it impacts the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) negatively.

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Vitamin D Deficiency in Middle Childhood Is Related to Behavior Problems in Adolescence

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxz185 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 150 (1) ◽

pp. 140-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sonia L Robinson ◽

Constanza Marín ◽

Henry Oliveros ◽

Mercedes Mora-Plazas ◽

Betsy Lozoff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Behavior Problems ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Middle Childhood ◽

Internalizing Problems ◽

Externalizing Problems ◽

Child Behavior Checklist ◽

Internalizing Behavior ◽

Self Report ◽

And Behavior

ABSTRACT Background Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is associated with depression and schizophrenia in adults. The effect of VDD in childhood on behavioral development is unknown. Objectives We aimed to study the associations of VDD and vitamin D binding protein (DBP) in middle childhood with behavior problems in adolescence. Methods We quantified plasma total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and DBP in 273 schoolchildren aged 5–12 y at recruitment into a cohort study in Bogota, Colombia. Externalizing and internalizing behavior problems were assessed after a median 6-y follow-up by parental report [Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)] and self-report [Youth Self-Report (YSR)]. We estimated mean problem score differences with 95% CIs between exposure categories using multivariable linear regression. We also compared the prevalence of clinical behavior problems (score >63) between exposure groups. We assessed whether the associations between DBP and behavior problems were mediated through VDD. Results Mean ± SD CBCL and YSR externalizing problems scores were 56.5 ± 9.3 and 53.2 ± 9.5, respectively. Internalizing problems scores averaged 57.1 ± 9.8 and 53.7 ± 9.8, respectively. VDD [25(OH)D <50 nmol/L] prevalence was 10.3%. VDD was associated with an adjusted 6.0 (95% CI: 3.0, 9.0) and 3.4 (95% CI: 0.1, 6.6) units higher CBCL and YSR externalizing problems scores, respectively, and an adjusted 3.6 (95% CI: 0.3, 6.9) units higher CBCL internalizing problems scores. The prevalence of clinical total externalizing problems was 1.8 (95% CI: 1.1, 3.1) times higher in children with VDD than that in children without VDD. DBP concentration below the population median was related to higher YSR aggressive behavior and anxious/depressed subscale scores and to higher prevalence of clinical total externalizing problems. The associations between DBP and behavior problems were not mediated through VDD. Conclusions VDD and low DBP in middle childhood are related to behavior problems in adolescence.

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Factors associated with lack of antiretroviral adherence among adolescents in a reference centre in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1258/ijsa.2008.008017 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 19 (10) ◽

pp. 685-688 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

L F B Filho ◽

S A Nogueira ◽

E S Machado ◽

T F Abreu ◽

R H De Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Self Report ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Antiretroviral Adherence ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Reference Centre ◽

The Mean ◽

Lack Of Commitment

The objective of this study was to describe the adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among adolescents followed-up in Rio de Janeiro. This cross-sectional study included all adolescents (aged 10–19 years) followed at Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho. Adherence was determined by self-report (number of missed ART doses in three days prior to the interview). Adherence was categorized as taking ≥95% of the ARTs (adherent), or <95% (non-adherent). Variables related to demographics and treatment were evaluated and if P value ≤0.15, they were selected for a logistic regression analysis. One hundred and one adolescents were interviewed. The mean time on ART was 91 months and the mean adherence was 94% of this, 21 were non-adherent, and 80 adherent. The risk factors associated with non-adherence were: if the patient was not concerned about ART, odds ratio (OR) = 3.47 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13–10.68); if they do not carry an extra dose of ART, OR = 6.63 (95% CI = 1.73–25.47); if a healthcare worker taught them how to take ART, OR = 0.27 (95% CI = 0.08–0.93). Adherence among adolescents was higher than expected. Factors associated with lack of adherence were: interviewees being unaware of ARTs and lack of commitment to the treatment. Interventions involving these factors must be evaluated.

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PENINGKATAN KUALITAS HIDUP MELALUI LOGOTERAPI PADA KLIEN YANG MENJALANI HEMODIALISIS

Jurnal Keperawatan ◽

10.32583/keperawatan.v11i1.425 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 9-18

Author(s):

Abdul Wakhid ◽

Ana Puji Astuti ◽

Maya Kurnia Dewi

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Renal Failure ◽

Test Group ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

T Test ◽

P Value ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Post Test ◽

The Mean

Logoterapi merupakan terapi untuk menemukan makna positif dibalik sebuah kejadian yang tidak diharapkan. Logoterapi dilaksanakan secara individu maupun berkelompok dalam bentuk konseling dan berorientasi pada pencarian makna hidup individu. Tujuan logoterapi meningkatkan makna pengalaman hidup individu yang diarahkan kepada pengambilan keputusan yang bertanggung jawab. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan rancangan pre-experiment dengan metode pre and post test group, artinya pengumpulan data dilakukan terhadap responden untuk membandingkan kualitas hidup sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan intervensi. Teknik pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode total sampling yaitu pengambilan seluruh sampel dengan tetap memperhatikan kriteria yang telah ditetapkan. Jumlah pasien yang menjalani hemodialisis di RSUD Ungaran sebanyak 21 orang dan di RSUD Ambarawa sebanyak 25 pasien. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji t test dependent. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa dari 46 responden didapatkan rata-rata skor kualitas hidup pasien yang mejalani hemodialisis sebesar 60.22 dengan skor terrendah 55 dan skor tertinggi 69. Bahwa dari 46 responden didapatkan rata-rata skor kualitas hidup pasien yang mejalani hemodialisis sebesar 88.72 dengan skor terrendah 79 dan skor tertinggi 103. Hasil uji statistik dengan uji t test dependent diketahui ada pengaruh logoterapi terhadap kemampuan memaknai hidup pada klien yang menjalani hemodialisis di RSUD Kabupaten Semarang (p value: 0,0001). Saran perlunya peningkatan kemampuan perawat dalam memberikan layanan kesehatan termasuk pemberian atau pemanduan penemuan makna hidup bagi pasien hemodialysis, agar selain dengan hemodialysis, ada faktor internal dari pasien yang dapat dijadikan sebagai motivasi untuk sembuh dari penyakit. Kata Kunci: Logoterapi, kualitas hidup IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS WITH RENAL FAILURE WHO UNDERWENT HEMODIALYSIS ABSTRACT Logotherapy is a therapy to discover the positive meaning behind an unexpected event. Logotherapy is carried out individually or in groups in the form of counseling and oriented to the search for the meaning of individual life. This study aims to improve the quality of life of patients with renal failure who underwent hemodialysis. This research was conducted by using pre-experiment with pre-post test study. The sampling technique was done by the convenience sampling. The number of patients undergoing hemodialysis as many as 46 respondents. Data analysis was done by using test t test dependent. The result showed that from 46 respondents got the mean of quality of life of patients who had hemodialysis 60.22 with lowest score 55 and highest score 69. Whereas from 46 respondents got the mean score of life quality of patients who had hemodialysis 88.72 with score the lowest score 79 and the highest score 103. The result of statistical test with t test dependent is known there is influence of logoterapi to the ability of meaningful life on client who undergo hemodialysis at Semarang Regency hospitals (p value: 0.0001). Advice on the need to improve the nurse's ability to provide health services, including the provision or guidance of the discovery of the meaning of life for hemodialysis patients, in addition to hemodialysis, there are internal factors of the patient that can be used as a motivation to recover from illness. Keywords: Logotherapy, quality of life, kidney failure.

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Brief Overview and Experience of Visual Evoked Potential of First 67 cases at Referral Neuroscience Hospital in Bangladesh

Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh ◽

10.3329/jninb.v6i2.50744 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 74-77

Author(s):

Mohammad Enayet Hussain ◽

Bithi Debnath ◽

AFM Al Masum Khan ◽

Md Ferdous Mian ◽

Md Nahidul Islam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Optic Neuritis ◽

Clinical Diagnosis ◽

Optic Neuropathy ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Pattern Reversal ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Mean ◽

Visual Evoked

Background: The visual evoked potentials (VEP) is a valuable tool to document occult lesions of the central visual channels especially within the optic nerve. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to observe the findings of first few cases of VEP done in the neurophysiology department of the National Institute of Neurosciences (NINS), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Neurophysiology at the National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from September 2017 to March 2020. All patients referred to the Neurophysiology Department of NINS for VEP were included. Pattern reversal VEPs were done using standard protocol set by International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN). Results: The mean age of the study population was 30.70 (±12.11) years (6-68 years) with 31 (46.3%) male and 36 (53.7%) female patients. The mean duration of illness was 8.71 (±1.78) months (3 days- 120 months). Most common presenting symptom was blurring of vision (37.3%) and dimness of vision (32.8%). Patterned VEP revealed mixed type (both demyelinating and axonal) of abnormality in most cases [29(43.35)]. The most common clinical diagnosis was multiple sclerosis (29.85%) and optic neuropathy (26.87%). In the clinically suspected cases of multiple sclerosis, optic neuropathy and optic neuritis most of the cases of VEP were abnormal and the p value is 0.04 in optic neuropathy and optic neuritis. Conclusion: The commonest presentation of the patients in this series were blurring of vision and dimness of vision. The most common clinical diagnosis for which VEP was asked for, was optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis. Most abnormalities were of mixed pattern (demyelinating and axonal). Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, 2020;6(2): 74-77

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