scholarly journals Reproduction in Urbanised Coastal Waters: Shallow-Water Sea Anemones (Entacmaea quadricolor and Stichodactyla haddoni) Maintain High Genetic Diversity and Panmixia

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 467
Author(s):  
Wan Wen Rochelle Chan ◽  
Ywee Chieh Tay ◽  
Hui Ping Ang ◽  
Karenne Tun ◽  
Loke Ming Chou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Population Connectivity ◽  
Genetic Connectivity ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Species Population ◽  
Stichodactyla Haddoni ◽  
Entacmaea Quadricolor

Sea anemones are sedentary marine animals that tend to disperse via planktonic larvae and are predicted to have high population connectivity in undisturbed habitats. We test whether two sea anemone species living in two different tidal zones of a highly disturbed marine environment can maintain high genetic connectivity. More than 1000 loci with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained with double-digest RADseq for 81 Stichodactyla haddoni and 99 Entacmaea quadricolor individuals to test for population genetic structure. We find evidence that both species predominantly propagate via sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction is limited. We observe panmixia that indicates the absence of effective dispersal barriers for these species living in a highly anthropogenically disturbed environment. This is positive news for both species that are also found in the aquarium trade. More fundamentally, our results suggest that inhabiting different parts of a shallow reef may not affect a species’ population connectivity nor favour asexual reproduction.

scholarly journals Heteroalleles in Common Wheat: Multiple Differences between Allelic Variants of the Gli-B1 Locus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1832
Author(s):  
Eugene Metakovsky ◽  
Laura Pascual ◽  
Patrizia Vaccino ◽  
Viktor Melnik ◽  
Marta Rodriguez-Quijano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Wheat ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Allelic Variants ◽  
B Genome

The Gli-B1-encoded γ-gliadins and non-coding γ-gliadin DNA sequences for 15 different alleles of common wheat have been compared using seven tests: electrophoretic mobility (EM) and molecular weight (MW) of the encoded major γ-gliadin, restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns (RFLPs) (three different markers), Gli-B1-γ-gliadin-pseudogene known SNP markers (Single nucleotide polymorphisms) and sequencing the pseudogene GAG56B. It was discovered that encoded γ-gliadins, with contrasting EM, had similar MWs. However, seven allelic variants (designated from I to VII) differed among them in the other six tests: I (alleles Gli-B1i, k, m, o), II (Gli-B1n, q, s), III (Gli-B1b), IV (Gli-B1e, f, g), V (Gli-B1h), VI (Gli-B1d) and VII (Gli-B1a). Allele Gli-B1c (variant VIII) was identical to the alleles from group IV in four of the tests. Some tests might show a fine difference between alleles belonging to the same variant. Our results attest in favor of the independent origin of at least seven variants at the Gli-B1 locus that might originate from deeply diverged genotypes of the donor(s) of the B genome in hexaploid wheat and therefore might be called “heteroallelic”. The donor’s particularities at the Gli-B1 locus might be conserved since that time and decisively contribute to the current high genetic diversity of common wheat.

scholarly journals Genome-wide markers reveal differentiation between and within the cryptic sister species, sunset and vermilion rockfish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary C. Longo ◽  
John Harms ◽  
John R. Hyde ◽  
Matthew T. Craig ◽  
Ana Ramón-Laca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Species Population ◽  
Single Complex ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractThe vermilion rockfish complex, which consists of the cryptic sister species vermilion and sunset rockfish, is one of the most valuable recreational fisheries on the U.S. West Coast. These species are currently managed as a single complex, and because of uncertainty surrounding the relative contribution of each species within existing data sources, the stock status of each species is not fully known. A reliable and cost-effective method is needed to disentangle these species that will allow for the development of abundance indices, life history profiles, and catch histories that may potentially support species-specific stock assessments. Using restriction-site associated DNA sequence (RADseq) markers we generated 10,003 polymorphic loci to characterize the vermilion rockfish complex. PCA and Bayesian clustering approaches based on these loci clearly distinguished between sunset and vermilion rockfishes and identified hybrid individuals. These loci included 203 highly differentiated (FST ≥ 0.99) single nucleotide polymorphisms, which we consider candidates in the planned development of a diagnostic assay capable of distinguishing between these cryptic species. In addition to clearly delineating to species, subsets of the interspecific markers allowed for insight into intraspecific differentiation in both species. Population genetic analyses for sunset rockfish identified two weakly divergent genetic groups with similar levels of genetic diversity. Vermilion rockfish, however, were characterized by three distinct genetic groups with much stronger signals of differentiation and significantly different genetic diversities. Collectively, these data will contribute to well-informed, species-specific management strategies to protect this valuable species complex.

scholarly journals Probability of successful larval dispersal declines fivefold over 1 km in a coral reef fish

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1735) ◽  
pp. 1883-1888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Buston ◽  
Geoffrey P. Jones ◽  
Serge Planes ◽  
Simon R. Thorrold
Keyword(s):  
Larval Dispersal ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Population Connectivity ◽  
Marine Ecology ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Marine Population ◽  
Amphiprion Percula ◽  
Distance Distributions ◽  
Dispersal Distances

A central question of marine ecology is, how far do larvae disperse? Coupled biophysical models predict that the probability of successful dispersal declines as a function of distance between populations. Estimates of genetic isolation-by-distance and self-recruitment provide indirect support for this prediction. Here, we conduct the first direct test of this prediction, using data from the well-studied system of clown anemonefish ( Amphiprion percula ) at Kimbe Island, in Papua New Guinea. Amphiprion percula live in small breeding groups that inhabit sea anemones. These groups can be thought of as populations within a metapopulation. We use the x- and y -coordinates of each anemone to determine the expected distribution of dispersal distances (the distribution of distances between each and every population in the metapopulation). We use parentage analyses to trace recruits back to parents and determine the observed distribution of dispersal distances. Then, we employ a logistic model to (i) compare the observed and expected dispersal distance distributions and (ii) determine the relationship between the probability of successful dispersal and the distance between populations. The observed and expected dispersal distance distributions are significantly different ( p < 0.0001). Remarkably, the probability of successful dispersal between populations decreases fivefold over 1 km. This study provides a framework for quantitative investigations of larval dispersal that can be applied to other species. Further, the approach facilitates testing biological and physical hypotheses for the factors influencing larval dispersal in unison, which will advance our understanding of marine population connectivity.

scholarly journals Photobacterium damselaesubsp.damselae, a Generalist Pathogen with Unique Virulence Factors and High Genetic Diversity

2018 ◽  
Vol 200 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos R. Osorio ◽  
Ana Vences ◽  
Xosé M. Matanza ◽  
Mateus S. Terceti
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Cytolytic Activity ◽  
Conjugative Plasmid ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTPhotobacterium damselaesubsp.damselaecauses vibriosis in a variety of marine animals, including fish species of importance in aquaculture. It also may cause wound infections in humans that can progress to a fatal outcome. Two major virulence factors are encoded within the large conjugative plasmid pPHDD1, the phospholipase D damselysin (Dly) and the pore-forming toxin phobalysin P (PhlyP). The two toxins exert hemolytic and cytolytic activities in a synergistic manner. Even though PhlyP has close homologues in manyVibriospecies, it has unique features that differentiate it from related toxins. Dly phospholipase constitutes a singular trait ofP. damselaesubsp.damselaeamong theVibrionaceae, although related toxins are found in members of theAeromonadaceae. Fish farm outbreaks can also be caused by plasmidless strains. Such observations led to the characterization of two ubiquitous chromosome-encoded toxins with lesser cytolytic activity, the pore forming-toxin phobalysin C (PhlyC) and the phospholipase-hemolysin PlpV. The high genetic diversity of this pathogen deserves special attention, as it has a number of strain-specific features, including the cell envelope polysaccharide synthesis clusters. Fish outbreaks are likely caused by multiclonal populations which contain both plasmidless and pPHDD1-harboring isolates and not by well-adapted clonal complexes. Still, among such genetic heterogeneity, it is feasible to identify conserved weak points in the biology of this bacterium: the two-component regulatory system RstAB (CarSR) was found to be necessary for the maximal production of virulence factors, and its inactivation severely impaired virulence.

scholarly journals The Ecological Importance of Toxicity: Sea Anemones Maintain Toxic Defence When Bleached

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassie M. Hoepner ◽  
Catherine A. Abbott ◽  
Karen Burke da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Food Source ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Venomous Animals ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Endosymbiotic Algae ◽  
Entacmaea Quadricolor ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Cnidarians are amongst the most venomous animals on the planet. They are also under significant threat due to the impacts of climate change. Corals and anemones undergo climate-induced bleaching during extreme environmental conditions, where a loss of symbiotic photosynthetic algae (zooxanthellae) causes whitening in colour, loss of internal food supply, and reduction in health, which can ultimately lead to death. What has yet to be determined is whether bleaching causes a reduction in the production or quality of venom. In this study, the sea anemone Entacmaea quadricolor was exposed to long-term light-induced bleaching to examine the effect that bleaching has on venom. Venom quality and quantity, as determined through lethality and haemolysis measures and nematocyst production was highly preserved over the five-month imposed bleaching event. Maintenance of venom and nematocyst production, despite a loss of an internal food source provided by endosymbiotic algae, indicates both the ecological importance of maintaining toxicity and a remarkable resilience that anemones have to major environmental stressors.

scholarly journals Structure and phylogeography of two tropical predators, spinner ( Stenella longirostris ) and pantropical spotted ( S. attenuata ) dolphins, from SNP data

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 171615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Leslie ◽  
Phillip A. Morin
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Genetic Connectivity ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Stenella Longirostris ◽  
Spinner Dolphin ◽  
Spinner Dolphins ◽  
Almost All

Little is known about global patterns of genetic connectivity in pelagic dolphins, including how circumtropical pelagic dolphins spread globally following the rapid and recent radiation of the subfamily delphininae. In this study, we tested phylogeographic hypotheses for two circumtropical species, the spinner dolphin ( Stenella longirostris ) and the pantropical spotted dolphin ( Stenella attenuata ), using more than 3000 nuclear DNA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in each species. Analyses for population structure indicated significant genetic differentiation between almost all subspecies and populations in both species. Bayesian phylogeographic analyses of spinner dolphins showed deep divergence between Indo-Pacific, Atlantic and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP) lineages. Despite high morphological variation, our results show very close relationships between endemic ETP spinner subspecies in relation to global diversity. The dwarf spinner dolphin is a monophyletic subspecies nested within a major clade of pantropical spinner dolphins from the Indian and western Pacific Ocean populations. Population-level division among the dwarf spinner dolphins was detected—with the northern Australia population being very different from that in Indonesia. In contrast to spinner dolphins, the major boundary for spotted dolphins is between offshore and coastal habitats in the ETP, supporting the current subspecies-level taxonomy. Comparing these species underscores the different scale at which population structure can arise, even in species that are similar in habitat (i.e. pelagic) and distribution.

scholarly journals Not All Larvae Stay Close to Home: Insights into Marine Population Connectivity with a Focus on the Brown Surgeonfish (Acanthurus nigrofuscus)

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff A. Eble ◽  
Luiz A. Rocha ◽  
Matthew T. Craig ◽  
Brian W. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Resource Planning ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Population Connectivity ◽  
Genetic Connectivity ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Larval Recruitment ◽  
Marine Population ◽  
Acanthurus Nigrofuscus

Recent reports of localized larval recruitment in predominately small-range fishes are countered by studies that show high genetic connectivity across large oceanic distances. This discrepancy may result from the different timescales over which genetic and demographic processes operate or rather may indicate regular long-distance dispersal in some species. Here, we contribute an analysis of mtDNA cytochromebdiversity in the widely distributed Brown Surgeonfish (Acanthurus nigrofuscus;N=560), which revealed significant genetic structure only at the extremes of the range (ΦCT=0.452;P<.001). Collections from Hawaii to the Eastern Indian Ocean comprise one large, undifferentiated population. This pattern of limited genetic subdivision across reefs of the central Indo-Pacific has been observed in a number of large-range reef fishes. Conversely, small-range fishes are often deeply structured over the same area. These findings demonstrate population connectivity differences among species at biogeographic and evolutionary timescales, which likely translates into differences in dispersal ability at ecological and demographic timescales. While interspecific differences in population connectivity complicate the design of management strategies, the integration of multiscale connectivity patterns into marine resource planning will help ensure long-term ecosystem stability by preserving functionally diverse communities.

scholarly journals Lip angioedema after indirect contact with a sea anemone

2021 ◽  
pp. 014556132110557
Author(s):  
Stergios Lialiaris ◽  
Georgios Fyrmpas ◽  
Melina Katsilidou ◽  
Despoina Vitsa ◽  
Michaels Katotomihelakis
Keyword(s):  
Sea Anemone ◽  
High Index ◽  
Uneventful Recovery ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion ◽  
Toxic Reactions

Sea anemones are marine animals that can produce toxins causing severe angioedema. Swimmers and divers should be aware of sea anemone species that can cause local and systemic toxic reactions and avoid indirect or direct skin contact. High index of suspicion, full laboratory workup, and treatment with steroids and antibiotics are imperative for an uneventful recovery.

scholarly journals By Animal, Water, or Wind: Can Dispersal Mode Predict Genetic Connectivity in Riverine Plant Species?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison G. Nazareno ◽  
L. Lacey Knowles ◽  
Christopher W. Dick ◽  
Lúcia G. Lohmann
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Genetic Connectivity ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Deforestation Rates ◽  
History Of

Seed dispersal is crucial to gene flow among plant populations. Although the effects of geographic distance and barriers to gene flow are well studied in many systems, it is unclear how seed dispersal mediates gene flow in conjunction with interacting effects of geographic distance and barriers. To test whether distinct seed dispersal modes (i.e., hydrochory, anemochory, and zoochory) have a consistent effect on the level of genetic connectivity (i.e., gene flow) among populations of riverine plant species, we used unlinked single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for eight co-distributed plant species sampled across the Rio Branco, a putative biogeographic barrier in the Amazon basin. We found that animal-dispersed plant species exhibited higher levels of genetic diversity and lack of inbreeding as a result of the stronger genetic connectivity than plant species whose seeds are dispersed by water or wind. Interestingly, our results also indicated that the Rio Branco facilitates gene dispersal for all plant species analyzed, irrespective of their mode of dispersal. Even at a small spatial scale, our findings suggest that ecology rather than geography play a key role in shaping the evolutionary history of plants in the Amazon basin. These results may help improve conservation and management policies in Amazonian riparian forests, where degradation and deforestation rates are high.

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