The Influences of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Development of Skin Cancers

Dietary nutrition intake is essential for human beings and influences various physiological and pathological actions in the human body. Among various nutritional factors, dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been shown to have various beneficial effects against inflammatory diseases. In addition to their therapeutic potency against inflammation, omega-3 PUFAs have also been shown to have anti-tumor effects via various mechanisms, such as cell arrest and apoptosis. To date, limited information is available on these effects in cutaneous malignancies. In this review, we focused on the effect of omega-3 PUFAs on skin cancers, especially malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and squamous cell carcinoma and discussed the detailed molecular mechanism of the omega-3 PUFA-mediated anti-tumor response. We also explored the molecular mechanisms mediated by epigenetic modifications, cell adhesion molecules, and anti-tumor immune responses.

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Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake to RegulateHelicobacter pylori-Associated Gastric Diseases as Nonantimicrobial Dietary Approach

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/712363 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jong-Min Park ◽

Migyeong Jeong ◽

Eun-Hee Kim ◽

Young-Min Han ◽

Sung Hun Kwon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Cancer ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Gastric Diseases ◽

Korean Red Ginseng ◽

H Pylori

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), commonly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been acknowledged as essential long-chain fatty acids imposing either optimal health promotion or the rescuing from chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, fatty liver, and various inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases. Recent studies dealing with EPA and DHA have sparked highest interests because detailed molecular mechanisms had been documented with the identification of its receptor, G protein coupled receptor, and GPR120. In this review article, we have described clear evidences showing that n-3 PUFAs could reduce variousHelicobacter pylori- (H. pylori-) associated gastric diseases and extended to play even cancer preventive outcomes includingH. pylori-associated gastric cancer by influencing multiple targets, including proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, inflammation, and metastasis. Since our previous studies strongly concluded that nonantimicrobial dietary approach for reducing inflammation, for instance, application of phytoceuticals, probiotics, natural products including Korean red ginseng, and walnut plentiful of n-3 PUFAs, might be prerequisite step for preventingH. pylori-associated gastric cancer as well as facilitating the rejuvenation of precancerous atrophic gastritis, these beneficial lipids can restore or modify inflammation-associated lipid distortion and correction of altered lipid rafts to send right signaling to maintain healthy stomach even after chronicH. pyloriinfection.

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Chemopreventive effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and atorvastatin in rats with bladder cancer

Tumor Biology ◽

10.1177/1010428317692254 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 101042831769225 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Nahla E El-Ashmawy ◽

Eman G Khedr ◽

Hoda A El-Bahrawy ◽

Samar M Al-Tantawy

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Bladder Cancer ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Combined Treatment ◽

Lipid Peroxidation Product ◽

Apoptotic Bodies ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Chemopreventive Effect ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Bladder cancer remains a huge concern for the medical community because of its incidence and prevalence rates, as well as high percentage of recurrence and progression. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and atorvastatin proved anti-inflammatory effects through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma mechanism. However, their chemopreventive effect still remained to be examined and clarified. In this study, bladder cancer was induced in rats by the chemical carcinogen N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid: 2:3 w/w; 1200 mg/kg) and/or atorvastatin (6 mg/kg) were given orally daily to rats for eight consecutive weeks concomitantly with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine and continued for further 4 weeks after cessation of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine administration. The histopathological examination of rat bladder revealed the presence of tumors and the absence of apoptotic bodies in sections from N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine group, while tumors were absent and apoptotic bodies were clearly observed in sections from rat groups treated with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, atorvastatin, or both drugs. The study of the molecular mechanisms illustrated downregulation of COX-2 and P53 (mutant) genes and suppression of transforming growth factor beta-1 and the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde in serum of rats of the three treated groups. This chemopreventive effect was confirmed by and associated with lower level of bladder tumor antigen in urine. However, the combined treatment with both drugs exhibited the major protective effect and nearly corrected the dyslipidemia that has been induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. Collectively, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and atorvastatin, besides having anti-inflammatory properties, proved a chemopreventive effect against bladder cancer, which nominates them to be used as adjuvant therapy with other chemotherapeutics.

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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Impact on Health and Disease Status

Life and Science ◽

10.37185/lns.1.1.85 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 12

Author(s):

Samina Akbar ◽

Muhammad Zeeshan Bhatti ◽

Rida Fatima Saeed ◽

Asma Saleem Qazi

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Disease Status ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Lipid Lowering ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Health And Disease

Over the last decades, the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been largely explored not only for their nutritional value but also for the numerous biological functions and therapeutic effects. The serum and erythrocyte levels of PUFAs depend on the genetic control of metabolism as well as the dietary intake and are considered to reflect the health and disease status of an individual. Two families of PUFAs, omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), have gained much attention because of their involvement in the production of bioactive lipid mediators and therefore, a balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio is crucial in maintaining the overall health of an individual. Omega-3 PUFAs, notably eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) have been shown to exert beneficial effects, possibly due to their lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive and cardioprotective effects, whereas omega-6 fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) exhibit the opposite properties. Even though, numerous epidemiological studies and clinical interventions have clearly established the effectiveness of omega-3 PUFAs in various pathological conditions including dyslipidemia, obesity, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, some controversies do exist about the beneficial effects of omega-3 PUFAs and need to be clarified. Larger clinical trials with extended follow-up periods are required along with a careful dose selection, in order to confirm the clinical significance and efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs as therapeutic agents.

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Mediterranean Diet: Lipids, Inflammation, and Malaria Infection

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21124489 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (12) ◽

pp. 4489

Author(s):

Adriana R. Silva ◽

Bianca P. T. Moraes ◽

Cassiano F. Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque

Keyword(s):

Mediterranean Diet ◽

Malaria Infection ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

3 Omega

The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) consists of consumption of vegetables and healthy oils and have beneficial effects on metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Our goal here is to discuss the role of fatty acid content in MedDiet, mostly omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 on malaria. Malaria affects millions of people around the globe. The parasite Plasmodium causes the disease. The metabolic and inflammatory alterations in the severe forms have damaging consequences to the host. The lipid content in the MedDiet holds anti-inflammatory and pro-resolutive features in the host and have detrimental effects on the Plasmodium. The lipids from the diet impact the balance of pro- and anti-inflammation, thus, lipids intake from the diet is critical to parasite elimination and host tissue damage caused by an immune response. Herein, we go into the cellular and molecular mechanisms and targets of the MedDiet fatty acids in the host and the parasite, reviewing potential benefits of the MedDiet, on inflammation, malaria infection progression, and clinical outcome.

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Health Implications of High Dietary Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1155/2012/539426 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 340

Author(s):

E. Patterson ◽

R. Wall ◽

G. F. Fitzgerald ◽

R. P. Ross ◽

C. Stanton

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Lipid Mediator ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Signalling Molecules ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Inflammatory Bowel

Omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (e.g., arachidonic acid (AA)) and omega-3 (n-3) PUFA (e.g., eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)) are precursors to potent lipid mediator signalling molecules, termed “eicosanoids,” which have important roles in the regulation of inflammation. In general, eicosanoids derived from n-6 PUFA are proinflammatory while eicosanoids derived from n-3 PUFA are anti-inflammatory. Dietary changes over the past few decades in the intake of n-6 and n-3 PUFA show striking increases in the (n-6) to (n-3) ratio (~15 : 1), which are associated with greater metabolism of the n-6 PUFA compared with n-3 PUFA. Coinciding with this increase in the ratio of (n-6) : (n-3) PUFA are increases in chronic inflammatory diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cardiovascular disease, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). By increasing the ratio of (n-3) : (n-6) PUFA in the Western diet, reductions may be achieved in the incidence of these chronic inflammatory diseases.

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Omega-3 fatty acids and blood pressure

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114512001584 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 107 (S2) ◽

pp. S195-S200 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Jorge Cabo ◽

Rodrigo Alonso ◽

Pedro Mata

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Mild Hypertension ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Metabolic Functions ◽

Blue Fish ◽

High Doses

Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that consumption of omega (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) contributes to the reduction of cardiovascular mortality through different mechanisms including modulation of cellular metabolic functions, gene expression and beneficial effects on lipid profile or blood pressure. The aim of the study is to review the effects of ω-3 PUFA supplemented as fish oil or blue fish in blood pressure. The analysis of different studies suggests that high doses ω-3 PUFA ( ≥ 3 g/day) produces a small but significant decrease in blood pressure, especially systolic blood pressure, in older and hypertensive subjects; however, the evidence is not consistent among different studies. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids consumption might have a place in the control of patients with mild hypertension before starting drug treatment and of those who prefer changes of lifestyles like diet.

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Ultrastructural observations on the beneficial effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA and HDA) (Omega-3) on the aortic wall in cholesterol-fed rabbits

International Journal of Angiology ◽

10.1007/bf01616216 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (04) ◽

pp. 222-226 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Cem'i Demiroğlu ◽

Türkan Erbengi ◽

Tuncay Altuğ ◽

Billur Orbay ◽

Sevim Büyükdevrim

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Aortic Wall ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Beneficial Effects

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Modulation of angiogenesis by ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is mediated by cyclooxygenases

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2007-08-109934 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 111 (7) ◽

pp. 3514-3521 ◽

Cited By ~ 75

Author(s):

Melissa Szymczak ◽

Michael Murray ◽

Nenad Petrovic

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Cancer Progression ◽

Tube Formation ◽

Dietary Fats ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Experimental Findings ◽

Cancer Suppression

Abstract The potential role of dietary fats in cancer is attracting considerable interest within the community. Both epidemiologic and experimental findings suggest that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), which are almost absent from typical Western diets, exert protective effects against cancer progression, although the precise mechanism of this suppression remains unknown. One of the potential targets for ω-3 PUFAs in cancer suppression is angiogenesis, a process of new blood vessel formation within rapidly growing tumors. Here, we demonstrate that ω-6 PUFAs stimulate and ω-3 PUFAs inhibit major proangiogenic processes in human endothelial cells, including the induction of angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) and matrix metalloprotease-9, endothelial invasion, and tube formation, that are usually activated by the major ω-6 PUFA arachidonic acid. The cyclooxygenase (COX)–mediated conversion of PUFAs to prostanoid derivatives participated in modulation of the expression of Ang2. Thus, the ω-6 PUFA–derived prostaglandin E2 augmented, whereas the ω-3 PUFA–derived prostaglandin E3 suppressed the induction of Ang2 by growth factors. Our findings are consistent with the suggestion that PUFAs undergo biotransformation by COX-2 to lipid mediators that modulate tumor angiogenesis, which provides new insight into the beneficial effects of ω-3 PUFAs.

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The Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Stroke

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2016/6906712 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jiyuan Bu ◽

Yang Dou ◽

Xiaodi Tian ◽

Zhong Wang ◽

Gang Chen

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Cerebral Injury ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Stroke Treatment ◽

Beneficial Effects

Stroke is the third commonest cause of death following cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In particular, in recent years, the morbidity and mortality of stroke keep remarkable growing. However, stroke still captures people attention far less than cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Past studies have shown that oxidative stress and inflammation play crucial roles in the progress of cerebral injury induced by stroke. Evidence is accumulating that the dietary supplementation of fish oil exhibits beneficial effects on several diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and cancer. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), the major component of fish oil, have been found against oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular diseases. And the potential of n-3 PUFAs in stroke treatment is attracting more and more attention. In this review, we will review the effects of n-3 PUFAs on stroke and mainly focus on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 PUFAs.

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