scholarly journals Effect of Application Height and Ground Speed on Spray Pattern and Droplet Spectra from Remotely Piloted Aerial Application Systems

Drones ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Martin ◽  
Wayne E. Woldt ◽  
Mohamed A. Latheef
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Spray Pattern ◽  
Ground Speed ◽  
Equipment Manufacturer ◽  
Application Systems ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Operational Factors

The objectives of this study were to characterize the effects of operational factors on spray application parameters for remotely piloted aerial application systems (RPAAS). The effects of application height and ground speed on spray pattern uniformity and droplet spectra characteristics were investigated for two RPAAS (DJI model MG-1 and HSE V6A) delivery vehicles equipped with original equipment manufacturer (OEM) nozzles. A spray mixture of tap water and fluorescent dye was applied at three different application heights in conjunction with four different ground speeds over the center line of a cotton string, suspended 1 m above ground. Fluorometric assessment of spray deposits on cotton strings and spray droplets captured on water-sensitive paper samplers described spray pattern and droplet spectra, respectively. Effective swath was determined based on the widest spray swath with a coefficient of variation (CV) ≤ 25%. Regardless of ground speed, application heights of 2 and 3 m yielded the largest effective swath for the MG-1. Neither application height nor ground speed significantly influenced effective swath for the V6A. These test results may provide guidance to remote aerial applicators as to the best application height and ground speed to use for their RPAAS for efficacious application of pest control products.

scholarly journals Spray Deposition on Weeds (Palmer Amaranth and Morningglory) from a Remotely Piloted Aerial Application System and Backpack Sprayer

Drones ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Daniel Martin ◽  
Vijay Singh ◽  
Mohamed A. Latheef ◽  
Muthukumar Bagavathiannan
Keyword(s):  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Application System ◽  
Leaf Surfaces

This study was designed to determine whether a remotely piloted aerial application system (RPAAS) could be used in lieu of a backpack sprayer for post-emergence herbicide application. Consequent to this objective, a spray mixture of tap water and fluorescent dye was applied on Palmer amaranth and ivyleaf morningglory using an RPAAS at 18.7 and 37.4 L·ha−1 and a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer at a 140 L·ha−1 spray application rate. Spray efficiency (the proportion of applied spray collected on an artificial sampler) for the RPAAS treatments was comparable to that for the backpack sprayer. Fluorescent spray droplet density was significantly higher on the adaxial surface for the backpack sprayer treatment than that for the RPAAS platforms. The percent of spray droplets on the abaxial surface for the RPAAS aircraft at 37.4 L·ha−1 was 4-fold greater than that for the backpack sprayer at 140 L·ha−1. The increased spray deposition on the abaxial leaf surfaces was likely caused by rotor downwash and wind turbulence generated by the RPAAS which caused leaf fluttering. This improved spray deposition may help increase the efficacy of contact herbicides. Test results indicated that RPAASs may be used for herbicide application in lieu of conventional backpack sprayers.

Field Scale Evaluation of Spray Drift Reduction Technologies from Ground and Aerial Application Systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 103457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley K. Fritz ◽  
W. Clint Hoffmann ◽  
W. E. Bagley ◽  
Andrew Hewitt ◽  
B. Devisetty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drift ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Scale Evaluation ◽  
Application Systems

scholarly journals KAJIAN KINERJA KENDALI PWM PADA RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM EFISIENSI AIR WUDHU MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR INFRA-MERAH

JURNAL ELTEK ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Siswoko Siswoko ◽  
Hariyadi Singgih ◽  
Herman Hariyadi
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Modulation Method ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Infrared Sensor ◽  
Object Distance ◽  
Linearity Error ◽  
Difficult Terrain

The use of water for wudhu activities in general uses a manually tapped faucet so that water from the tank will come out. But performing wudhu in this way can result in waste of water in the reservoir. If the faucet continues to burn during the ablution process, there will be a time when water is not needed, that is when the process of washing the body part intended in ablution, so that at that time the water will be wasted. Another problem is if the supply of water sources is limited or in difficult terrain. Therefore it is necessary to make a tool that can improve the effectiveness of using ablution water using infrared sensor application that will activate the valve and open the tap water automatically only if there is a hand or body part detected by the sensor. The speed of the water being pumped will be further slowed by using the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) method according to the water level of the tank that is detected by the ultrasonic sensor. The results of the study have been done sensitivity of ultrasonic sensors to the PWM control linearity error of 2.02%. And Data Test results of faucet ablation water wudhu adjustable infrared sensor can detect the object distance as far as 5-30 cm. If the input object is more than 30 cm, then the water does not come out.

scholarly journals Development and Prototype Testing of an Agricultural Nozzle Clog Detection Device

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-61
Author(s):  
Chin Nee Vong ◽  
Peter Ako Larbi
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Detection System ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
List Type ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Nozzle Clogging ◽  
Spray Pattern ◽  
Extended Range ◽  
Low Drift

HighlightsPrototypes of an agricultural nozzle clog detection system (for 18 nozzles) have been successfully developed.Spray quality characteristics (droplet size, pattern, and coverage) were not significantly affected when testing the device with extended-range nozzles (TeeJet XR8004).Most of the spray quality characteristics were significantly affected when testing the device with ultra low-drift nozzles (John Deere PSULDQ2004).Abstract. Agricultural nozzles are the main components that perform the spraying of agrochemicals, and their proper functionality is a key element for uniform spray application on crops. Because nozzles have small orifices, they can become clogged when there is debris from the agrochemical in the tank. Nozzle clogging during spray application results in poor pest and weed management and increased cost for re-spraying the affected crop row. Measures used to prevent nozzles from clogging include using screens or strainers to filter out debris before it reaches the nozzle tip, as well as performing regular checks on the nozzles. However, nozzle clogging still occurs during spraying despite the precautions taken. Thus, a device that can detect nozzle clogging during spraying is necessary to enable a quicker response that will ensure uniform application across each row of the crop. A novel, patented device for detecting clogged nozzles that is externally attachable to each nozzle on a sprayer boom was developed in the Precision Application Technology Lab at Arkansas State University. The main objective of this article is to present a general description of this prototype nozzle clog detection device and the nozzle clog detection system. Spray droplet size and pattern tests under controlled conditions and spray coverage tests under field conditions were conducted with and without the device to determine if there were significant differences in droplet size, spray pattern, or spray coverage between using and not using the device. The tests demonstrated that this new technology has potential for detecting clogged nozzles without significantly influencing spray quality for extended-range nozzles but not for ultra low-drift nozzles. To increase the reliability of the performance of this new technology, further improvements in the design need to be considered. Keywords: Clogged nozzle, Detection, Droplet size, Prototype device, Spray coverage, Spray pattern.

scholarly journals Aerial Application Methods for Control of Weed Species in Fallow Farmlands in Texas

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1764
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Martin ◽  
Mohamed A. Latheef ◽  
Juan D. Lopez ◽  
Sara E. Duke
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Spray Nozzle ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Over Time

Prolific growth of weeds, especially when followed by abundant rainfall, is common in Texas farmlands during early winter and progresses into spring when farmers begin chiseling and disking operations for spring-seeded cropping. This research sought to develop aerial application technologies designed to control unwanted vegetation in croplands left fallow until spring. The aerial nozzles used in the study were conventional hydraulic (CP), rotary atomizer, and electrostatically (ES) charged nozzles. Glyphosate at 0.4145 kg ae·ha−1 was applied on weeds using a fixed-wing aircraft equipped with various aerial nozzles used as treatments. The spray application rate for the conventional and rotary atomizer nozzles was 28.1 L·ha−1, while that for the ES charged nozzle was 9.4 L·ha−1. Aerial and ground-based remote sensing and visual estimates quantified weed vigor and canopy health. Both the CP and rotary atomizer nozzles were efficacious in suppressing weeds. ES charged on nozzles at one-third of the spray application rate of the CP and the rotary atomizer nozzles were equally effective in reducing weed vigor. More aerially applied replicated field research trials conducted over time and space are needed to unravel the differences between aerial spray nozzle technologies for controlling weed populations in Texas farmlands.

scholarly journals Ground Speed Optical Estimator for Miniature UAV

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2754
Author(s):  
Piotr Chmielewski ◽  
Krzysztof Sibilski
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Template Matching ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Video Tracking ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Ground Speed ◽  
Navigational System ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Gnss Data ◽  
Time Image

In a conventional Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) navigational system Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) sensor is often a main source of data for trajectory generation. Even video tracking based systems need some GNSS data for proper work. The goal of this study is to develop an optics-based system to estimate the ground speed of the UAV in the case of the GNSS failure, jamming, or unavailability. The proposed approach uses a camera mounted on the fuselage belly of the UAV. We can obtain the ground speed of the airplane by using the digital cropping, the stabilization of the real time image, and template matching algorithms. By combining the ground speed vector components with measurements of airspeed and altitude, the wind velocity and drift are computed. The obtained data were used to improve efficiency of the video-tracking based on a navigational system. An algorithm allows this computation to be performed in real time on board of a UAV. The algorithm was tested in Software-in-the-loop and implemented on the UAV hardware. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated through the experimental test results. The presented work could be useful for upgrading the existing MUAV products (with embedded cameras) already delivered to the customers only by updating their software. It is especially significant in the case when any necessary hardware upgrades would be economically unjustified or even impossible to be carried out.

scholarly journals Utilization of Saline Water on the Mechanical Properties for Unbounded Granular Materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 418
Author(s):  
Sherif Adel El Sharkawy
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Cbr Test ◽  
The World

It is well known that three quarters of the world contain saline water. The saline water contains amounts of salt dissolved in water to a concentration of parts in per millions (ppm) includes sodium chloride, Sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate. Compaction of Base coarse layer is usually done by water which is considered tap water. Cites near shores often need coastal roads to act as service roads parallel to shore lines. For this matter, the use of saline water in compaction is considered a main objective in this situation due to the decrease in transportation cost of Tap water used in hauling and compaction of base coarse layer. This research studies the effect of saline water on the mechanical properties of the unbounded granular material used in base coarse layer. The study compares the results between the use of saline water and standard tap water by subjecting both samples to different lab tests such as California baring ratio (CBR) and modified proctor. The results showed that saline water could be used successfully in the operation of constructing base coarse layer with good results concerning the amount of absorbed water content and maximum dry density of the base coarse layer which will result in good compaction. In addition, the CBR test results showed high evaluation of strength for samples contained saline water. The study used Dolomite material for base coarse layer from Jabal Ataqa as one of the most used aggregate types in Egypt through construction.

Study on Extracting Vanadium from Coal Vanadium Ore

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 504-507
Author(s):  
Cheng Xi
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Curing Time ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Leaching Rate ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Sulphuric Acid Concentration

Coal vanadium ore from Hunan was pretreated by sulfuric acid for curing. Influences of curing time, curing temperature, sulphuric acid concentration and ore size fraction on vanadium leaching rate were investigated and discussed. Test results showed that: -100 mesh ore size was cured by 20% added quantity of sulphuric acid at 180°C for 24h and was leached by agitation with tap water, the liquid solid ratio of 4: 1 at room temperature for 12h, vanadium leaching rate was 74%

SIMULATING AERIAL SPRAYS FOR THE WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): EVALUATION OF TECHNIQUE AND TWO CANDIDATE INSECTICIDES

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (9) ◽  
pp. 819-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Richmond
Keyword(s):  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Western Spruce Budworm ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Application System ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Preliminary Information ◽  
Population Reduction ◽  
Aerial Sprays ◽  
Deposit Characteristics

AbstractA new spray application system which mimics the spray deposit of aerial applications of chemical insecticides was developed and tested using acephate at the rate of 60 g a.i./L (U.S. Environmental Protection Act registered dosage) on small Douglas-fir and subalpine fir trees infested with western spruce budworm. The system successfully duplicated aerial application by causing a budworm population reduction equivalent to previous aerial tests having analogous insecticide deposit characteristics. Using the system, preliminary information was gained on the effectiveness of sulprofos and thiodicarb. When delivered at a rate of 4.1 L/ha, sulprofos caused a budworm population reduction of 86.2% at 22.4 g a.i./L and thiodicarb caused a reduction of 98% at 45 g a.i./L.

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