scholarly journals Humidity Distribution in High-Occupancy Indoor Micro-Climates

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 681
Author(s):  
Matthew Bonello ◽  
Daniel Micallef ◽  
Simon Paul Borg
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Hvac Systems ◽  
Cfd Model ◽  
Indoor Space ◽  
The People ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Constant Source

The general consensus among academics is that the spatio-temporal humidity distribution is more or less uniform in an indoor space. This has, for the large part, not yet been proven by an academic study; subsequently, this paper aims to demonstrate that this is not always true. The paper makes use of a validated transient CFD model, which uses the Low Reynolds Number k-ϵ turbulence model. The model simulates people in a room at a constant skin temperature and emitting a constant source of humidity using source terms in the species equation. The model is eventually used to predict the implications of having a high source of humidity, in the form of occupancy, on the micro-climate’s spatio-temporal humidity distribution. The results for the high-occupancy case show that different locations experience various amounts of humid air, with a 31% difference between the lowest and highest locations. The amount of water vapor in each person’s proximity is deemed to be highly dependent on the flow of the inlet jet, with the people farthest from the jet having an overall less mass of water vapor in their proximity over the two-hour experimental period. This paper has concluded that there are, in fact, cases where the humidity non-uniformity inside an interior environment becomes substantial in situations of high occupancy. The results of this paper may be useful to improve the design of HVAC systems.

PENGARUH KONFIGURASI DAN VISIBILITAS RUANG PADA AKSESIBILITAS, Studi Kasus pada Kawasan XT Square Yogyakarta

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Widi Cahya Yudhanta
Keyword(s):  
Use Of Space ◽  
Indoor Space ◽  
The People ◽  
Low Visibility ◽  
Space Pattern ◽  
Outdoor Space ◽  
Shape Influence

Abstract: XT Square is a kind of building having cultural commerciality function. The existence of this building is very important in supporting artists who live within it. Layout pattern becomes one of accessibility factors in XT Square area. Configuration and visibility shape influence the use of space pattern and people’s interest pattern in accessing every space in the building. The setting system between indoor space and outdoor space will give an easy effort for the people in living in and recognizing the space that it can be accessed comfortably. Configuration and visibility approachs are used in order to analyse the accessibility level of the space usage in that area. The result of the visibility and configuration analysis shows that there are many spaces having low integration that blocks do not integrated strongly and low visibility influences the appearance of the building in that area. This research suggest to open the visibility barrier and give high visibility that it can be recognized.Keywords: configuration, accessibility, visibility, system setting Abstraksi: XT Square merupakan bangunan dengan fungsi komersial budaya. Keberadaanya menjadi sangat penting guna mendukung pengrajin kesenian dan budaya di Kota Yogyakarta. Pola layout menjadi salah satu faktor aksesibilitas dalam kawasan XT Square. Bentuk konfigurasi dan visibilitas mempengaruhi pola pengunaan ruang dan pola keterarikan orang dalam mengakses setiap ruang dalam kawasan. Sistem setting antar ruang dalam dan ruang luar menjadikan kemudahan penguna dalam menempati ruang dan pengenalan ruang sehingga ruang menjadi nyaman untuk diakses. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan konfigurasi dan visibilitas, guna menganalisis tingkat aksesibilitas pengunaan ruang dalam kawasan. Hasil analisis visibilitas dan konfigurasi menunjukkan bahwa terdapat banyak ruang dengan integrasi lemah sehingga blok tidak saling terintegrasi dengan kuat serta rendahnya visibilitas setiap bangunan dalam kawasan. Penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi dengan membuka pengahalang visibilitas dan memberi kantung tangkapan visibilitas agar ruang mudah dikenali.Kata kunci: konfigurasi, aksesibilitas, visibilitas, sistem setting

WHY DO YOU WRITE?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-641
Author(s):  
J. B. Healy
Keyword(s):  
Health Service ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Medical Journals ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Tests And Measurements ◽  
The People ◽  
Primary Object

Sir: The number of medical papers published is monstrously large. How much has one really learned from last year's erratic efforts to read journals? And think of all the work involved in producing the published and the unpublished papers, the millions of blood samples, and the laboratory tests, and of all the assistants, medical and paramedical, who had to be employed; and think of all the people who were measured and tested as controls. Was the primary object of all this to improve the treatment of disease or to publish papers? If the former, then publishing is only a secondary object—that of letting other doctors know something that may be of use to them. But if publication is the primary object, then one naturally suspects that the work is being done for advancement and benefit of the author(s); it is scarcely being done for the benefit of other practitioners. It seems to me that we should, for an experimental period of a year, declare a moratorium on the appending of authors' names and the names of hospitals to articles in medical journals. Just print the article. If the dissemination of information is the reason why papers are submitted for publication, there will be no falling-off in the numbers offered. If the honest search for better treatment is the object of trials, there will be no lessening of the amount of tests and measurements performed in hospitals. But if there is a big saving in costs in the Health Service and far less material is offered to the journals, we shall have unmasked ourselves.

scholarly journals SPACE-TIME TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE UPPER XINGU AND UPPER RIO NEGRO

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-724
Author(s):  
Geraldo Andrello ◽  
Antonio Guerreiro ◽  
Stephen Hugh-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Rio Negro ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Esoteric Knowledge ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Time Transformations

Abstract The multi-ethnic and multilingual complexes of the Upper Rio Negro and the Upper Xingu share common aspects that frequently emerge in ethnographies, including notions of descent, hierarchical social organization and ritual activities, as well as a preference for forms of exogamy and the unequal distribution of productive and ritual specialties and esoteric knowledge. In this article we investigate how the people of both regions conceive of their humanity and that of their neighbours as variations on a shared form, since in both regions ritual processes for negotiating positions and prerogatives seems to take the place of the latent state of warfare typical of the social life of other Amazonian peoples. In this article we will synthesize, for each region, the spatio-temporal processes that underscore the eminently variable constitution of collectivities, seeking, in conclusion, to isolate those elements that the two regions have in common.

scholarly journals A systematic assessment of water vapor products in the Arctic: from instantaneous measurements to monthly means

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 4829-4856
Author(s):  
Susanne Crewell ◽  
Kerstin Ebell ◽  
Patrick Konjari ◽  
Mario Mech ◽  
Tatiana Nomokonova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Monthly Means ◽  
Atlantic Sector ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Retrieval Algorithms ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract. Water vapor is an important component in the water and energy cycle of the Arctic. Especially in light of Arctic amplification, changes in water vapor are of high interest but are difficult to observe due to the data sparsity of the region. The ACLOUD/PASCAL campaigns performed in May/June 2017 in the Arctic North Atlantic sector offers the opportunity to investigate the quality of various satellite and reanalysis products. Compared to reference measurements at R/V Polarstern frozen into the ice (around 82∘ N, 10∘ E) and at Ny-Ålesund, the integrated water vapor (IWV) from Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) L2PPFv6 shows the best performance among all satellite products. Using all radiosonde stations within the region indicates some differences that might relate to different radiosonde types used. Atmospheric river events can cause rapid IWV changes by more than a factor of 2 in the Arctic. Despite the relatively dense sampling by polar-orbiting satellites, daily means can deviate by up to 50 % due to strong spatio-temporal IWV variability. For monthly mean values, this weather-induced variability cancels out, but systematic differences dominate, which particularly appear over different surface types, e.g., ocean and sea ice. In the data-sparse central Arctic north of 84∘ N, strong differences of 30 % in IWV monthly means between satellite products occur in the month of June, which likely result from the difficulties in considering the complex and changing surface characteristics of the melting ice within the retrieval algorithms. There is hope that the detailed surface characterization performed as part of the recently finished Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) will foster the improvement of future retrieval algorithms.

scholarly journals The Production and Consumption of Cultural Villages in South Africa: A Decolonial Epistemic Perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan Ndlovu
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Third World ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Tourism Studies ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Epistemic Perspective

While many of the peoples who exist in the ‘spatio-temporal’ construct known as the postcolonial world today are convinced that they have succeeded – through anticolonial and anti-imperial struggles – to defeat colonial domination, the majority of the people of the same part of the world have not yet reaped the freedoms which they aimed to achieve. The question that emerges out of the failure to realise the objectives of anti-colonial and anti-imperial struggles by the people of the Third World after a number of years of absence of juridical-administrative colonial and apartheid systems is to what extent did the people who sought to dethrone colonial domination understand the complexity of the colonial system? And to what end did the ability and/or inability to master the complexity of the colonial system affect the process of decolonization? Through the case study of the production and consumption of cultural villages in South Africa, this article deploys a de-colonial epistemic perspective to reveal, within the context of tourism studies, the complexity of the colonial system and why a truly decolonized postcolonial world has so far eluded the people of the developing world.

scholarly journals Thermal Comfort-Based Personalized Models with Non-Intrusive Sensing Technique in Office Buildings

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siliang Lu ◽  
Weilong Wang ◽  
Shihan Wang ◽  
Erica Cochran Hameen
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Hvac Systems ◽  
Recall Score ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Linear Kernel ◽  
Related Factors

Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems play a key role in shaping the built environment. However, centralized HVAC systems cannot guarantee the provision of a comfortable thermal environment for everyone. Therefore, a personalized HVAC system that aims to adapt thermal preferences has drawn much more attention. Meanwhile, occupant-related factors like skin temperature have not had standardized measurement methods. Therefore, this paper proposes to use infrared thermography to develop individual thermal models to predict thermal sensations using three different feature sets with the random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM). The results have shown the correlation coefficients between clothing surface temperature and thermal sensation are 11% and 3% higher than those between skin temperature and thermal sensation of two subjects, respectively. With cross-validation, SVM with a linear kernel and penalty number of 1, as well as RF with 50 trees and the maximum tree depth of 3 were selected as the model configurations. As a result, the model trained with the feature set, consisting of indoor air temperature, relative humidity, skin temperature and clothing surface temperature, and with linear kernel SVM has achieved 100% recall score on test data of female subjects and 95% recall score on that of male subjects.

scholarly journals A Novel Approach for the Detection of Developing Thunderstorm Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Müller ◽  
Stéphane Haussler ◽  
Matthias Jerg ◽  
Dirk Heizenreder
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Convective Clouds ◽  
Critical Success ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Forecast Lead Time ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Atmospheric Motion Vectors

This study presents a novel approach for the early detection of developing thunderstorms. To date, methods for the detection of developing thunderstorms have usually relied on accurate Atmospheric Motion Vectors (AMVs) for the estimation of the cooling rates of convective clouds, which correspond to the updraft strengths of the cloud objects. In this study, we present a method for the estimation of the updraft strength that does not rely on AMVs. The updraft strength is derived directly from the satellite observations in the SEVIRI water vapor channels. For this purpose, the absolute value of the vector product of spatio-temporal gradients of the SEVIRI water vapor channels is calculated for each satellite pixel, referred to as Normalized Updraft Strength (NUS). The main idea of the concept is that vertical updraft leads to NUS values significantly above zero, whereas horizontal cloud movement leads to NUS values close to zero. Thus, NUS is a measure of the strength of the vertical updraft and can be applied to distinguish between advection and convection. The performance of the method has been investigated for two summer periods in 2016 and 2017 by validation with lightning data. Values of the Critical Success Index (CSI) of about 66% for 2016 and 60% for 2017 demonstrate the good performance of the method. The Probability of Detection (POD) values for the base case are 81.8% for 2016 and 89.2% for 2017, respectively. The corresponding False Alarm Ratio (FAR) values are 22.6% (2016) and 36.4% (2017), respectively. In summary, the method has the potential to reduce forecast lead time significantly and can be quite useful in regions without a well-maintained radar network.

scholarly journals Modification of three-dimensional transition in the wake of a rotationally oscillating cylinder

2009 ◽  
Vol 643 ◽  
pp. 349-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID LO JACONO ◽  
JUSTIN S. LEONTINI ◽  
MARK C. THOMPSON ◽  
JOHN SHERIDAN
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Oscillation Mode ◽  
Critical Amplitude ◽  
Near Wake ◽  
Three Dimensional Flow ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Dimensional Flow ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Mode A

A study of the flow past an oscillatory rotating cylinder has been conducted, where the frequency of oscillation has been matched to the natural frequency of the vortex street generated in the wake of a stationary cylinder, at Reynolds number 300. The focus is on the wake transition to three-dimensional flow and, in particular, the changes induced in this transition by the addition of the oscillatory rotation. Using Floquet stability analysis, it is found that the fine-scale three-dimensional mode that typically dominates the wake at a Reynolds number beyond that at the second transition to three-dimensional flow (referred to as mode B) is suppressed for amplitudes of rotation beyond a critical amplitude, in agreement with past studies. However, the rotation does not suppress the development of three-dimensionality completely, as other modes are discovered that would lead to three-dimensional flow. In particular, the longer-wavelength mode that leads the three-dimensional transition in the wake of a stationary cylinder (referred to as mode A) is left essentially unaffected at low amplitudes of rotation. At higher amplitudes of oscillation, mode A is also suppressed as the two-dimensional near wake changes in character from a single- to a double-row wake; however, another mode is predicted to render the flow three-dimensional, dubbed mode D (for double row). This mode has the same spatio-temporal symmetries as mode A.

Diffusion of water vapor through small areas of human skin in normal environment

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konrad J. K. Buettner
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Horny Layer ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Vapor Transfer ◽  
Normal Environment ◽  
Made In ◽  
Frequency Curves

Four small skin areas of the forearm were exposed concurrently to four small bottles at skin temperature. The bottles contained certain wet salts which condition the local vapor pressure. The vapor transfer between skin and bottles resulted in a measurable weight change of the bottles. One thousand tests on 250 people were made in a comfortable room. Below a critical humidity, vapor left the skin; above this ‘neutral relative humidity’ (NRH) the skin gained vapor. A small portion of this skin intake is used to moisten the horny layer. Correcting for this, the average of all tests is NRH = 86%. Frequency curves show two significant maxima besides that around 86%, viz. one around a NRH of 60–70%, generally concurrent with edema, and one above 90% NRH, usually observed on sweating skin. Length of exposure (30 min.-8 hr.), season and skin temperature (excluding sweating) have no recognizable influence on NRH. Submitted on August 25, 1958

Assessment of single-frequency observations in GNSS Tropospheric Tomography

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Weber ◽  
Zohreh Adavi ◽  
Marcus Franz Glaner
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Dual Frequency ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Gnss Network ◽  
Vapor Distribution ◽  
Reconstructed Model

<p>Water vapor is one of the most variable components in the Earth’s atmosphere, which has a significant role in the formation of clouds, rain and snow, air pollution and acid rain. Therefore, increasing the accuracy of estimated water vapor can lead to more accurate predictions of severe weather, upcoming storms, and reducing natural hazards. In recent years, GNSS has turned out to be a valuable tool for remotely sensing the atmosphere. GNSS tomography is one of the most valuable tools to reconstruct the Spatio-temporal structure of the troposphere. However, locating dual-frequency receivers with a sufficient spatial resolution for GNSS tomography of a few tens of kilometers is not economically feasible. Therefore, in this research, the feasibility of using single-frequency receivers in GNSS tomography as a possible alternative approach has been investigated. The accuracy of the reconstructed model of water-vapor distribution using low-cost receivers is verified using radiosonde measurements in the area of the EPOSA (Echtzeit Positionierung Austria) GNSS network, which is mostly located in the east part of Austria for the period DoYs 233-246 in 2019.</p>

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