scholarly journals Reliability-Oriented Design of Inverter-Fed Low-Voltage Electrical Machines: Potential Solutions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4144
Author(s):  
Yatai Ji ◽  
Paolo Giangrande ◽  
Vincenzo Madonna ◽  
Weiduo Zhao ◽  
Michael Galea
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Electrical Machines ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Electrical Machine ◽  
Engineering Approach

Transportation electrification has kept pushing low-voltage inverter-fed electrical machines to reach a higher power density while guaranteeing appropriate reliability levels. Methods commonly adopted to boost power density (i.e., higher current density, faster switching frequency for high speed, and higher DC link voltage) will unavoidably increase the stress to the insulation system which leads to a decrease in reliability. Thus, a trade-off is required between power density and reliability during the machine design. Currently, it is a challenging task to evaluate reliability during the design stage and the over-engineering approach is applied. To solve this problem, physics of failure (POF) is introduced and its feasibility for electrical machine (EM) design is discussed through reviewing past work on insulation investigation. Then the special focus is given to partial discharge (PD) whose occurrence means the end-of-life of low-voltage EMs. The PD-free design methodology based on understanding the physics of PD is presented to substitute the over-engineering approach. Finally, a comprehensive reliability-oriented design (ROD) approach adopting POF and PD-free design strategy is given as a potential solution for reliable and high-performance inverter-fed low-voltage EM design.

High Temperature Silicon-on-Insulator Gate Driver for SiC-FET Power Modules

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 (HITEN) ◽  
pp. 000152-000158
Author(s):  
J. Valle Mayorga ◽  
C. Gutshall ◽  
K. Phan ◽  
I. Escorcia ◽  
H. A. Mantooth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
High Power ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Silicon On Insulator ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Cmos Process ◽  
High Power Density ◽  
Power Modules ◽  
Gate Driver

SiC power semiconductors have the capability of greatly outperforming Si-based power devices. Faster switching and smaller on-state losses coupled with higher voltage blocking and temperature capabilities, make SiC a very attractive semiconductor for high performance, high power density power modules. However, the temperature capabilities and increased power density are fully utilized only when the gate driver is placed next to the SiC devices. This requires the gate driver to successfully operate under these extreme conditions with reduced or no heat sinking requirements, allowing the full realization of a high efficiency, high power density SiC power module. In addition, since SiC devices are usually connected in a half or full bridge configuration, the gate driver should provide electrical isolation between the high and low voltage sections of the driver itself. This paper presents a 225 degrees Celsius operable, Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) high voltage isolated gate driver IC for SiC devices. The IC was designed and fabricated in a 1 μm, partially depleted, CMOS process. The presented gate driver consists of a primary and a secondary side which are electrically isolated by the use of a transformer. The gate driver IC has been tested at a switching frequency of 200 kHz at 225 degrees Celsius while exhibiting a dv/dt noise immunity of at least 45 kV/μs.

scholarly journals Conceptual Framework of Antecedents to Trends on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators for Wind Energy Conversion Systems

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 2616 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Padmanathan ◽  
N. Kamalakannan ◽  
P. Sanjeevikumar ◽  
F. Blaabjerg ◽  
J. B. Holm-Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Permanent Magnet ◽  
Electrical Machines ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Electrical Machine ◽  
Synchronous Generators ◽  
Wind Energy Conversion ◽  
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators

Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) plays an inevitable role across the world. WECS consist of many components and equipment’s such as turbines, hub assembly, yaw mechanism, electrical machines; power electronics based power conditioning units, protection devices, rotor, blades, main shaft, gear-box, mainframe, transmission systems and etc. These machinery and devices technologies have been developed on gradually and steadily. The electrical machine used to convert mechanical rotational energy into electrical energy is the core of any WECS. Many electrical machines (generator) has been used in WECS, among the generators the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSGs) have gained special focus, been connected with wind farms to become the most desirable due to its enhanced efficiency in power conversion from wind energy turbine. This article provides a review of literatures and highlights the updates, progresses, and revolutionary trends observed in WECS-based PMSGs. The study also compares the geared and direct-driven conversion systems. Further, the classifications of electrical machines that are utilized in WECS are also discussed. The literature review covers the analysis of design aspects by taking various topologies of PMSGs into consideration. In the final sections, the PMSGs are reviewed and compared for further investigations. This review article predominantly emphasizes the conceptual framework that shed insights on the research challenges present in conducting the proposed works such as analysis, suitability, design, and control of PMSGs for WECS.

Modular Bearing Designs to Cope With the New Engine Designs Demanding High Performance, Lead-Free Solutions, and Robustness

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Aufischer ◽  
Rick Walker ◽  
Martin Offenbecher ◽  
Gunther Hager
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Polymer Coatings ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Steel Shell ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Special Focus

Engine development, driven by environmental considerations outlined in the different emission regulations, fuel economy, and fuel availability in combination with economical boundary conditions, needs new approaches in bearing material and design. Since gas engines are gaining market share and firing pressures increase in diesel engines in order to fulfill fuel economy, a special focus has also been taken to tailor-made bearings for these applications. This complex task has to consider lining compound material strength and stability under different conditions like oil condition and dilution. Thin overlays with long-term wear resistance and mixed friction capabilities as well as robust design for extraordinary events like dirt shock loading or adaptations at the engine start are necessary. To fulfill all these requirements, different tasks have to be considered: (1) bearing lining and steel shell compound to fulfill assembly requirements to combine a safe bearing seat with antifretting and high strength with base tribological characteristics, (2) design and use of different layers to compensate weakness of the one layer with the strength of another layer, (3) incorporation of special running conditions and cost reduction approaches in the layer design like polymer coatings for start stop and shaft designs with rougher surface finishes, and (4) bearing design incorporating special shapes to cope better with deflections and geometric deficiencies of a special engine design or application In this publication, existing and new lining compound approaches, including lead-free designs, a variety of different overlays from electroplated, polymer and sputtered ones, are briefly described. Additionally, it is explained how these layers are combined and how they work together to improve bearing performance. Testing of the bearing components and designs on bearing test rigs with new test conditions considering dirt shock and misalignment and their confirmation by engine running experiences are given for a gas engine and a high speed diesel engine applications. A special outlook on how this approach can be extended to other applications for the sake of robustness, cost reduction, or performance increase will summarize the paper.

Modular Bearing Designs to Cope With the New Engine Designs Demanding High Performance, Lead Free Solutions and Robustness

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Aufischer ◽  
Rick Walker ◽  
Martin Offenbecher ◽  
Gunther Hager
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Polymer Coatings ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Steel Shell ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Special Focus

Engine development, driven by environmental considerations outlined in the different emission regulations, fuel economy and fuel availability in combination with economical boundary conditions, needs new approaches in bearing material and design. Since gas engines are gaining market share and firing pressures increase in Diesel engines in order to fulfill fuel economy a special focus has also been taken to tailor-made bearings for these applications. This complex task has to consider lining compound material strength and stability under different conditions like oil condition and dilution. Thin overlays with long term wear resistance and mixed friction capabilities as well as robust design for extraordinary events like dirt shock loading or adaptations at the engine start are necessary. To fulfill all these requirements different tasks have to be considered: 1. Bearing lining and steel shell compound to fulfill assembly requirements to combine a safe bearing seat with anti-fretting and high strength with base tribological characteristics 2. Design and use of different layers to compensate weakness of the one layer with the strength of another layer 3. Incorporation of special running conditions and cost reduction approaches in the layer design like polymer coatings for start stop and shaft designs with rougher surface finishes 4. Bearing design incorporating special shapes to cope better with deflections and geometric deficiencies of a special engine design or application In this publication existing and new lining compound approaches including lead free designs, a variety of different overlays from electroplated, polymer and sputtered ones are briefly described. Additionally it is explained how these layers are combined and how they work together to improve bearing performance. Testing of the bearing components and designs on bearing test rigs with new test conditions considering dirt shock and misalignment and their confirmation by engine running experiences are given for a gas engine and a high speed diesel engine applications. A special outlook on how this approach can be extended to other applications for the sake of robustness, cost reduction or performance increase will summarize the paper.

scholarly journals Analysing Efficiency and Reliability of High Speed Drive Inverters using Wide Band Gap Power Devices

Machines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 350
Author(s):  
Niklas Langmaack ◽  
Florian Lippold ◽  
Daiyi Hu ◽  
Regine Mallwitz
Keyword(s):  
Band Gap ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Semiconductor Devices ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Electrical Machine ◽  
Wide Band Gap ◽  
Power Semiconductor ◽  
Power Semiconductor Devices ◽  
High Switching Frequency

Within the project ‘ARIEL’ an electrical turbo compressor unit for fuel cell applications is deeply investigated. The necessary drive inverter is especially designed for high fundamental frequency and high switching frequency to cope with the requirements of the implemented electrical machine. This paper presents investigations on the inverter’s efficiency and its prospective lifetime at different stages of the development. In the design process different wide band gap power semiconductor devices in discrete packages are evaluated in terms of the achievable power density and efficiency, both by simulations and measurements. Finally, an optimised design using surface mount silicon carbide MOSFETs is developed. Compared to a former inverter design using silicon devices in a three-level topology, the power density of the inverter is significantly increased. The lifetime of power electronic systems is often limited by the lifetime of the power semiconductor devices. Based on loss calculations and the resulting temperature swing of the virtual junction the lifetime of the inverter is estimated for the most frequent operating points and for different mission profiles.

scholarly journals A Recent Progress of Spintronics Devices for Integrated Circuit Applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Endoh ◽  
Hiroaki Honjo
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Spin Transfer Torque ◽  
Spin Transfer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent Advancement ◽  
Spintronics Device

Nonvolatile (NV) memory is a key element for future high-performance and low-power microelectronics. Among the proposed NV memories, spintronics-based ones are particularly attractive for applications, owing to their low-voltage and high-speed operation capability in addition to their high-endurance feature. There are three types of spintronics devices with different writing schemes: spin-transfer torque (STT), spin-orbit torque (SOT), and electric field (E-field) effect on magnetic anisotropy. The NV memories using STT have been studied and developed most actively and are about to enter into the market by major semiconductor foundry companies. On the other hand, a development of the NV memories using other writing schemes are now underway. In this review article, first, the recent advancement of the spintronics device using STT and the NV memories using them are reviewed. Next, spintronics devices using the other two writing schemes (SOT and E-field) are briefly reviewed, including issues to be addressed for the NV memories application.

scholarly journals Benefits of Higher-Temperature Operation in Boosted SI Engines Enabled by Advanced Materials

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary G. Mills ◽  
Charles E. A. Finney ◽  
K. Dean Edwards ◽  
J. Allen Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Selective Cooling ◽  
Si Engines

To meet the demand for greater fuel efficiency in passenger vehicles, various strategies are employed to increase the power density of light-duty SI engines, with attendant thermal or system efficiency increases. One approach is to incorporate higher-performance alloys for critical engine components. These alloys can have advantageous thermal or mechanical properties at higher temperatures, allowing for components constructed from these materials to meet more severe pressure and temperature demands, while maintaining durability. Advanced alloys could reduce the need for charge enrichment to protect certain gas-path components at high speed and load conditions, permit more selective cooling to reduce heat-transfer losses, and allow engine downsizing, while maintaining performance, by achieving higher cylinder temperatures and pressures. As a first step in investigating downsizing strategies made possible through high-performance alloys, a GT-Power model of a 4-cylinder 1.6L turbocharged direct-injection SI engine was developed. The model was tuned and validated against experimental dynamometer data collected from a corresponding engine. The model was then used to investigate various operating strategies for increasing power density. Results from these investigations will provide valuable insight into how new materials might be utilized to meet the needs of future light-duty engines and will serve as the basis for a more comprehensive investigation using more-detailed thermo-mechanical modeling.

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