scholarly journals Impact of Hydrogen Injection on Natural Gas Measurement

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8461
Author(s):  
Marco Dell’Isola ◽  
Giorgio Ficco ◽  
Linda Moretti ◽  
Jacek Jaworski ◽  
Paweł Kułaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Experimental Point ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
The Impact

Hydrogen is increasingly receiving a primary role as an energy vector in ensuring the achievement of the European decarbonization goals by 2050. In fact, Hydrogen could be produced also by electrolysis of water using renewable sources, such as photovoltaic and wind power, being able to perform the energy storage function, as well as through injection into natural gas infrastructures. However, hydrogen injection directly impacts thermodynamic properties of the gas itself, such as density, calorific value, Wobbe index, sound speed, etc. Consequently, this practice leads to changes in metrological behavior, especially in terms of volume and gas quality measurements. In this paper, the authors present an overview on the impact of hydrogen injection in natural gas measurements. In particular, the changes in thermodynamic properties of the gas mixtures with different H2 contents have been evaluated and the effects on the accuracy of volume conversion at standard conditions have been investigated both on the theoretical point of view and experimentally. To this end, the authors present and discuss the effect of H2 injection in gas networks on static ultrasonic domestic gas meters, both from a theoretical and an experimental point of view. Experimental tests demonstrated that ultrasonic gas meters are not significantly affected by H2 injection up to about 10%.

scholarly journals The Road to Modern Logic—An Interpretation

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Ferreirós
Keyword(s):  
Order Logic ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
First Order Logic ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Modern Logic ◽  
Core System ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Road

AbstractThis paper aims to outline an analysis and interpretation of the process that led to First-Order Logic and its consolidation as a core system of modern logic. We begin with an historical overview of landmarks along the road to modern logic, and proceed to a philosophical discussion casting doubt on the possibility of a purely rational justification of the actual delimitation of First-Order Logic. On this basis, we advance the thesis that a certain historical tradition was essential to the emergence of modern logic; this traditional context is analyzed as consisting in some guiding principles and, particularly, a set of exemplars (i.e., paradigmatic instances). Then, we proceed to interpret the historical course of development reviewed in section 1, which can broadly be described as a two-phased movement of expansion and then restriction of the scope of logical theory. We shall try to pinpoint ambivalencies in the process, and the main motives for subsequent changes. Among the latter, one may emphasize the spirit of modern axiomatics, the situation of foundational insecurity in the 1920s, the resulting desire to find systems well-behaved from a proof-theoretical point of view, and the metatheoretical results of the 1930s. Not surprisingly, the mathematical and, more specifically, the foundational context in which First-Order Logic matured will be seen to have played a primary role in its shaping.Mathematical logic is what logic, through twenty-five centuries and a few transformations, has become today. (Jean van Heijenoort)

Experimental Study of the Bond of FRP Applied to Natural Stones and Masonry Prisms

2014 ◽  
Vol 624 ◽  
pp. 453-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Panizza ◽  
Enrico Garbin ◽  
Maria Rosa Valluzzi ◽  
Claudio Modena
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Shear Tests ◽  
Bond Behaviour ◽  
Lime Mortar ◽  
Glass Composites ◽  
Externally Bonded ◽  
Heritage Buildings ◽  
Natural Stones ◽  
The Impact

Compared to more traditional techniques, the application of Externally Bonded-Fibre Reinforced Polymers (EB-FRP) represents a viable alternative for the strengthening of masonry structures, also in case of Cultural Heritage buildings where strict requirements need to be met, aimed at minimizing the impact of the intervention. Since the FRP-to-masonry bond behaviour strongly affects design and effectiveness of such interventions, several investigations have been carried out in recent years to study this phenomenon, generally based on the longer experience developed for concrete substrates. Mortar joints, which are geometrical and mechanical discontinuities, distinguish and characterize masonry substrates from concrete ones, and therefore deserve a special attention as far as their role in the bond behaviour is not clarified yet. This paper, aimed at giving a contribution also from a methodological point of view, presents the main experimental results of shear tests carried out on glass composites (GFRP) applied to natural calcareous stones (pietra leccese), to lime mortar blocks and to masonry prisms made by coupling stones and lime mortar. Overall 22 shear tests were performed, keeping a bonded length of 200 mm for stones and mortar specimens while it was changed from 65 mm (corresponding to one stone and one mortar joint) to 195 mm (three stones and three mortar joints) in the case of masonry prisms. The effect of the FRP end anchorage on the test development was investigated as well, and results of the experimental tests are herein discussed in detail.

The Internet and Global Markets

2008 ◽  
pp. 417-448
Author(s):  
José Manuel Ortega Egea ◽  
Manuel Recio Menedez
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Marketing Channel ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Global Marketing ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
Business To Consumer ◽  
Global Nature ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines the impact of the Internet and related technologies on global marketing activities (global e-marketing), under consideration of the following aspects: • Special implications for multinational corporations (MNCs) and small and medium-sized companies (SMCs) • Distinction between business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-business (B2B) markets • Role of the Internet as a complementary or supplementary marketing channel In order to clarify the special characteristics and challenges involved in global e-marketing practices, the authors have carried out a review of related empirical and conceptual research. The following conclusions can be drawn with regard to the characteristics of reviewed studies: 1. Due to the global nature of the Internet, relatively little research explicitly accounts for the differences between domestic and global e-marketing practices. Further research is needed on issues directly related to the Internet “global reach.” 2. Relatively more studies analyze global Internet marketing from a theoretical point of view. Academics are recently recognizing the need to carry out empirical research, both in B2C and B2B online environments.

Discursive turns and critical junctures

2020 ◽  
pp. 198-213
Author(s):  
Donatella della Porta ◽  
Pietro Castelli Gattinara ◽  
Konstantinos Eleftheriadis ◽  
Andrea Felicetti
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Citizenship Rights ◽  
Public Spheres ◽  
Critical Junctures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Opening Up

The concluding chapter goes back to the theoretical debates presented in chapter 1, synthetizing the main empirical results of the various parts of our analysis as well as reflecting on the theoretical implications. From the theoretical point of view, the aim has been to analyze transformative events in order to trace their effects on the content and form of the debate in multiple public spheres. The research addressed discursive turns during a critical juncture that changed in the political debate. Empirically, the Charlie Hebdo controversy represented a most important moment in the assessment of collective understandings of citizenship, broadly understood as setting the boundaries of who is inside and who is outside. Opening up to future research in the field, the chapter speculates on the impact of the debate we have addressed in structuring the evolving debate over citizenship and citizenship rights.

scholarly journals Local public innovation: an analysis of its perceived impacts on public performance

2020 ◽  
pp. 002085232096321
Author(s):  
Yoann Queyroi ◽  
David Carassus ◽  
Christophe Maurel ◽  
Christophe Favoreu ◽  
Pierre Marin
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Public Performance ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Internal Resources ◽  
The Public ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Public Organisations ◽  
The Impact

This article explores public innovations implemented by local authorities, which consider them as a key means of improving their performance in response to a restrictive context. The authors thus propose to grasp the impacts of these innovations in terms of perceived performance from a global and multidimensional point of view. Based on a quantitative study conducted among French local authorities, this research first presents the results obtained from a theoretical point of view, providing insight into the multiple impacts of implementing innovations within the public sector. Then, at the managerial level, the study identifies specific impacts for each type of public innovation, the aim being to structure the innovation portfolio of public organisations. Points for practitioners An increasing number of innovations are being introduced in the public sector. However, the impact of these innovations on public performance is often not assessed. That is why by focusing our research on French local authorities, we guide managers both in analysing this influence by distinguishing several types of innovation and performance, and in building a portfolio of innovations in line with the internal resources of their local authority, as well as the public service provided in response to the needs of the territory.

scholarly journals Mapping the Food Festivals and Sustainable Capitals: Evidence from Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10283
Author(s):  
Patrycjusz Zarębski ◽  
Dominika Zwęglińska-Gałecka
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Capital Conversion ◽  
The Impact

This study is one of the first attempts to identify and explain the location of food festivals in the context of locally embedded capitals. A multidimensional spatial model was developed and a typology using the k-means method was carried out to evaluate the mapping of 64 food festivals organized in various locations in Poland. With reference to Bourdieu’s concept, the economic, social, cultural, symbolic, and tourism capitals rooted in the local environment were examined and compared with the location of festivals. From the theoretical point of view, this study extends the theory of capital to include the new category of tourism capital, which allows better understanding of the economic effects of festivals. It is the missing element of the circular mechanism of capital conversion. Our study shows that food festivals in Poland are held mainly in large cities and their neighboring municipalities rather than in peripheral rural areas. We indicate that the urban areas have a higher level of capitals and sustainability of capitals for food festivals than rural areas. The conducted research shows that the economic effect of food festivals is stronger in locations with high tourism capital. The proposed model is universal and can be used to analyze the impact of various festivals on capital conversion and local development.

scholarly journals Studies of the Impact of Hydrogen on the Stability of Gaseous Mixtures of THT

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6441
Author(s):  
Anna Huszal ◽  
Jacek Jaworski
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Gaseous Mixtures ◽  
Odorant Molecule ◽  
Measurement Devices ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hydrogen Additive

One of the most important requirements concerning the quality of natural gases, guaranteeing their safe use, involves providing the proper level of their odorization. This allows for the detection of uncontrolled leakages of gases from gas networks, installations and devices. The concentration of an odorant should be adjusted in such a manner that the gas odor in a mixture with air would be noticeable by users (gas receivers). A permanent odor of gas is guaranteed by the stability of the odorant molecule and its resistance to changes in the composition of odorized gases. The article presents the results of experimental research on the impact of a hydrogen additive on the stability of tetrahydrothiophene (THT) mixtures in methane and in natural gas with a hydrogen additive. The objective of the work was to determine the readiness of measurement infrastructures routinely used in monitoring the process of odorizing natural gas for potential changes in its composition. One of the elements of this infrastructure includes the reference mixtures of THT, used to verify the correctness of the readings of measurement devices. The performed experimental tests address possible changes in the composition of gases supplied via a distribution network, resulting from the introduction of hydrogen. The lack of interaction between hydrogen and THT has been verified indirectly by assessing the stability of its mixtures with methane and natural gas containing hydrogen. The results of the presented tests permitted the identification of potential hazards for the safe use of gas from a distribution network, resulting from changes in its composition caused by the addition of hydrogen.

Gasification of Agro-Industrial Wastes for Electricity Cogeneration

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. E. Sarmiento ◽  
D. M. Y. Maya ◽  
F. Chejne ◽  
E. E. S. Lora
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Residual Biomass ◽  
Proximate And Ultimate Analysis

The purpose of this paper is to report studies on agricultural residual biomass gasification to power cogeneration. The classification was determined by availability and feedstock for thermochemical conversion of waste materials of flower industry in Colombia. Firstly, it was made an inventory of the main species of flowers produced, they were evaluated from the point of view of energy proximate and ultimate analysis of the available biomass[1]–[4] [5]. As a result of this work, the waste types with higher residual biomass per unit area were classified, they generate on average 665.59 Kg/ha of dry residual biomass. The elemental analysis (CHON) was expressed to be: C:35,47%, H:4,50%, O:52,24 % and N:2,291% and a calorific value of 3248,30 cal/kg. Experimental tests were conducted in a gasification updraft reactor using air as gasifying agent, steam and a mixture of air and steam at 850°C. The yields and gas composition were analyzed, in this case the values of CO, H2, CO2, N2 and CH4 have been on average 21.9%, 44.8%, 24.4%, 5.9% and 3.1% respectively [1], [2], [4], [6]–[10]. With the experimental test data was fed zero dimensional model in Aspen Plus® software, which highlights that 20% of energy from biomass producer gas is carried to later becoming electricity, it concludes that for each kilogram of biomass with 11% humidity fed to the process will provide 0.66 kW of electric power to the motor generator.

Study on Temperature Distribution in the Jointing Fittings for Polyethylene Natural Gas Pipes

2015 ◽  
Vol 736 ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Eugen Avrigean ◽  
Laszlo Jozsef Hunyadi
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Experimental Point ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Polyethylene Pipes

The present paper aims to approach from a theoretical and experimental point of view an important topic in terms ofoperational safety of the polyethylene pipes used in natural gas distribution.

Firm-Provided Training During the Great Recession

2014 ◽  
Vol 234 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutz Bellmann ◽  
Hans-Dieter Gerner ◽  
Ute Leber
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Further Training ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Apprenticeship Training ◽  
Training Activities ◽  
The Impact

SummaryEven though the 2008/09 economic crisis had only minor employment effects on the German labor market, it might have affected firms’ further training and apprenticeship training behavior. From a theoretical point of view, the impact of the business cycle on firms’ training behaviour is ambiguous. There are reasons for an increase of training during a downturn (e.g., declining opportunity costs of training, fewer exit options for trained workers) as well as arguments for a decrease of training (e.g., uncertain future benefits of training). The existing empirical evidence on the relationship between training and economic downturns is relatively scarce. In particular, we are not aware of any empirical study investigating the effects of the most recent crisis on firms’ training activities in Germany. Our paper aims to fill this gap by using data from the IAB Establishment Panel, a representative German panel data set with annual information about almost 16,000 establishments. In particular, we analyzed the provision and the intensity of further training and apprenticeship training in firms which were affected by the crisis and in those which were not. Our empirical investigation revealed that the establishments, irrespective of whether or not they were hit by the economic crisis, decreased their further training and apprenticeship training efforts in 2009 compared to 2008. However, establishments directly affected by the great recession tended to reduce their training activities more often than those which were not affected. Furthermore, we found much stronger variations in the development of firms’ further training activities than in the development of their apprenticeship training.

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