scholarly journals Chemical Characterization of Waterlogged Charred Wood: The Case of a Medieval Shipwreck

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1594
Author(s):  
Eirini Mitsi ◽  
Stamatis Boyatzis ◽  
Anastasia Pournou
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Inorganic Composition ◽  
Major Chemical ◽  
Thermally Modified Wood ◽  
Reference Samples ◽  
Charred Wood

In 2008, a medieval wooden shipwreck was discovered at the port of Rhodes, Greece. The shipwreck was party burned, presenting a challenge for conservators, as uncharred, semi-charred and charred waterlogged wood were often encountered on the same piece of timber. In seeking the most appropriate conservation method for this unusual material, its chemical characterization was considered necessary. This study examined the chemistry of the three dominant wood conditions found in the wreck. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis were implemented in comparison to reference samples. Energy dispersive analysis was also used for assessing the inorganic composition of each condition. Moreover, for charred and semi-charred wood, proximate analysis was undertaken. Results obtained regarding the organic moieties of the waterlogged archaeological material, demonstrated that charred samples were chemically comparable to charcoals, semi-charred material showed similarity to thermally modified wood, whereas uncharred waterlogged wood was proven to have an analogous chemistry to biodeteriorated wood. Elemental analysis results also diversified among the three shipwreck’s conditions. Sulfur, iron, and oxygen decreased in charred areas, whereas carbon increased. Proximate analysis showed that ash and fixed carbon content increased with charring, whereas volatile mater decreased. This work proved major chemical differences among shipwreck timbers’ conditions owing to different degree of charring. These are anticipated to influence not only conservation methods’ efficacy, but also the post-treatment behavior of the material. Further investigation is needed for correlating the chemistry of the archaeological material to its physical properties in order to contribute to practical aspects of conservation.

scholarly journals New Insights into the Crystal Chemistry of Elpidite, Na2Zr[Si6O15]·3H2O and (Na1+YCax□1−X−Y)Σ=2Zr[Si6O15]·(3−X)H2O, and Ab Initio Modeling of IR Spectra

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2160
Author(s):  
Alexander Bogdanov ◽  
Ekaterina Kaneva ◽  
Roman Shendrik
Keyword(s):  
Ir Spectra ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Special Group ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Radioactive Species

Elpidite belongs to a special group of microporous zirconosilicates, which are of great interest due to their capability to uptake various molecules and ions, e.g., some radioactive species, in their structural voids. The results of a combined electron probe microanalysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of the crystals of elpidite from Burpala (Russia) and Khan-Bogdo (Mongolia) deposits are reported. Some differences in the chemical compositions are observed and substitution at several structural positions within the structure of the compounds are noted. Based on the obtained results, a detailed crystal–chemical characterization of the elpidites under study was carried out. Three different structure models of elpidite were simulated: Na2ZrSi6O15·3H2O (related to the structure of Russian elpidite), partly Ca-replaced Na1.5Ca0.25ZrSi6O15·2.75H2O (close to elpidite from Mongolia), and a hypothetical CaZrSi6O15·2H2O. The vibration spectra of the models were obtained and compared with the experimental one, taken from the literature. The strong influence of water molecule vibrations on the shape of IR spectra of studied structural models of elpidite is discussed in the paper.

Influence of the Residue of Casting by Lost Wax in the Modulus of Elasticity and Porosity of Concretes

2014 ◽  
Vol 805 ◽  
pp. 343-349
Author(s):  
Carine F. Machado ◽  
Weber G. Moravia
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Cement Matrix ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hardened State ◽  
Material Powder

This work evaluated the influence of additions of the ceramic shell residue (CSR), from the industries of Lost Wax Casting, in the modulus of elasticity and porosity of concrete. The CSR was ground and underwent a physical, chemical, and microstructural characterization. It was also analyzed, the environmental risk of the residue. In the physical characterization of the residue were analyzed, the surface area, and particle size distribution. In chemical characterization, the material powder was subjected to testing of X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Microstructural characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The residue was utilized like addition by substitution of cement in concrete in the percentages of 10% and 15% by weight of Portland cement. It was evaluated properties of concrete in the fresh and hardened state, such as compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, absorption of water by total immersion and by capillarity. The results showed that the residue can be used in cement matrix and improve some properties of concrete. Thus, the CSR may contribute to improved sustainability and benefit the construction industry.

Characterization of a Spray-Dried Soymilk Powder and Changes Observed During Storage

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Osthoff ◽  
A. Hugo ◽  
P. van Wyk ◽  
M. de Wit ◽  
S. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
High Level

Physical characterization of a soymilk powder was carried out by electron microscopy. Chemical characterization was analyzed by proximate analysis, mineral composition by atomic absorption spectrometry, fatty acid composition by gas chromatography and protein composition by electrophoresis. The powder consists of large granules of 60—80 μm, which may be hollow, with smaller granules of 10—20 μm attached to them. Powder particles are covered by a layer of fat. During storage at 25 °C fat is spreading over the surface, while at —12 °C the fat is contracting. This change affected chemical stability, resulting in high level of fat oxidation when stored at 4 °C or 25 °C as well as a decrease in unsaturated fatty acids. Storage also affected the chemical properties of the re-constituted soymilk; the pH of a 12% soy powder suspension increased from 6.68±0.05 to 7.06±0.08 after 12 months of storage. Storage temperature did not affect the pH of the suspension and this change could also not be ascribed to protein aggregation.

Mineralogical and geochemical characterization of archaeological ceramics from the 16th century El Badi Palace, Morocco

Clay Minerals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-470
Author(s):  
Mouhssin El Halim ◽  
Lahcen Daoudi ◽  
Meriam El Ouahabi ◽  
Valérie Rousseau ◽  
Catherine Cools ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Archaeological Ceramics ◽  
Geochemical Characterization ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Firing Tests

ABSTRACTTextural, mineralogical and chemical characterization of archaeological ceramics (zellige) from El Badi Palace (Marrakech, Morocco), the main Islamic monument from the Saadian period (sixteenth century), has been performed to enhance restoration and to determine the technology of manufacturing. A multi-analytical approach based on optical and scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction was used. Re-firing tests on ceramic supports were also performed to determine the firing temperatures used by the Saadian artisans. A calcareous clay raw material was used to manufacture these decorative ceramics. The sherds were fired at a maximum temperature of 800°C in oxidizing atmosphere. The low firing temperature for ‘zellige’ facilitates cutting of the pieces, but also causes fragility in these materials due to the absence of vitreous phases.

Structural and Chemical Characterization of Tungsten Gate Stack for 1 Gb Dram

2000 ◽  
Vol 611 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Gluschenkov ◽  
J. Benedict ◽  
L.A. Clevenger ◽  
P. DeHaven ◽  
C. Dziobkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Wall ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Gate Stack ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transition Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tungsten Crystal ◽  
Material Interaction ◽  
Transition Electron

ABSTRACTMaterial interaction during integration of tungsten gate stack for 1 Gb DRAM was investigated by Transition Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). During selective side-wall oxidation tungsten gate conductor undergoes a structural transformation. The transformation results in the reduction of tungsten crystal lattice spacing, re-crystallization of tungsten and/or growth of grains. During a highly selective oxidation process, a relatively small but noticeable amount of oxygen was incorporated into the tungsten layer. The incorporation of oxygen is attributed to the formation of a stable WO x (x<2) composite.

scholarly journals A comprehensive analytical characterization of Greek lignite bottom ash samples

2020 ◽  
pp. 299-299
Author(s):  
Andreas Iordanidis ◽  
Argyro Asvesta ◽  
Ioannis Kapageridis ◽  
Agapi Vasileiadou ◽  
Kyros Koios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Coarse Fraction ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Granulometric Analysis ◽  
Of Greece

Bottom ash samples were collected from four lignite power plants of Greece. Granulometric analysis was executed and after homogenization four distinct fractions (>1.25, 0.63-1.25, 0.18-0.63, <0.18 mm) were obtained. The samples were analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive System (EDS), while thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) and stereomicroscope viewing were applied for the coarse fractions. Furthermore, proximate analysis (moisture, ash, volatiles, fixed carbon) was undertaken and Loss on Ignition (LOI) and calorific values were determined. The particle size distribution revealed that bottom ash satisfies the gradation criteria for concrete and geotechnical applications. The mineral composition included mainly amorphous matter, quartz, plagioclase, calcite and gehlenite and minor amounts of pyroxene, portlandite, hematite, micas etc.. The chemical analysis showed Si, Ca, Al, Mg, Fe, S as major and Ti and K as minor chemical elements, indicating high slagging and fouling potential within the thermal chambers. Based on the chemistry and mineralogy of the bottom ash samples, a potential utilization in concrete manufacturing is discussed, taking into account certain limitations. Based on LOI, proximate analysis, calorific values and TG/DTG profiles of the coarse fractions (>1.25 mm), certain differences in the characteristics of the bottom ash of the younger and the three older power plants were observed. High amounts of unburnt carbon were determined in the coarse fraction (>1.25 mm) of all plants except the younger one, indicating a problematic combustion within the chambers and a potential of reburning these coarse material in a waste to energy application.

scholarly journals Mineralogical, Physicochemical and Morphological Characterization of Okpella Clay

Mining Revue ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 78-82
Author(s):  
Nurudeen Salahudeen ◽  
Aminat Oluwafisayo Abodunrin
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Local Clay ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Edo State ◽  
Fluorescence Analyzer

Abstract Local clay mineral was mined from Okpella Town, Etsako Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. Mineralogical characterization of the clay was carried out using X-ray diffraction analyzer. Chemical characterization of the clay was carried out using X-ray fluorescence analyzer and the pH analysis of the clay was carried out using pH meter. The mineralogical analysis revealed that the clay was majorly a dolomite mineral having 72% dolomite. The impurities present are 18% cristobalite, 4.1% garnet, 5% calcite and 1% quicklime. The pH analysis of the clay revealed that the clay was acidic having average pH value of 3.9. The pH determined for the 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8 and 1:10 samples were 3.61, 3.85, 3.85, 4.05 and 4.09, respectively.

Rheological Properties of Diluted Pummelo Juice as Affected by Three Different Concentrations

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teong Guan Chuah ◽  
Samaneh Keshani ◽  
Nyuk L Chin ◽  
Mun Chien Lau ◽  
Daniel S.J. Chin
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Power Law Model ◽  
Rheological Characterization ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Strong Shear

Pummelo is a popular fruit that has great potential to be commercialized. The physico-chemical characterization of pummelo juice such as proximate analysis, pH, moisture content, protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash and fibre contents are investigated. The rheological characterization of pummelo juice was modeled by several models, such as Bingham, Power Law and Casson models. Regression analysis shows good agreements for all three models applied in this study. Pummelo juice exhibits pseudoplastic behaviour under the conditions tested, as indicated by flow behaviour indices (n) ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 from power law model, indicating strong shear-thinning behaviour.

scholarly journals Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of Talc from Two Mexican Ore Deposits (Oaxaca and Puebla) and Nine Talcs Marketed in Mexico: Evaluation of Its Cosmetic Uses

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 388
Author(s):  
Teresa Pi-Puig ◽  
Dante Yosafat Animas-Torices ◽  
Jesús Solé
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
Chemical Impurities ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The detailed mineralogical, physical and chemical characterization of nine samples of imported cosmetic talc and of two samples of talc from currently non-productive Mexican ore deposits (Oaxaca and Puebla States) is presented. The imported cosmetic talc was classified into two groups, considering whether they are packed in the country of origin or in Mexico and considering their price. X-ray diffraction, infrared short wave, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy were used for mineralogical characterization. For the physical characterization, colorimetry and laser granulometry were used. The chemical composition (major, trace elements) was studied by ICP-MS. It was concluded that only the highest priced and imported in packaged form talcs meet the specific purity requirements for a talc of cosmetic type. The talcs that are packed in Mexico and the talc of the studied Mexican deposits present mineralogical and chemical impurities that make their use difficult in the manufacture of high-quality cosmetic talc. The low-price talc should not be sold as cosmetic talc, and the regulations in Mexico on this subject should be reviewed and updated.

scholarly journals CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICA E QUÍMICA DA BIOMASSA USADA COMO COMBUSTÍVEL SÓLIDO EM UMA CALDEIRA

Química Nova ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natália Carvalho ◽  
João Barros ◽  
Diego Silva ◽  
Gabriela Nakashima ◽  
Fábio Yamaji
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Moisture Determination ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Physical And Chemical Characterization ◽  
Physical And Chemical

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOMASS USED AS SOLID FUEL IN A BOILER. Biomass is a renewable energy source most used in the world, however, depending on the chemical properties and origin of the material used as biofuel, the amount of ash generated during combustion can be high, harming the energetic harnessing. The objective of this study was to characterize chemically and physically biomass: bark, sawdust, and urban pruning; used for energy generation. Also, part of the study was the physical characterization of briquettes produced from these materials. The analyzes performed to characterize the biomass were: moisture determination, higher heating value, proximate analysis and chemical composition - extractives, lignin and holocellulose contents. Subsequently, the biomass was briquetted and the mechanical properties of the briquettes were tested. The results showed that all biomass (bark, sawdust, and urban pruning) has the energy potential to be used in the industry. T1 briquettes (100% bark) showed the highest mechanical resistance. However, the formation of blends should be sought to minimize the ash content in the boiler. Thus, blends T2 and T3 can be considered as the best alternatives for the company.

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