scholarly journals Fuel-Specific Aggregation of Active Fire Detections for Rapid Mapping of Forest Fire Perimeters in Mexico

Forests ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Carlos Ivan Briones-Herrera ◽  
Daniel José Vega-Nieva ◽  
Jaime Briseño-Reyes ◽  
Norma Angélica Monjarás-Vega ◽  
Pablito Marcelo López-Serrano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Fire Monitoring ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Lack Of Information

Context and Background. Active fires have the potential to provide early estimates of fire perimeters, but there is a lack of information about the best active fire aggregation distances and how they can vary between fuel types, particularly in large areas of study under diverse climatic conditions. Objectives. The current study aimed at analyzing the effect of aggregation distances for mapping fire perimeters from active fires for contrasting fuel types and regions in Mexico. Materials and Methods. Detections of MODIS and VIIRS active fires from the period 2012–2018 were used to obtain perimeters of aggregated active fires (AGAF) at four aggregation distances (750, 1000, 1125, and 1500 m). AGAF perimeters were compared against MODIS MCD64A1 burned area for a total of 24 fuel types and regions covering all the forest area of Mexico. Results/findings. Optimum aggregation distances varied between fuel types and regions, with the longest aggregation distances observed for the most arid regions and fuel types dominated by shrubs and grasslands. Lowest aggregation distances were obtained in the regions and fuel types with the densest forest canopy and more humid climate. Purpose/Novelty. To our best knowledge, this study is the first to analyze the effect of fuel type on the optimum aggregation distance for mapping fire perimeters directly from aggregated active fires. The methodology presented here can be used operationally in Mexico and elsewhere, by accounting for fuel-specific aggregation distances, for improving rapid estimates of fire perimeters. These early fire perimeters could be potentially available in near-real time (at every satellite pass with a 12 h latency) in operational fire monitoring GIS systems to support rapid assessment of fire progression and fire suppression planning.

scholarly journals Tendencies of Fire Development in the Forests of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Yevhen Melnyk ◽  
Vladimir Voron
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Fire Occurrence ◽  
Management Zones ◽  
Wildfire Occurrence ◽  
Management Zone

Preservation and increase of forest area are necessary conditions for the biosphere functioning. Forest ecosystems in most parts of the world are affected by fires. According to the latest data, the forest fire situation has become complicated in Ukraine, and this issue requires ongoing investigation. The aim of the study was to analyse the dynamics of wildfires in Ukrainian forests over recent decades and to assess the complex indicator of wildfire occurrence in various forest management zones and administrative regions. The average annual complex indicator of fire occurrence, in terms of wildfire number and burned area, was studied in detail in the forests of various administrative regions and forest management zones in Ukraine from 1998 to 2017. The results show that fire occurrence in both the number and area of fires can vary significantly in various forest management zones. There is a very noticeable difference in these indicators in some administrative regions within a particular forest management zone. The data show that the number of forest fires depends not only on the natural and climatic conditions of such regions, but also on anthropogenic factors.

scholarly journals A spatio-temporal active-fire clustering approach for global burned area mapping at 250 m from MODIS data

2020 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 111493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Lizundia-Loiola ◽  
Gonzalo Otón ◽  
Rubén Ramo ◽  
Emilio Chuvieco
Keyword(s):  
Burned Area ◽  
Modis Data ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Burned Area Mapping ◽  
Clustering Approach ◽  
Spatio Temporal

scholarly journals Drone Swarms in Fire Suppression Activities: A Conceptual Framework

Drones ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Elena Ausonio ◽  
Patrizia Bagnerini ◽  
Marco Ghio
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Cellular Automata Model ◽  
Fire Propagation ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Fire Front ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Mediterranean Scrub ◽  
In Fire

The recent huge technological development of unmanned aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can provide breakthrough means of fighting wildland fires. We propose an innovative forest firefighting system based on the use of a swarm of hundreds of UAVs able to generate a continuous flow of extinguishing liquid on the fire front, simulating the effect of rain. Automatic battery replacement and extinguishing liquid refill ensure the continuity of the action. We illustrate the validity of the approach in Mediterranean scrub first computing the critical water flow rate according to the main factors involved in the evolution of a fire, then estimating the number of linear meters of active fire front that can be extinguished depending on the number of drones available and the amount of extinguishing fluid carried. A fire propagation cellular automata model is also employed to study the evolution of the fire. Simulation results suggest that the proposed system can provide the flow of water required to fight low-intensity and limited extent fires or to support current forest firefighting techniques.

An active-fire based burned area mapping algorithm for the MODIS sensor

2009 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 408-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Giglio ◽  
Tatiana Loboda ◽  
David P. Roy ◽  
Brad Quayle ◽  
Christopher O. Justice
Keyword(s):  
Burned Area ◽  
Mapping Algorithm ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Burned Area Mapping

Minimizing the cost of wildland fire suppression: a model with uncertainty in predicted flame length and fire-line width produced

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1253-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain Mees ◽  
David Strauss ◽  
Richard Chase
Keyword(s):  
Line Width ◽  
Wildland Fire ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Flame Length ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Expected Cost ◽  
Control Time ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Attack Strategy

We describe a model that estimates the optimal total expected cost of a wildland fire, given uncertainty in both flame length and fire-line width produced. In the model, a sequence of possible fire-line perimeters is specified, each with a forecasted control time. For a given control time and fire line, the probability of containment of the fire is determined as a function of the fire-fighting resources available. Our procedure assigns the resources to the fire line so as to minimize the total expected cost. A key feature of the model is that the probabilities reflect the degree of uncertainty in (i) the width of fire line that can be built with a given resource allocation, and (ii) the flame length of the fire. The total expected cost associated with a given choice of fire line is the sum of: the loss or gain of value of the area already burned; the cost of the resources used in the attack; and the expected loss or gain of value beyond the fire line. The latter is the product of the probability that the chosen attack strategy fails to contain the fire and the value of the additional burned area that would result from such a failure. The model allows comparison of the costs of the different choices of fire line, and thus identification of the optimal strategy. A small case study is used to illustrate the procedure.

scholarly journals Global estimation of burned area using MODIS active fire observations

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 957-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Giglio ◽  
G. R. van der Werf ◽  
J. T. Randerson ◽  
G. J. Collatz ◽  
P. Kasibhatla
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Regression Trees ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Terra Modis ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Area Data

Abstract. We present a method for estimating monthly burned area globally at 1° spatial resolution using Terra MODIS data and ancillary vegetation cover information. Using regression trees constructed for 14 different global regions, MODIS active fire observations were calibrated to burned area estimates derived from 500-m MODIS imagery based on the assumption that burned area is proportional to counts of fire pixels. Unlike earlier methods, we allow the constant of proportionality to vary as a function of tree and herbaceous vegetation cover, and the mean size of monthly cumulative fire-pixel clusters. In areas undergoing active deforestation, we implemented a subsequent correction based on tree cover information and a simple measure of fire persistence. Regions showing good agreement between predicted and observed burned area included Boreal Asia, Central Asia, Europe, and Temperate North America, where the estimates produced by the regression trees were relatively accurate and precise. Poorest agreement was found for southern-hemisphere South America, where predicted values of burned area are both inaccurate and imprecise; this is most likely a consequence of multiple factors that include extremely persistent cloud cover, and lower quality of the 500-m burned area maps used for calibration. Application of our approach to the nine remaining regions yielded comparatively accurate, but less precise, estimates of monthly burned area. We applied the regional regression trees to the entire archive of Terra MODIS fire data to produce a monthly global burned area data set spanning late 2000 through mid-2005. Annual totals derived from this approach showed good agreement with independent annual estimates available for nine Canadian provinces, the United States, and Russia. With our data set we estimate the global annual burned area for the years 2001-2004 to vary between 2.97 million and 3.74 million km2, with the maximum occurring in 2001. These coarse-resolution burned area estimates may serve as a useful interim product until long-term burned area data sets from multiple sensors and retrieval approaches become available.

Robustness of HPHC Reduction in THS 2.2 Aerosol Relative to 3R4F Reference Cigarette Smoke under Extreme Climatic Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-126
Author(s):  
Laurent Poget ◽  
Catherine Goujon ◽  
Samuel Kleinhans ◽  
Serge Maeder ◽  
Jean-Pierre Schaller
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mainstream Smoke ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Puff Volume ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Health Canada

Summary In order to assess robustness for the reduction of harmful and potentially harmful constituent (HPHC) levels generated by the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS 2.2), a heated tobacco product, we compared the aerosol of this product with mainstream smoke from the 3R4F reference cigarette under different conditions of temperature and humidity. The desired climatic conditions were achieved by using an air-conditioning system coupled with the smoking-machine housing. Two extreme climatic conditions were selected, representing a “Hot and Dry” climate (30 °C and 35% relative humidity RH) and a “Hot and Very Humid” climate (30 °C and 75% RH). In addition, aerosol and smoke were generated using the standard conditions recognized for smoking-machine analyses of tobacco products (22 °C and 60% RH), which were close to the climatic conditions defined for “Subtropical and Mediterranean” environments (25 °C and 60% RH). The experimental conditions were chosen to simulate the use of THS 2.2 and cigarettes under extreme conditions of temperature and humidity. HeatSticks and cigarettes taken from freshly opened packs were subjected to short-term conditioning from two to a few more days under the same experimental conditions. We analyzed 54 HPHCs in THS 2.2 aerosol and 3R4F cigarette smoke, generated in accordance with the Health Canada Intense (HCI) standard, using modified temperature and humidity conditions for sample conditioning and machine-smoking experiments. We used a volume-adjusted approach for comparing HPHC reductions across the different climatic conditions investigated. Although a single puffing regimen was used, the total puff volume recorded for the 3R4F cigarette smoke varied due to the influence of temperature and humidity on combustion rate, which justified the use of a volume-adjusted approach. Volume-adjusted yields were derived from HPHC yields expressed in mass-per-tobacco stick normalized per total puff volume. The results indicated that, regardless of the considered climatic conditions, the HPHC levels investigated in THS 2.2 aerosol were reduced by at least 90%, on average, when compared with the concentrations in 3R4F cigarette mainstream smoke. This confirmed the robustness in performance for THS 2.2 to deliver reduced levels of HPHCs under the extreme climatic conditions investigated in this study. In order to further characterize the robustness of these reductions, the lowest reduction performance achieved for individual HPHCs across all climatic conditions was used to define the threshold for a robust reduction. The majority of the 54 HPHCs investigated in THS 2.2 aerosol showed more than 90% reduction. Calculations derived from nicotine-adjusted yields also confirmed robust reductions for all investigated HPHCs. The small differences in absolute reduction between the volume- and nicotine-adjusted approaches were predominantly attributed to a combination of the differences in both nominal nicotine deliveries and total puff volumes between THS 2.2 and 3R4F cigarettes; however, this did not influence the determination of robustness. Our findings confirm the value of this approach for assessing the robustness of a product’s performance under different climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Near Real-Time Automated Early Mapping of the Perimeter of Large Forest Fires from the Aggregation of VIIRS and MODIS Active Fires in Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Ivan Briones-Herrera ◽  
Daniel José Vega-Nieva ◽  
Norma Angélica Monjarás-Vega ◽  
Jaime Briseño-Reyes ◽  
Pablito Marcelo López-Serrano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Infrared Imaging ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Coarse Scale ◽  
Early Evaluation ◽  
Active Fire

In contrast with current operational products of burned area, which are generally available one month after the fire, active fires are readily available, with potential application for early evaluation of approximate fire perimeters to support fire management decision making in near real time. While previous coarse-scale studies have focused on relating the number of active fires to a burned area, some local-scale studies have proposed the spatial aggregation of active fires to directly obtain early estimate perimeters from active fires. Nevertheless, further analysis of this latter technique, including the definition of aggregation distance and large-scale testing, is still required. There is a need for studies that evaluate the potential of active fire aggregation for rapid initial fire perimeter delineation, particularly taking advantage of the improved spatial resolution of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer (VIIRS) 375 m, over large areas and long periods of study. The current study tested the use of convex hull algorithms for deriving coarse-scale perimeters from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) active fire detections, compared against the mapped perimeter of the MODIS collection 6 (MCD64A1) burned area. We analyzed the effect of aggregation distance (750, 1000, 1125 and 1500 m) on the relationships of active fire perimeters with MCD64A1, for both individual fire perimeter prediction and total burned area estimation, for the period 2012–2108 in Mexico. The aggregation of active fire detections from MODIS and VIIRS demonstrated a potential to offer coarse-scale early estimates of the perimeters of large fires, which can be available to support fire monitoring and management in near real time. Total burned area predicted from aggregated active fires followed the same temporal behavior as the standard MCD64A1 burned area, with potential to also account for the role of smaller fires detected by the thermal anomalies. The proposed methodology, based on easily available algorithms of point aggregation, is susceptible to be utilized both for near real-time and historical fire perimeter evaluation elsewhere. Future studies might test active fires aggregation between regions or biomes with contrasting fuel characteristics and human activity patterns against medium resolution (e.g., Landsat and Sentinel) fire perimeters. Furthermore, coarse-scale active fire perimeters might be utilized to locate areas where such higher-resolution imagery can be downloaded to improve the evaluation of fire extent and impact.

Masting and regeneration dynamics of Abies cephalonica, the Greek endemic silver fir

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelia N. Daskalakou ◽  
Katerina Koutsovoulou ◽  
Kostas Ioannidis ◽  
Panagiotis P. Koulelis ◽  
Petros Ganatsas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Regeneration Dynamics ◽  
Abies Cephalonica ◽  
Reproduction Process ◽  
First Time

AbstractMasting and regeneration dynamics were investigated in a long-term perspective using Abies cephalonica as a study tree species. Extensive fieldwork was implemented in Parnitha National Park, Greece, following a large-scale wildfire. Annual cone production was monitored for a 5-year period in 130 tagged trees, in 13 plots with 10 individuals each, established both within the unburned part of the forest and in surviving fragments of the burned area. In the most recent masting year, a high percentage (88%) of cone-bearing trees was recorded, along with a sizeable, average cone production (40.8 cones per tree). In the intermediate, non-masting years, the corresponding values ranged from 2% to 55% and 0.08 to 5.9 cones per tree, respectively. The reproduction process is affected by both tree density and regional climatic conditions, in particular temperature during spring of the maturation year and precipitation during spring and summer of the previous year. For the first time according to our knowledge, natural regeneration was recorded for a 4-year period, in 13 permanent transects within the monitoring plots, in relation with a masting event and the additional implications of a preceding wildfire. Highest mean density of seedlings and saplings (11.4 per m2) was observed during the first spring after masting. In the non-masting years, the corresponding value ranged from 2.1 to 2.9 per m2. Seedling survival during their first summer was considerable (30–76%) but stabilized afterwards (1–3 years) at a lower level (10–20%). The particular post-masting seedling flush was followed by an extremely high mortality rate (88.6%) and cannot represent a major recruitment event.

scholarly journals Production of lettuce in NFT hydroponic system at different planting seasons and irrigation regimes

2020 ◽  
pp. 1042-1047
Author(s):  
Cláudio Silva Soares ◽  
Alde Cleber Silva de Lima ◽  
Jeneilson Alves da Silva ◽  
Marina Suenia de Araújo Vilar ◽  
André Luiz Pereira da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Satisfactory Performance ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Calcium Iron

Hydroponics has drawn huge interests by Brazilians in semi-arid regions due to the lack of water and fertilizer use. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and yield of lettuce cultivars in the hydroponic system in two planting seasons and different irrigation regimes. The research was carried out in Campus II / UEPB and followed a 2 x 6 x 3 factorial scheme in randomized blocks, represented by two planting seasons (the summer and the winter), six lettuce cultivars (Elba, Great Lakes, Mimosa Rose, Simpson, American, Cristina), three irrigation regimes (15 min, 30 min, 45 min) and five replications. The hydroponic system used was the NFT. For nutrition, Hidrogood Fert® solution (Compound + Calcium + Iron) was applied. At the 40th day after sowing, green and dry leaf biomass, green stem biomass, leaf area, leaf area index and productivity were analyzed. After that, the variance analysis was performed by the F-test for 5% of probability and the Scott-Knott test for comparison of the averages. The high temperatures caused very small growth in the stem of the Simpson cultivars, independent of the irrigation regime used. Besides the highlight of the American cultivars, the other cultivars presented satisfactory performance in the climatic conditions of Lagoa Seca / PB.

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