Application of Non-Saccharomyces Yeasts Isolated from Kombucha in the Production of Alcohol-Free Beer

Alcohol-free beer (AFB) is no longer just a niche product in the beer market. For brewers, this product category offers economic benefits in the form of a growing market and often a lower tax burden and enables brewers to extend their product portfolio and promote responsible drinking. Non-Saccharomyces yeasts are known for their flavor-enhancing properties in food fermentations, and their prevailing inability to ferment maltose and maltotriose sets a natural fermentation limit and can introduce a promising approach in the production of AFB (≤0.5% v/v). Five strains isolated from kombucha, Hanseniaspora valbyensis, Hanseniaspora vineae, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Zygosaccharomyces bailii and Zygosaccharomyces kombuchaensis were compared to a commercially applied AFB strain Saccharomycodes ludwigii and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae brewer’s yeast. The strains were characterized for their sugar utilization, phenolic off-flavors, hop sensitivity and flocculation. Trial fermentations were analyzed for extract reduction, ethanol formation, pH drop and final beers were analyzed for amino acids utilization and fermentation by-products. The performance of non-Saccharomyces strains and the commercial AFB strain were comparable during fermentation and production of fermentation by-products. An experienced sensory panel could not discriminate between the non-Saccharomyces AFB and the one produced with the commercial AFB strain, therefore indicating their suitability in AFB brewing.

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A Rapid Method for Selecting Non-Saccharomyces Strains with a Low Ethanol Yield

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8050658 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 658 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Xiaolin Zhu ◽

Yurena Navarro ◽

Albert Mas ◽

María-Jesús Torija ◽

Gemma Beltran

Keyword(s):

Rapid Method ◽

Alcoholic Fermentation ◽

Yeast Species ◽

Ethanol Yield ◽

Alcohol Content ◽

Zygosaccharomyces Bailii ◽

Hanseniaspora Uvarum ◽

Saccharomycodes Ludwigii ◽

Efficient Screening ◽

Saccharomyces Yeasts

The alcohol content in wine has increased due to external factors in recent decades. In recent reports, some non-Saccharomyces yeast species have been confirmed to reduce ethanol during the alcoholic fermentation process. Thus, an efficient screening of non-Saccharomyces yeasts with low ethanol yield is required due to the broad diversity of these yeasts. In this study, we proposed a rapid method for selecting strains with a low ethanol yield from forty-five non-Saccharomyces yeasts belonging to eighteen species. Single fermentations were carried out for this rapid selection. Then, sequential fermentations in synthetic and natural must were conducted with the selected strains to confirm their capacity to reduce ethanol compared with that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results showed that ten non-Saccharomyces strains were able to reduce the ethanol content, namely, Hanseniaspora uvarum (2), Issatchenkia terricola (1), Metschnikowia pulcherrima (2), Lachancea thermotolerans (1), Saccharomycodes ludwigii (1), Torulaspora delbrueckii (2), and Zygosaccharomyces bailii (1). Compared with S. cerevisiae, the ethanol reduction of the selected strains ranged from 0.29 to 1.39% (v/v). Sequential inoculations of M. pulcherrima (Mp51 and Mp FA) and S. cerevisiae reduced the highest concentration of ethanol by 1.17 to 1.39% (v/v) in synthetic or natural must. Second, sequential fermentations with Z. bailii (Zb43) and T. delbrueckii (Td Pt) performed in natural must yielded ethanol reductions of 1.02 and 0.84% (v/v), respectively.

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Non-Saccharomyces as Biotools to Control the Production of Off-Flavors in Wines

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26154571 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (15) ◽

pp. 4571

Author(s):

Antonio Morata ◽

Iris Loira ◽

Carmen González ◽

Carlos Escott

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽

Wine Quality ◽

Microbial Spoilage ◽

Spoilage Yeasts ◽

Off Flavors ◽

Chemical Preservatives ◽

Saccharomyces Yeasts ◽

Lachancea Thermotolerans

Off-flavors produced by undesirable microbial spoilage are a major concern in wineries, as they affect wine quality. This situation is worse in warm areas affected by global warming because of the resulting higher pHs in wines. Natural biotechnologies can aid in effectively controlling these processes, while reducing the use of chemical preservatives such as SO2. Bioacidification reduces the development of spoilage yeasts and bacteria, but also increases the amount of molecular SO2, which allows for lower total levels. The use of non-Saccharomyces yeasts, such as Lachancea thermotolerans, results in effective acidification through the production of lactic acid from sugars. Furthermore, high lactic acid contents (>4 g/L) inhibit lactic acid bacteria and have some effect on Brettanomyces. Additionally, the use of yeasts with hydroxycinnamate decarboxylase (HCDC) activity can be useful to promote the fermentative formation of stable vinylphenolic pyranoanthocyanins, reducing the amount of ethylphenol precursors. This biotechnology increases the amount of stable pigments and simultaneously prevents the formation of high contents of ethylphenols, even when the wine is contaminated by Brettanomyces.

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Recovery of Anthocyanins and Monosaccharides from Grape Marc Extract by Nanofiltration Membranes

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26072003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (7) ◽

pp. 2003

Author(s):

Paul Muñoz ◽

Karla Pérez ◽

Alfredo Cassano ◽

René Ruby-Figueroa

Keyword(s):

Functional Foods ◽

General Trend ◽

Value Added ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Permeate Flux ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Grape Marc ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

The One ◽

By Products

Wastewaters and by-products generated in the winemaking process are important and inexpensive sources of value-added compounds that can be potentially reused for the development of new products of commercial interest (i.e., functional foods). This research was undertaken in order to evaluate the potential of nanofiltration (NF) membranes in the recovery of anthocyanins and monosaccharides from a clarified Carménère grape marc obtained through a combination of ultrasound-assisted extraction and microfiltration. Three different flat-sheet nanofiltration (NF) membranes, covering the range of molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) from 150 to 800 Da, were evaluated for their productivity as well as for their rejection towards anthocyanins (malvidin-3-O-glucoside, malvidin 3-(acetyl)-glucoside, and malvidin 3-(coumaroyl)-glucoside) and sugars (glucose and fructose) in selected operating conditions. The selected membranes showed differences in their performance in terms of permeate flux and rejection of target compounds. The NFX membrane, with the lowest MWCO (150–300 Da), showed a lower flux decay in comparison to the other investigated membranes. All the membranes showed rejection higher than 99.42% for the quantified anthocyanins. Regarding sugars rejection, the NFX membrane showed the highest rejection for glucose and fructose (100 and 92.60%, respectively), whereas the NFW membrane (MWCO 300–500 Da) was the one with the lowest rejection for these compounds (80.57 and 71.62%, respectively). As a general trend, the tested membranes did not show a preferential rejection of anthocyanins over sugars. Therefore, all tested membranes were suitable for concentration purposes.

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NON-DISCRIMINATORY TRADE RESTRICTIONS AFTER KECK

The Cambridge Law Journal ◽

10.1017/s0008197302331507 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 1-52

Author(s):

Alan Dashwood

Keyword(s):

Case Law ◽

Sales Promotion ◽

Trade Restrictions ◽

Member States ◽

The Public ◽

Court Of Justice ◽

Equivalent Effect ◽

The One ◽

Domestic Products ◽

By Products

IN its Keck judgment—famous or notorious according to taste—the Court of Justice drew a distinction, for the purposes of the application of the prohibition in Article 28 EC against measures having equivalent effect to quantitative restrictions (“MEEQRs”), between two categories of national measures. On the one hand were “product requirements”: measures specifying requirements to be met, in order to obtain access to the market of a Member State, by products coming from other Member States where they are lawfully manufactured and marketed, like the minimum alcohol requirement for fruit liqueurs in Cassis de Dijon (Case 120/78 [1997] E.C.R. 649). Such product requirements are liable to constitute MEEQRs, and therefore require specific justification, in order to escape prohibition, on one of the public interest grounds recognised by Community law. On the other hand was the category of measures described in the judgment as “provisions restricting or prohibiting certain selling arrangements”. An example was the legislation at issue in the main proceedings in Keck, which prohibited the resale of products below their purchase price, thereby depriving retailers of a form of sales promotion. Other examples, attested by the case law post-Keck, are measures regulating advertising methods, the kind of shop in which goods of a certain description can be sold, shops’ opening hours and Sunday trading. National provisions in this latter category are not normally such as to hinder trade between Member States under the test formulated by the Court in Dassonville (Case 8/74 [1974] E.C.R. 837, at para. 5), and so do not call for justification; not, that is, “so long as those provisions apply to all relevant traders operating within the national territory and so long as they affect in the same manner, in law and in fact, the marketing of domestic products and those from other Member States”: see Joined Cases C-267 and 268/9 [1993] E.C.R. I-6097, at paras. 15–17.

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Table II : Quantitative determination of carbonyl compounds at different odour sources (concentrations in ppb) Rendering plant Gelatine plant neighbourhood neighbourhood Formaldehyde 40 16 Acetaldehyde 39 24 Acetone 36 73 Prcpanal 10 -Isobutyraldehyde 10 30 Pentanal 15 19 Hexanal 3.52 Heptanal 12.5 Octanal 10.5 Nonanal 1 2 acids (figure 7). However extractions always involve a serious decrease in sensitivity, while evaporation of the extract produces a solution in 0.1-0.5 ml of solvent, and only 1 pi of it can be brought in the gas chromatograph. Therefore work is in progress to enhance sensitivity by converting acids in to halogenated derivatives, which can be GC-analysed with the more sensitive electron-capture detector. For thiols a similar procedure is investigated as with aldehydes. One possibility is absorption of thiols in an alkaline solution and reaction with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, yielding 2,4-dinitrofenylsulfides, which are analysed by HPLC (9). Sane improvements on removal of reagents at the one hand and on separation of sane by-products on the other hand have to be achieved in order to in crease the sensitivity with another factor of ten. 5. CONCLUSION The actual scope and limitations of chemical analysis of odour show that all problems can be tackled as far as emission is concerned. For iititiission measurements seme progress is necessary, but there is no essential reason why chemical analysis would be unable to attain the desired sensitivity for all types of odorants. There is no doubt that in a few years the last dif ficulties will be solved. In order to achieve real control of odour nui sance, automatic measurement is necessary on a long time basis. There again seme technical development is to be expected. Does this mean that machines are going to decide if an odour is pre sent or not? By no means, while the population will always be the reference, and psychophysical measurements will be necessary to make chemical analysis possible.

Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming ◽

10.1201/9781482286311-77 ◽

1986 ◽

pp. 171-171

Keyword(s):

Chemical Analysis ◽

Quantitative Determination ◽

Alkaline Solution ◽

Automatic Measurement ◽

The Other ◽

Long Time ◽

Time Basis ◽

The One ◽

By Products

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Evaluation of the Cost of Production of Fish Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822 (Siluriformes, Clariidae) with Three Types of Food Based on Local Agricultural by-products in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Agricultural Science ◽

10.30560/as.v2n1p205 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. p205

Author(s):

Victor Pwema Kiamfu ◽

Alex Mayoni Matondo ◽

Santos Kavumbu Mutanda ◽

Clément Munganga Kilingwa ◽

Nadine Bipendu Muamba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Democratic Republic ◽

Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Clarias Gariepinus ◽

Fish Growth ◽

Average Weight ◽

African Countries ◽

Republic Of Congo ◽

The One ◽

By Products

Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822 is a catfish with high commercial value in the Democratic Republic of Congo and in several African countries. The breeding of this species is controlled, but Congolese fish farmers are confronted with the problem of a lack of compound feed in the form of granules. The recovery of local agricultural waste would be essential to fill this gap. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of three types of food based on local agricultural by-products on the growth of C. gariepinus. The 25%, 41% and 51% crude protein feed formulas were tested in duplicate for 96 days. Fry averaging 2.20±0.43 g were distributed in 6 closed-loop plastic containers. The fish were fed twice a day by hand. Weighing and measuring took place every 14 days. The results obtained show that the highest final average weight (g) and specific growth rate (%/d) (F = 2.87; p = 0.002) are obtained with food A1: 27.5±1.9 g and 0.25±0.15% /d respectively. It took 812.6 Congolese francs to develop food A1, 942.6 congolese francs to produce the A2 ration and 836.6 congolese francs to produce food A3. The A1 ration is the one that gave a better compromise in price and quality by promoting fish growth at a lower cost (3.827 congolese francs).

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The Research of Large-Diameter & Energy-Saving More Medium Supplied Gravity-Fed Three-Product Heavy Medium Cyclone

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.211-212.1072 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 211-212 ◽

pp. 1072-1076

Author(s):

Ping Huo ◽

Li Qiang Zhang ◽

Jing Bo Jia

Keyword(s):

Energy Saving ◽

Separation Efficiency ◽

Simulation Analysis ◽

New Technology ◽

Large Diameter ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Heavy Medium ◽

Processing Ability ◽

The One ◽

High Processing

The characteristics and the development restrict factors in large-diameter area of the traditional three-product heavy medium cyclone are described. The paper mainly describes the structure and principles of large-diameter & energy-saving more medium supplied gravity-fed three-product heavy medium cyclone. The simulation analysis of this cyclone (DWP type) is presented. The results show that this type of more medium supplied cyclone is better than the one medium supplied cyclone for it has a faster separation speed, high processing ability and better separation efficiency. The applications in field of the 3SNWX1500/1100-Ⅳ type cyclone which using the new technology indicated that there have energy-saving, a high output, a stable separation efficiency, a high precision and a significant economic benefits.

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6. The why of creativity

Creativity: A Very Short Introduction ◽

10.1093/actrade/9780198842996.003.0006 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 82-96

Author(s):

Vlad Glăveanu

Keyword(s):

Meaning In Life ◽

Well Being ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Creative Expression ◽

The Other ◽

Creative People ◽

Other Hand ◽

The One ◽

Health And Well Being ◽

Different Levels

This chapter addresses why people engage in creativity. This question can be answered at different levels. On the one hand, one can refer to what motivates creative people to do what they do. On the other hand, the question addresses a deeper level, that of how societies today are built and how they, in turn, construct the meaning and value of creativity. Nowadays, people consider creativity intrinsically valuable largely because of its direct and indirect economic benefits. However, creative expression also has a role for health and well-being. Creativity also relates to meaning in life. The chapter then considers how creativity can be used for good or for evil.

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Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) in Drinking Water from Eight Systems Using Chlorine Dioxide

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrj.2008.003 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 11-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Rocio Aranda Rodriguez ◽

Boniface Koudjonou ◽

Brian Jay ◽

Guy L. LeBel ◽

Frank M. Benoit

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Chlorine Dioxide ◽

Distribution System ◽

Cold Water ◽

Spatial Variations ◽

Water Disinfection ◽

Limited Information ◽

Disinfection Process ◽

The One ◽

By Products

Abstract A study was initiated to determine the presence of organic disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water treated with chlorine dioxide (ClO2). One potential advantage for the use of ClO2 as a disinfectant is the reduced formation of organic DBPs. Generally, water treated with ClO2 produces chlorite and chlorate ions, but there is limited information regarding the presence of halogenated organic DBPs. Eight systems that use chlorine dioxide as part of the water disinfection process were investigated. All systems in this study applied chlorine as a primary or secondary disinfectant in addition to ClO2. To evaluate seasonal and spatial variations, water samples were collected during cold water (February to March 2003) and warm water (July to August 2003) months at five sites for each system: raw water (R, before treatment), treated water (T, after treatment but before distribution), and three points along the same distribution line (D1, D2, D3). Sampling and analysis were conducted according to established protocols. A suite of 27 organic DBPs including haloacetic acids (HAA), trihalomethanes (THM), haloacetonitriles (HAN), haloketones, haloacetaldehydes (HA), chloropicrin, and cyanogen chloride were examined. In addition, the concentration of oxyhalides (chlorite and chlorate ions) and auxiliary parameters were also determined. Chlorite was found in treated (T) and distributed (Dx) waters. The chlorite ion levels decreased along the distribution system (T > D1 > D2 > D3). At T sites, the levels ranged from 10 to 870 µg/L (winter), and from 300 to 1,600 µg/L (summer). Chlorite was not found in treated or distributed water in the one system that used ozone. Chlorate ion levels ranged from 20 to 310 µg/L (winter), and 80 to 318 µg/L (summer). Chlorate levels remained relatively constant throughout the distribution system. THM and eight HAA (HAA8) accounted for approximately 85% of the total DBPs (wt/wt) analyzed, followed by total HA (up to 7%) and HAN (3%). THM in distributed water were found at concentrations between 1.8 and 30.6 µg/L (winter), and 3.3 and 93.6 µg/L (summer). For HAA8, the levels ranged from 13 to 52 µg/L (winter), and 16 to 111 µg/L (summer). Chloral hydrate ranged from 0.2 to 5.2 µg/L (winter), and 0.4 to 12.2 µg/L (summer). The temporal and spatial variations observed in previous studies were confirmed in the current study as well.

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Mesoporous Activated Carbon Supported Ru Catalysts to Efficiently Convert Cellulose into Sorbitol by Hydrolytic Hydrogenation

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13174394 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (17) ◽

pp. 4394

Author(s):

Fatima-Zahra Azar ◽

M. Ángeles Lillo-Ródenas ◽

M. Carmen Román-Martínez

Keyword(s):

Carbon Materials ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

One Pot ◽

Cellulose Conversion ◽

Hydrolytic Hydrogenation ◽

Ru Nanoparticles ◽

Two Samples ◽

Materials Used ◽

The One ◽

By Products

Catalysts consisting of Ru nanoparticles (1 wt%), supported on mesoporous activated carbons (ACs), were prepared and used in the one-pot hydrolytic hydrogenation of cellulose to obtain sorbitol. The carbon materials used as supports are a pristine commercial mesoporous AC (named SA), and two samples derived from it by sulfonation or oxidation treatments (named SASu and SAS, respectively). The catalysts have been thoroughly characterized regarding both surface chemistry and porosity, as well as Ru electronic state and particle size. The amount and type of surface functional groups in the carbon materials becomes modified as a result of the Ru incorporation process, while a high mesopore volume is preserved upon functionalization and Ru incorporation. The prepared catalysts have shown to be very active, with cellulose conversion close to 50% and selectivity to sorbitol above 75%. The support functionalization does not lead to an improvement of the catalysts’ behavior and, in fact, the Ru/SA catalyst is the most effective one, with about 50% yield to sorbitol, and a very low generation of by-products.

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