scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Effect of Sasa quelpaertensis Leaves Fermentation Products in Mice

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Ju-Hyun Cho ◽  
Jung-Hyon Kim ◽  
Sunoh Kim ◽  
Hong-Seok Son ◽  
Kwontack Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Ganoderma Lucidum ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effect ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Th Cell ◽  
Hericium Erinaceum ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Macrophage Populations ◽  
Different Doses

The purpose of this study was to enhance the immune-enhancing activity of mushroom strains through fermentation to promote food use of leaf extracts of S. quelpaertensis containing β-glucan. We evaluated the immunomodulatory effect of extracts from fermented S. quelpaertensis leaves (SQGL, SQHE, SQPL). S. quelpaertensis leaves fermentation products were prepared by using mushroom mycelia (Ganoderma lucidum, Hericium erinaceum, Phellinus linteus). The content of β-glucan, a major substance in S. quelpaertensis leaves fermentation products, was 3.73 ± 0.50 mg/mL in the extract (SQ) of S. quelpaertensis leaves. The fermented mushrooms, SQGL, were the highest at 5.57 ± 0.86 mg/100 mL, followed by SQHE and SQPL, and the β-glucan content of all of the glucan was >75.3%. To test the immune activity, S. quelpaertensis leaf fermentation products were administered to mice at different doses (60, 160, and 360 mg/kg) for two weeks. Th cell and macrophage populations were found to increase significantly at all three doses compared to the negative control after two weeks. SQGL and SQHE were highest at 160 mg/kg, and SQPL showed the highest Th cell proliferation at 60 mg/kg. In addition, the production of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and nitric oxide was significantly higher than that of the negative control after two weeks. In particular, an increase was seen at a low concentration of 60 mg/kg. Therefore, the S. quelpaertensis leaf fermentation product can be very useful as a functional ingredient for enhancing immunity.

scholarly journals LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF LANTANA INDICA AND VITEX NEGUNDO ON CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 414
Author(s):  
Rathnasagar K ◽  
Thiyagaraj Anand
Keyword(s):  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Vitex Negundo ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Sterol Binding

Objectives: The activity of two different leaf extracts of Lantana indica and Vitex negundo is tested against the 3rd and 4th instar Culex quinquefasciatus larvae to evaluate the potency of the extracts as a larvicide and to find an ecologically sustainable alternative to chemical insecticides. A bioinformatics screening approach was performed to evaluate the in vivo results.Methods: The obtained larvae’s from nearby water sources were tested with N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) as the positive control which is the commercial chemical mosquito repellent and the solvents used for the respective plant extracts act as the negative control. Petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EA) and an aqueous (AQ) extract were prepared for both L. indica and V. negundo extracts, and its larvicidal activity was tested. A docking based approach was used to study the inhibitory effect of known active compounds from L. indica and V. negundo against acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and sterol binding protein as targets.Results: On comparing the results between three plants extract for its larvicidal activity, the EA extract of V. negundo and L. indica is found to be potent with a low LC50 value. Further, the docking studies between active compounds of L. indica and V. negundo with AChE and Sterol binding protein as targets showed that the compound tangeritin-1 had a good docking score compared to DEET and could be a natural alternative for larvicidal activity in the mosquito.Conclusion: Individual activity of tangeritin-1 could be further studied with mosquito mortality studies and molecular simulations and develop tangeritin-1 as a potential larvicidal compound for commercial use.

scholarly journals A Signal Transducer and Activator of  Transcription (Stat)4-independent Pathway for the Development of  T Helper Type 1 Cells

1998 ◽  
Vol 188 (6) ◽  
pp. 1191-1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H. Kaplan ◽  
Andrea L. Wurster ◽  
Michael J. Grusby
Keyword(s):  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Th2 Cells ◽  
Signal Transducer ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Th1 Cell ◽  
Th Cells ◽  
Th Cell ◽  
Ifn Γ

The differentiation of T helper (Th) cells is regulated by members of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of signaling molecules. We have generated mice lacking both Stat4 and Stat6 to examine the ability of Th cells to develop in the absence of these two transcription factors. Stat4, Stat6−/− lymphocytes fail to differentiate into interleukin (IL)-4–secreting Th2 cells. However, in contrast to Stat4−/− lymphocytes, T cells from Stat4, Stat6−/− mice produce significant amounts of interferon (IFN)-γ when activated in vitro. Although Stat4, Stat6−/− lymphocytes produce less IFN-γ than IL-12–stimulated control lymphocytes, equivalent numbers of IFN-γ–secreting cells can be generated from cultures of Stat4, Stat6−/− lymphocytes activated under neutral conditions and control lymphocytes activated under Th1 cell–promoting conditions. Moreover, Stat4, Stat6−/− mice are able to mount an in vivo Th1 cell–mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity response. These results support a model of Th cell differentiation in which the generation of Th2 cells requires Stat6, whereas a Stat4-independent pathway exists for the development of Th1 cells.

scholarly journals Application of Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. Reduce Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Interleukin-1β in Sprague Dawley Mice Suffering from Mastitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (A) ◽  
pp. 423-427
Author(s):  
Prihantono Prihantono ◽  
Salman Ardi Syamsu ◽  
Nilam Smaradhania ◽  
Mardiana Ahmad ◽  
Nurul Aini Siagian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Interleukin 1Β ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Mean

BACKGROUND: Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast tissue, usually caused by bacteria. Mastitis stimulates pro-inflammatory cytokines. The cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a crucial mediator of the inflammatory response. This cytokine has adverse effects of hosting immunity that mediates resistance to pathogens and also exacerbates damage during chronic disease and acute tissue injury. Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. has been used as an ethnomedicine for healing sores in several provinces in Indonesia. AIM: This study aimed to assess the profile of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β through the treatment effect of leaf extracts of S. taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. as adjuvant for healing mastitis. METHODS: This study was a true control group experiment using the pre-test-post-test control design aimed to measure the effect of hydroalcoholic compounds in leaf extracts of S. taccada on the systemic pro-inflammatory activity of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The treated animals were 18 mice of Sprague Dawley strain induced by Staphylococcus aureus. These treated mice were divided into three groups in which each group consisted of six mice. The mice in the Group I (negative control) were given 1 ml aquabides/250 g body weight, those in the Group II (positive control) were delivered with 9.6 mg/ml amoxicillin/250 g body weight, and those in the Group III (experimental) were given 9.6 mg amoxicillin/250 g body weight + 400 mg/ml leaf extracts of S. taccada/g body weight for 5 days, respectively. Pathological examinations were carried out from the inflamed tissues to prove the healing process of the treated mice. IL-1Β levels were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and post hoc tests. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences of IL-1β levels after the administration of leaf extracts of S. taccada among all the treated mice groups at p < 0.05. The Group III had the lowest IL-1β level with the mean value ± 1.45 pg/ml compared to the IL-1β level in the Group II (positive control) with the mean value ± 3.82 pg/ml and the IL-1β level in the Group I (negative control) with the with mean value ± 5.22 pg/ml. The pathological analysis of breast tissues of the treated mice proved that leaf extracts of S. taccada (Gaertn Roxb.) could reduce damaged tissues, cellular infiltration, and subcutaneous edema induced by this pathogenic microorganism. CONCLUSION: Leaf extracts of S. taccada had a significant function as adjuvant for healing mastitis by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β.

scholarly journals Effect of Thymoquinone on Th1 and Th2 Balance in Rats Infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (A) ◽  
pp. 688-692
Author(s):  
Ery Olivianto ◽  
Agustina Tri Endharti ◽  
H.M.S. Chandra Kusuma ◽  
Sanarto Santoso ◽  
Kusworini Handono
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Th2 Differentiation ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Strain H37rv ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Strain ◽  
Th1 And Th2

Thymoquinone is an active compound in Nigella sativa which has potential immunomodulatory effect. Mycobacterium tuberculosis could alter the Th1 and Th2 balance by stimulating phagocyte IL-1β production, and subsequent Th2 differentiation. We aim to evaluate the effect of thymoquinone (TQ) in restore the Th1 and Th2 balance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Four groups of rats were infected with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv. Thymoquinone at different doses was given to three groups, and one group left without treatment. Additional one group was either infected or treated with TQ. We measure IL-1β, IL-4 and IFN-γ levels using ELISA 14 days after TQ treatment. We found there were increased IL-1β, IL-4 and IFN-γ level after Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but we observe no significant effect of TQ treatment to Th1 and Th2 balance.  We conclude that TQ could not restore Th1 and Th2 balance in rats infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Herbal Extract of Gentiana diffusa for Antianxiety Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudipta Dakua ◽  
Rakesh Gawaly ◽  
Pratyush Jain ◽  
Alok Pal Jain
Keyword(s):  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Herbal Extract ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Active Constituent ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Anxiolytic Agent ◽  
Commercial Source ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Different Doses

The present study was designed to authenticate the anti-anxiety activity (by using elevated plus maze model) of methanolic extract of the leaves of Gentiana diffusa. by authors Swiss Albino mice were treated with different doses of the leaf extracts (200 mg / kg p.o.) and Diazepam (2mg/ kg, p.o) was used as a positive control. Results of study show that methanolic extract in higher doses (200 mg/kg) possesses marked anti-anxiety activity and was comparable to the effect produced by diazepam. The plant can be developed as a commercial source of anxiolytic agent. Further studies are in process to isolate the active constituent responsible for this activity and mechanism of action. Keywords: Leaves, Methanol, Anxiety, Diazepam

scholarly journals The influence of whole sonicated Pseudomonas aeruginosa antigens on experimental p. aeruginosa arthritis in rabbits

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ahmed Q. Al-Awadi
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Bacterial Isolation ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Ifn Γ

To study the influence of whole sonicated Pseudomonas aeruginosa antigens (WSPAgs) on experimental arthritis induced by this bacteria, 15 rabbits were divided into 3 equal groups. The 1st group was inoculated intraarticular with 0.2 ml of p. aeruginosa suspension (2×108 cfu/ml), the 2nd group was immunized with WSP Ags, and inoculated intraarticular as in the 1st group. The 3rd group was served as negative control group. At 30 day post inoculation the immunized (2nd) group showed increase in the cellular (DTH and IFN-γ) and humeral (IgG) immunity and moderate bacterial isolation from joints, blood and internal organs comparing with other groups. The 1st group showed sever symptoms and inflammatory reaction as well as very obvious gross and microscopical lesions in their joints including supportive reaction, pyogranulomatous lesions, necrosis, pannus reaction and destruction of the articular cartilage and the lesion extended to the subchondral bone leading to osteomyelitis, the 2nd group (immunized group) expressed mild to moderate inflammatory reaction and the microscopic examination indicate that the lesion was confined in the articular capsule. In conclusion the whole Pseudononas aeruginosa sonicated Ags (WSPAgs) protect the joint from the experimental infection by P. aeruginosa in a rabbit model.

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF LIME LEAVES (Citrus hystrix DC) ETHANOL EXTRACT ON Enterococcus faecalis BACTERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Ratih Widyasari ◽  
◽  
Willy Hadinata Halim ◽  
Atia Nurul Sidiqa ◽  
Dewa Made Wedagama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Endodontic Treatment ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Inhibition Zone Diameter ◽  
Zone Diameter ◽  
The Difference

Introduction: Endodontic treatment failure can be caused by the bacterium E. faecalis, which has a prevalence of up to 90%. E. faecalis is difficult to eradicate because it forms a biofilm to defend itself against antibacterial agents. Lime leaves are one of the many herbal products available in Indonesia (Citrus hystrix DC). Lime leaf extracts include antibacterial components such as essential oils, phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of lime leaf extract against E. faecalis bacterium. Material and Methods:The agar diffusion technique was used for four experimental groups, using lime leaf extract at 4% (group 1), 8% (group 2), and 16% (group 3) as the negative control. Each group was repeated six times on Muller Hinton Agar (MHA) medium with a paper disc, and the diameter of the inhibitory zone was measured with a caliper. Results and Discussions: The results revealed that a 4 % concentration of lime leaf extract had an average inhibition zone diameter of 7.31 mm, an 8 % concentration had an average inhibition zone diameter of 8.59 mm, and a 16 % concentration had an average inhibition zone diameter of 11.41 mm. The difference in the inhibition zone was statistically significant (p= 0,000) evaluated using the one-way ANOVA. Conclusion: It can be concluded that lime leaf extract is antibacterial potential against E. faecalis bacteria in the endodontic treatment.

scholarly journals IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECT OF A MIXTURE OF WATER EXTRACTS OF BETEL (PIPER BETLE L.) LEAF AND (UNCARIA GAMBIR ROXB.) GAMBIER ON PHAGOCYTIC CELLS AND MODULATION ON PHOSPHATASE ENZYME OF MICE

2019 ◽  
pp. 203-207
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD YANIS MUSDJA ◽  
AMINAH NURHADIYAH ◽  
ZILHALDIA ◽  
ANDRIA AGUSTA
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effect ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
Macrophage Cells ◽  
Phagocytosis Activity ◽  
Phosphatase Enzyme ◽  
Positive Controls

Objective: This study was to determine the immunomodulatory effect of a mixture of water extracts of betel (Piper betle L.) leaf and (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) gambier on phagocytic cells and modulation on phosphatase enzyme of mice. Methods: Mixture of extracts of betel leaf and gambier (ratio, 429:71) was given to seven groups of mice for 14 days with doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW). Two kinds of immunomodulatory drug in syrup form commonly used in the treatment of infectious were used as positive controls. The peritoneal fluid of mice containing macrophage cells was isolated by performing surgery. Immunomodulatory effect was done by calculating the number of phagocytosis activity and capacity of macrophage cells of mice, and measurement of phosphatase enzyme was done using a spectrophotometer ultraviolet visible on λ=405 nm, after 1 h intraperitoneal injection Staphylococcus epidermidis on each group of mice. Immunomodulatory effects of each group of a mixture of extract were compared with negative control, normal control, and positive controls. Results: The result showed that doses administered 200 mg/kg BW of mixture extract most efficacy for both phagocytosis activity and phagocytosis capacity as well as for the results of testing for phosphatase enzyme. Based on statistical tests, it was significantly different (p≤0.05), if compared with negative controls and normal controls but not significantly different, if compared to positive controls (p≥0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it has been obtained that a mixture of water extracts of betel (P. betle L.) leaf and (U. gambir Roxb.) gambier with a dose of 200 mg/kg BW is very potential to be used as an immunomodulatory.

scholarly journals Effects of Interferon-Gamma on Bone Remodeling during Experimental Tooth Movement

2007 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sila Mermut ◽  
Ali Osman Bengi ◽  
Erol Akin ◽  
Mehmet Kürkçü ◽  
Şeniz Karaçay
Keyword(s):  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Interferon Gamma ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Bone Area ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Different Doses

Abstract Objective: To determine the effects of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) on bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement. Materials and Methods: Thirty adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly categorized into five groups. IFN-γ was administered in three different doses (0.01, 0.02, and 0.05 μg/20 μL) and the remaining two groups served as control. Mandibular first molars were moved mesially by means of Ni-Ti closed coil springs in all groups. The results were evaluated histomorphometrically, and parameters of trabecular bone volume (BV/TV), trabecular bone number (Tr.N), and trabecular separation (Tr.Sep) were observed at the interradicular bone area of the mandibular first molars. Results: Increases in BV/TV and Tr.N and decreases in Tr.Sep revealed the antiosteoclastic activity of IFN-γ. Conclusion: IFN-γ administration may be useful clinically for anchorage control.

scholarly journals T Helper Cells in the Immunopathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis – Current Trends

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63
Author(s):  
E. Krasimirova ◽  
D. Kyurkchiev
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Autoimmune Response ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Th Cell ◽  
Cutaneous Form ◽  
Ifn Γ

Abstract Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic progressive autoimmune disease characterized by skin and multiorgan involvement with alterations in both the innate and adaptive immunities. The hallmark of the disease is widespread fibrosis engaging the skin and multiple internal organs, as well as the musculoskeletal system. There is mounting evidence that T cells are key players in the pathogenesis of scleroderma. The current review discusses the role of the different T helper (Th) lymphocyte subsets in the processes of inflammation and fibrosis, characteristics for the pathogenesis of the disease. Cytokines produced by Th cell populations have a major effect on endothelial cells and fibroblasts in the context of favoring/inhibiting the vasculopathy and the fibrosis spread. The Th2 pro-fibrotic cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 have been shown to induce collagen synthesis by fibroblasts, whereas IFN-γ demonstrates an inhibitory effect. Increased Th17 cells are present in the scleroderma skin infiltrates. The combination of IL-17, IFN-γ and TGF-β levels in CD45RO and CD45RA cells from patients with SSc is useful to distinguish between the limited and the diffuse phenotype of the disease. There are accumulating data for functional and numerical alterations in the Tregs in SSc. High levels of TNF-α which might reduce the suppressive ability of Tregs have been described. According to some studies, the number of Tregs in scleroderma skin biopsies has been decreased against the normal absolute number of Tregs in peripheral blood of the same patients, which suggests suppressed immunomodulatory response. Other studies reported increased frequency of Tregs in peripheral blood of patients with systemic sclerosis and established a correlation with disease activity. The main immunological challenge remains the identification of the trigger of the autoimmune response in SSc, the causes for preferential Th2-type cell responses and the immunological differences between the diffuse and the limited cutaneous form of the disease.

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