scholarly journals Experimental Evaluation of a LoRa Wildlife Monitoring Network in a Forest Vegetation Area

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Mike Oluwatayo Ojo ◽  
Davide Adami ◽  
Stefano Giordano
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Forest Vegetation ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Wildlife Monitoring ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Dense Forest ◽  
Smart Agriculture

Smart agriculture and wildlife monitoring are one of the recent trends of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, which are evolving in providing sustainable solutions from producers. This article details the design, development and assessment of a wildlife monitoring application for IoT animal repelling devices that is able to cover large areas, thanks to the low power wide area networks (LPWAN), which bridge the gap between cellular technologies and short range wireless technologies. LoRa, the global de-facto LPWAN, continues to attract attention given its open specification and ready availability of off-the-shelf hardware, with claims of several kilometers of range in harsh challenging environments. At first, this article presents a survey of the LPWAN for smart agriculture applications. We proceed to evaluate the performance of LoRa transmission technology operating in the 433 MHz and 868 MHz bands, aimed at wildlife monitoring in a forest vegetation area. To characterize the communication link, we mainly use the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and packet delivery ratio (PDR). Findings from this study show that achievable performance can greatly vary between the 433 MHz and 868 MHz bands, and prompt caution is required when taking numbers at face value, as this can have implications for IoT applications. In addition, our results show that the link reaches up to 860 m in the highly dense forest vegetation environment, while in the not so dense forest vegetation environment, it reaches up to 2050 m.

scholarly journals Feature Extraction of Real-World Traces Using K Means Clustering In OppNet

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Johari ◽  
Tanvi Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Network Topology ◽  
Real World ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Alternative Measure ◽  
Intermittent Connectivity

Abstract Natural calamities leave people helpless by arising several situations such as network breakdown, zero communication, intermittent connectivity, dynamic network topology. In such situation an application of dynamic and intermittent routing scheme is essential to make further communication possible during likewise scenarios. An application of TCP/IP becomes futile in mentioned circumstances as it best works for static nodes and pre-defined network topology wherein source and destination nodes are first establishing the communication link with each other. An alternative measure of such hitches is to encounter an application of DTN protocol which possess all characteristics to withstand in such scenarios such as; dynamic network topology, intermittent connectivity, frequent path breaks, store – carry – forward fashion. In this paper we did thorough investigation of forest fire dataset (Uttarakhand) after exploring its implementation in ONE with Epidemic, Prophet, Spray and Wait, HBPR, GAER respectively. An extensive and thorough investigation for real world traces implementation has been done with OppNet routing protocols against mobility models namely; Shortest path map – based, Random Direction, Random Walk, Random Waypoint, Cluster Movement respectively for network performance metrics namely packet delivery ratio, packet overhead ratio and average latency ratio respectively with the application of K means clustering machine learning algorithm. With the help of this analysis, we explore the real-world traces characteristics and study the areas on which network performance can be improved.

Optimized Routing for Efficient Data Dissemination in MANET to Meet the Fast-Changing Technology

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-36
Author(s):  
Deo Prakash ◽  
Neeraj Kumar ◽  
M.L. Garg
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Data Dissemination ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Mobile Node ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Centralized Control ◽  
Mobile Adhoc Network ◽  
Link Stability ◽  
Efficient Data

Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic network without any centralized control. Due to frequent topological change, routing has been always a challenging task in these networks. This article presents optimized routing for efficient data dissemination in MANETs to meet the fast-changing technology of today's world. A novel metric for such optimized routing in MANET is proposed. The main parameters considered to evaluate this metric are the energy consumed during the communication, link stability, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and traffic. The concept is based on a scenario in which a mobile node (source) sends data packets to another mobile node (destination) through its dynamically connected neighboring nodes. The path which consumes the lowest energy and also shows highest link stability is selected for consideration. In case the paths consume the same amount of energy, the highest stable path is chosen. In this manner, the most optimized path is selected. The authors' routing approach shows more efficiency than earlier in dissemination of data and information over the Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks.

scholarly journals Accuracy of Ground Surface Interpolation from Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) Data in Dense Forest Cover

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Mihnea Cățeanu ◽  
Arcadie Ciubotaru
Keyword(s):  
Thin Plate ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Forest Vegetation ◽  
Airborne Laser Scanning ◽  
Canopy Density ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Airborne Laser ◽  
Dense Forest

A digital model of the ground surface has many potential applications in forestry. Nowadays, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is one of the main sources for collecting morphological data. Point clouds obtained via laser scanning are used for modelling the ground surface by interpolation, a process which is affected by various errors. Using LiDAR data to collect ground surface data for forestry applications is a challenging scenario because the presence of forest vegetation will hinder the ability of laser pulses to reach the ground. The density of ground observations will be therefore reduced and not homogenous (as it is affected by the variations in canopy density). Furthermore, forest areas are generally present in mountainous areas, in which case the interpolation of the ground surface is more challenging. In this paper, we present a comparative analysis of interpolation accuracy for nine algorithms, which are used for generating Digital Terrain Models from Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data, in mountainous terrain covered by dense forest vegetation. For most of the algorithms we find a similar performance in terms of general accuracy, with RMSE values between 0.11 and 0.28 m (when model resolution is set to 0.5 m). Five of the algorithms (Natural Neighbour, Delauney Triangulation, Multilevel B-Spline, Thin-Plate Spline and Thin-Plate Spline by TIN) have vertical errors of less than 0.20 m for over 90 percent of validation points. Meanwhile, for most algorithms, major vertical errors (of over 1 m) are associated with less than 0.05 percent of validation points. Digital Terrain Model (DTM) resolution, ground slope and point cloud density influence the quality of the ground surface model, while for canopy density we find a less significant link with the quality of the interpolated DTMs.

scholarly journals Underwater Routing Protocols: Analysis of Intrepid Link Selection Mechanism, Challenges and Strategies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahzad Ashraf ◽  
Tauqeer Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Destination Node ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Routing Mechanism ◽  
Pollution Detection ◽  
Terrestrial Network

Abstract The sensor nodes deployed in underwater environment has different routing mechanism in contrast to the terrestrial network. Getting underwater data on pollution detection, control of the ecosystem, marine mining, catastrophe avoidance and strategic surveillance thereby demands smooth packet transmission from dynamic nodes to base station encounters numerous challenges, out of which selecting best communication link between source and destination node is a key phenomenon of Underwater sensor network. The meticulous research has been conducted to search out the best link selection mythology of bodacious underwater routing protocol EnOR, SURS‐PES and USPF. The performance has been evaluated through NS2 simulation for packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, network lifespan and network energy consumption.

scholarly journals Impact of Denial-of-Service Attack on Directional Compact Geographic Forwarding Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4(Suppl.)) ◽  
pp. 1371
Author(s):  
Nasrina M Samir ◽  
Maisarah Musni ◽  
Zurina Mohd Hanapi ◽  
Mohamed Ridzal Radzuan
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Smart Antenna ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Dos Attack ◽  
Denial Of Service Attack ◽  
Geographic Forwarding ◽  
Service Attack ◽  
The Impact

Directional Compact Geographic Forwarding (DCGF) routing protocol promises a minimal overhead generation by utilizing a smart antenna and Quality of Service (QoS) aware aggregation. However, DCGF was tested only in the attack-free scenario without involving the security elements. Therefore, an investigation was conducted to examine the routing protocol algorithm whether it is secure against attack-based networks in the presence of Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack. This analysis on DoS attack was carried out using a single optimal attacker, A1, to investigate the impact of DoS attack on DCGF in a communication link. The study showed that DCGF does not perform efficiently in terms of packet delivery ratio and energy consumption even on a single attacker.

Social Internet of Things

2019 ◽  
pp. 199-218
Author(s):  
Sejal Atit Bhavsar ◽  
Brinda Yeshu Pandit ◽  
Kirit J. Modi
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Data Sharing ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Smart Transportation ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Social Internet Of Things ◽  
Efficient Data ◽  
Smart Agriculture ◽  
Technology Domain

Internet of things has gathered significance within the latest technology domain and trends. As a result, it offers greater ways of accessing data and utilizing intelligent systems. IoT applications are developed for specific scenarios (i.e., smart home, smart transportation, smart agriculture, e-health, etc.). Such IoT applications are inefficient for sharing data and knowledge through services. This results in an inefficient exploitation of different IoT service applications. Social internet of things (SIoT) has efficient and effective ways to support these kinds of services. A concept of social internet of things has been proposed in this chapter in order to support efficient data sharing. This chapter explores related work and literature study on social internet of things, concentrates on mapping IoT with SIoT, and describes a possible architecture for SIoT, components, layers and processes of SIoT. It also illustrates applications, where SIoT can be used, and at the end, the authors provide a few challenges related to SIoT.

scholarly journals Smart Agriculture Using IoT Multi-Sensors: A Novel Watering Management System

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tran Anh Khoa ◽  
Mai Minh Man ◽  
Tan-Y Nguyen ◽  
VanDung Nguyen ◽  
Nguyen Hoang Nam
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Software Optimization ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Smart Agriculture ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Advances in the Internet of Things (IoT) are helping to make water management smarter and optimizing consumption in the smart agriculture industry. This article proposes a new topology of sensor nodes based on the use of inexpensive and highly efficient components, such as water level, soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and rain sensors. Additionally, to guarantee good performance of the system, the used transmission module is based on LoRa LPWAN technology. The design of the main circuit board of the system is optimized by combining two layers and implementing software optimization. The overall sensor network is developed and tested in the research lab, and real farms can be controlled by users manually or automatically using the mobile application. Experimental results are produced by testing sensor and communication link effectiveness, and are subsequently validated in the field through a one-week measurement campaign.

scholarly journals A Model based Test Pattern Generation and Testing Framework for IoT Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10S) ◽  
pp. 287-291
Keyword(s):  
Test Pattern ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Home Automation ◽  
Test Automation ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Future Extension ◽  
Smart Agriculture ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Automation Framework

The whole world is entering towards the trend of smart technology. Internet of Things ( IoT) is an important domain behind this enormous growth. A simple IoT system consists of a device or actuators or sensors, which are connected to software with the help of an internet. The embedded sensors can be monitored and managed from remote place through the network from anywhere in the world internet. There are various applications that are supported in this domain due to this feature. They are smart agriculture, Home automation, been applied in various domains like Home automation, Patient Health Monitoring, Smart City, Smart Agriculture and much more. The usage of these applications is increasing day by day, so there arises a need for verifying and validating the IoT devices in all aspects. The test automation framework that generates test pattern for various testing of IoT application domains that deploys in a sequence process of test patterns which can be easily started for the development of IoT scenarios described. To test their IoT device, there is a need for proper testing techniques for IoT applications through different IoT developers follow their own strategy. The main goal of the automation framework is to reduce the effort in the testing process and to make the test process easier for testing the IoT applications by generating various test patterns various tests depends on a number of IoT test patterns, which allows the process of various operations as the future extension.

scholarly journals A HYBRID OUTLIER DETECTION APPROACH WITH MULTI DIMENSIONAL FEATURES TO PREVENT BLACK HOLE ATTACK IN MANET

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 541-548
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Salim M., Dr. T. Abdul Razak, Dr. Murugan R.
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Outlier Detection ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Black Hole Attack ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Security Issues

An increase in the technological upgrades in the mobile communication technology has led to the tremendous increase in the usage of mobile networks. Mobile Adhoc Network is an instantaneous network where the requirement of the infrastructure is not mandatory. This feature has raised a lot of issues in the security aspects of the MANET. The mobility of the nodes, frequent topological changes, weak communication link and lack of infrastructure are the critical factors creating security issues in MANET. The security issues leads to lot of routing attacks, which disturbs the network communication and completely collapse the system. One such attack is the black hole attack. The AODV routing protocol is more vulnerable to the black hole attack. This paper proposes an efficient approach based on outlier detection techniques to detect and prevent the black hole attack in MANET. The results have been simulated using the NS2 simulator and performance of the algorithm has been evaluated based on various performance metrics like packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, detection efficiency ratio and end to end delay time .

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