scholarly journals Genome-Wide Identification and Transcriptional Regulation of Aquaporin Genes in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Water Stress

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Madrid-Espinoza ◽  
Nidia Brunel-Saldias ◽  
Fernando Guerra ◽  
Adelina Gutiérrez ◽  
Alejandro del Pozo
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Functional Divergence ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Intrinsic Protein ◽  
And Function

Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane proteins essential for controlling the flow of water and other molecules required for development and stress tolerance in plants, including important crop species such as wheat (Triticum aestivum). In this study, we utilized a genomic approach for analyzing the information about AQPs available in public databases to characterize their structure and function. Furthermore, we validated the expression of a suite of AQP genes, at the transcriptional level, including accessions with contrasting responses to drought, different organs and water stress levels. We found 65 new AQP genes, from which 60% are copies expanded by polyploidization. Sequence analysis of the AQP genes showed that the purifying selection pressure acted on duplicate genes, which was related to a high conservation of the functions. This situation contrasted with the expression patterns observed for different organs, developmental stages or genotypes under water deficit conditions, which indicated functional divergence at transcription. Expression analyses on contrasting genotypes showed high gene transcription from Tonoplast Intrinsic Protein 1 (TIP1) and 2 (TIP2), and Plasma Membrane Intrinsic Protein 1 (PIP1) and 2 (PIP2) subfamilies in roots and from TIP1 and PIP1 subfamilies in leaves. Interestingly, during severe drought stress, 4 TIP genes analyzed in leaves of the tolerant accession reached up to 15-fold the level observed at the susceptible genotype, suggesting a positive relationship with drought tolerance. The obtained results extend our understanding of the structure and function of AQPs, particularly under water stress conditions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Drought Tolerance of Five Maize Genotypes by Virtue of Physiological and Molecular Responses

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Khalil M. Saad-Allah ◽  
Afaf A. Nessem ◽  
Mohsen K. H. Ebrahim ◽  
Dina Gad
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Severe Water Stress ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Primary Focus

Drought has been recognized as a potential challenge to maize production around the world, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The primary focus of the present study was to investigate the metabolic and physiological adjustment mechanisms as well as drought-responsive gene expression patterns in five maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes (G314, G2, G10, G123, and G326) with varying drought-tolerance capacities at the vegetative stage. Twenty-one days-old maize plants from five maize genotypes were submitted to a well-watered (10 days) watering interval as a control, mild water stress (15 day interval), and severe water stress (20 day interval) treatments in a field experiment for two successive seasons (2019 and 2020). For all maize genotypes, the results showed that water stress significantly reduced plant height, leaf area, biomass, and yield characteristics. However, water stress, which was associated with the length of the watering interval, increased the concentrations of glycine betaine, amino acids, proline, phenols, flavonoids, soluble proteins, and soluble sugars, as well as catalase and peroxidase activities. On the transcriptional level, prolonged water stress increased the expression of drought-responsive genes (LOS5, Rad17, NCED1, CAT1, and ZmP5CS1), with G10 and G123 genotypes being the most drought-resistant. Herein, genotypes G10 and G123 were shown in this study to be relatively water stress tolerant due to improved osmoregulatory, antioxidant, and metabolic activities under water stress conditions, as well as the fact that they were endowed with stress-responsive genes.

scholarly journals Plant strategies for maximizing growth during water stress and subsequent recovery in Solanum melongena L. (eggplant)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0256342
Author(s):  
Evelyn F. Delfin ◽  
Sarah Tepler Drobnitch ◽  
Louise H. Comas
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Proportional Allocation ◽  
Fine Root Length

Climate change is projected to increase the incidence of severe drought in many regions, potentially requiring selection for different traits in crop species to maintain productivity under water stress. In this study, we identified a suite of hydraulic traits associated with high productivity under water stress in four genotypes of S. melongena L. We also assessed the potential for recovery of this suite of traits from drought stress after re-watering. We observed that two genotypes, PHL 4841 and PHL 2778, quickly grew into large plants with smaller, thicker leaves and increasingly poor hydraulic status (a water-spender strategy), whereas PHL 2789 and Mara maintained safer water status and larger leaves but sacrificed large gains in biomass (a water-saver strategy). The best performing genotype under water stress, PHL 2778, additionally showed a significant increase in root biomass allocation relative to other genotypes. Biomass traits of all genotypes were negatively impacted by water deficit and remained impaired after a week of recovery; however, physiological traits such as electron transport capacity of photosystem II, and proportional allocation to root biomass and fine root length, and leaf area recovered after one week, indicating a strong capacity for eggplant to rebound from short-term deficits via recovery of physiological activity and allocation to resource acquiring tissues. These traits should be considered in selection and breeding of eggplant hybrids for future agricultural outlooks.

scholarly journals k-core genes underpin structural features of breast cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Dorantes-Gilardi ◽  
Diana García-Cortés ◽  
Enrique Hernández-Lemus ◽  
Jesús Espinal-Enríquez
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Luminal A ◽  
Luminal B ◽  
The Core ◽  
Gene Pairs ◽  
And Function ◽  
Core Genes

AbstractGene co-expression networks (GCNs) have been developed as relevant analytical tools for the study of the gene expression patterns behind complex phenotypes. Determining the association between structure and function in GCNs is a current challenge in biomedical research. Several structural differences between GCNs of breast cancer and healthy phenotypes have been reported. In a previous study, using co-expression multilayer networks, we have shown that there are abrupt differences in the connectivity patterns of the GCN of basal-like breast cancer between top co-expressed gene-pairs and the remaining gene-pairs. Here, we compared the top-100,000 interactions networks for the four breast cancer phenotypes (Luminal-A, Luminal-B, Her2+ and Basal), in terms of structural properties. For this purpose, we used the graph-theoretical k-core of a network (maximal sub-network with nodes of degree at least k). We developed a comprehensive analysis of the network k-core ($$k=30$$ k = 30 ) structures in cancer, and its relationship with biological functions. We found that in the Top-100,000-edges networks, the majority of interactions in breast cancer networks are intra-chromosome, meanwhile inter-chromosome interactions serve as connecting bridges between clusters. Moreover, core genes in the healthy network are strongly associated with processes such as metabolism and cell cycle. In breast cancer, only the core of Luminal A is related to those processes, and genes in its core are over-expressed. The intersection of the core nodes in all subtypes of cancer is composed only by genes in the chr8q24.3 region. This region has been observed to be highly amplified in several cancers before, and its appearance in the intersection of the four breast cancer k-cores, may suggest that local co-expression is a conserved phenomenon in cancer. Considering the many intricacies associated with these phenomena and the vast amount of research in epigenomic regulation which is currently undergoing, there is a need for further research on the epigenomic effects on the structure and function of gene co-expression networks in cancer.

Structure and function of neural networks in the retina

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Peter Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

The synaptic connections in cat retina that link photoreceptors to ganglion cells have been analyzed quantitatively. Our approach has been to prepare serial, ultrathin sections and photograph en montage at low magnification (˜2000X) in the electron microscope. Six series, 100-300 sections long, have been prepared over the last decade. They derive from different cats but always from the same region of retina, about one degree from the center of the visual axis. The material has been analyzed by reconstructing adjacent neurons in each array and then identifying systematically the synaptic connections between arrays. Most reconstructions were done manually by tracing the outlines of processes in successive sections onto acetate sheets aligned on a cartoonist's jig. The tracings were then digitized, stacked by computer, and printed with the hidden lines removed. The results have provided rather than the usual one-dimensional account of pathways, a three-dimensional account of circuits. From this has emerged insight into the functional architecture.

Osseointegration interface of calcified bone and endosseous implants

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1096-1097
Author(s):  
K.E. Krizan ◽  
J.E. Laffoon ◽  
M.J. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Titanium Implants ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Endosseous Implants ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Function

With increase use of tissue-integrated prostheses in recent years it is a goal to understand what is happening at the interface between haversion bone and bulk metal. This study uses electron microscopy (EM) techniques to establish parameters for osseointegration (structure and function between bone and nonload-carrying implants) in an animal model. In the past the interface has been evaluated extensively with light microscopy methods. Today researchers are using the EM for ultrastructural studies of the bone tissue and implant responses to an in vivo environment. Under general anesthesia nine adult mongrel dogs received three Brånemark (Nobelpharma) 3.75 × 7 mm titanium implants surgical placed in their left zygomatic arch. After a one year healing period the animals were injected with a routine bone marker (oxytetracycline), euthanized and perfused via aortic cannulation with 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer pH 7.2. Implants were retrieved en bloc, harvest radiographs made (Fig. 1), and routinely embedded in plastic. Tissue and implants were cut into 300 micron thick wafers, longitudinally to the implant with an Isomet saw and diamond wafering blade [Beuhler] until the center of the implant was reached.

Use of human autoantibodies and immunoelectron microscopy to study structure and function of the nucleolus and nuclear bodies

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 506-507
Author(s):  
Robert L. Ochs
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Nuclear Bodies ◽  
Nuclear Interior ◽  
Coiled Bodies ◽  
Interchromatin Granules ◽  
And Function ◽  
Conventional Electron Microscopy ◽  
Perichromatin Granules ◽  
Perichromatin Fibrils

By conventional electron microscopy, the formed elements of the nuclear interior include the nucleolus, chromatin, interchromatin granules, perichromatin granules, perichromatin fibrils, and various types of nuclear bodies (Figs. 1a-c). Of these structures, all have been reasonably well characterized structurally and functionally except for nuclear bodies. The most common types of nuclear bodies are simple nuclear bodies and coiled bodies (Figs. 1a,c). Since nuclear bodies are small in size (0.2-1.0 μm in diameter) and infrequent in number, they are often overlooked or simply not observed in any random thin section. The rat liver hepatocyte in Fig. 1b is a case in point. Historically, nuclear bodies are more prominent in hyperactive cells, they often occur in proximity to nucleoli (Fig. 1c), and sometimes they are observed to “bud off” from the nucleolar surface.

Depletion and Reconstitution of Active E. Coli Ribosomes

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 640-641
Author(s):  
M. Boublik ◽  
W. Hellmann ◽  
F. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Biological Macromolecules ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
And Function

Correlations between structure and function of biological macromolecules have been studied intensively for many years, mostly by indirect methods. High resolution electron microscopy is a unique tool which can provide such information directly by comparing the conformation of biopolymers in their biologically active and inactive state. We have correlated the structure and function of ribosomes, ribonucleoprotein particles which are the site of protein biosynthesis. 70S E. coli ribosomes, used in this experiment, are composed of two subunits - large (50S) and small (30S). The large subunit consists of 34 proteins and two different ribonucleic acid molecules. The small subunit contains 21 proteins and one RNA molecule. All proteins (with the exception of L7 and L12) are present in one copy per ribosome.This study deals with the changes in the fine structure of E. coli ribosomes depleted of proteins L7 and L12. These proteins are unique in many aspects.

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