scholarly journals Enzymatic Activities and Gene Transcript Levels Associated with the Augmentation of Antioxidant Constituents during Drought Stress in Lettuce

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 444
Author(s):  
Ryohei Koyama ◽  
Aika Yoshimoto ◽  
Misaki Ishibashi ◽  
Hiromichi Itoh ◽  
Yuichi Uno
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Gene Transcript ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Plant Constituents ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Upregulated Genes ◽  
Dehydrin Gene ◽  
Moderate Stress

Efficient cultivation methods were investigated to promote the branding of products in plant factories. Moderate stress can enhance plant constituents that are beneficial for human health, without reducing yield. Dehydration stress in lettuce rhizospheres increased some antioxidants, including L-ascorbic acid (AsA) and polyphenols. In this study, the major factors contributing to the augmentation of antioxidant constituents were investigated. The drought treatment resulted in increased hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values but not hydrophobic ORAC values. Both activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD, and ascorbate peroxidase, APX) were elevated under drought conditions. RNA-seq analysis revealed 33 upregulated and 115 downregulated differentially expressed genes, and 40 gene ontology enrichment categories. A dehydrin gene was the most significant among the upregulated genes in response to drought stress. Dehydrin protects plant cells from dryness through multiple functions, such as radical scavenging and protection of enzymes. Real-time PCR validated the substantial increase in some dehydrin paralogs with root desiccation. In conclusion, the enhancement of antioxidant levels by drought stress is likely not due to the induction of antioxidant enzyme genes, but due to increased enzymic activities. These activities might be protected by dehydrins encoded by the upregulated paralogs under drought stress.

scholarly journals Key Maize Drought-Responsive Genes and Pathways Revealed by Comparative Transcriptome and Physiological Analyses of Contrasting Inbred Lines

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tinashe Zenda ◽  
Songtao Liu ◽  
Xuan Wang ◽  
Guo Liu ◽  
Hongyu Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Amino Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Molecular Networks ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Drought Stress Tolerance

To unravel the molecular mechanisms underpinning maize (Zea mays L.) drought stress tolerance, we conducted comprehensive comparative transcriptome and physiological analyses of drought-tolerant YE8112 and drought-sensitive MO17 inbred line seedlings that had been exposed to drought treatment for seven days. Resultantly, YE8112 seedlings maintained comparatively higher leaf relative water and proline contents, greatly increased peroxidase activity, but decreased malondialdehyde content, than MO17 seedlings. Using an RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)-based approach, we identified a total of 10,612 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). From these, we mined out four critical sets of drought responsive DEGs, including 80 specific to YE8112, 5140 shared between the two lines after drought treatment (SD_TD), five DEGs of YE8112 also regulated in SD_TD, and four overlapping DEGs between the two lines. Drought-stressed YE8112 DEGs were primarily associated with nitrogen metabolism and amino-acid biosynthesis pathways, whereas MO17 DEGs were enriched in the ribosome pathway. Additionally, our physiological analyses results were consistent with the predicted RNA-seq-based findings. Furthermore, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis and the RNA-seq results of twenty representative DEGs were highly correlated (R2 = 98.86%). Crucially, tolerant line YE8112 drought-responsive genes were predominantly implicated in stress signal transduction; cellular redox homeostasis maintenance; MYB, NAC, WRKY, and PLATZ transcriptional factor modulated; carbohydrate synthesis and cell-wall remodeling; amino acid biosynthesis; and protein ubiquitination processes. Our findings offer insights into the molecular networks mediating maize drought stress tolerance.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Tolerant and Susceptible Maize Genotypes Reveals Novel Insights about the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Drought Responses in Leaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6980
Author(s):  
Joram Kiriga Waititu ◽  
Xingen Zhang ◽  
Tianci Chen ◽  
Chunyi Zhang ◽  
Yang Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Molecular Networks ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Cell Wall Modification ◽  
Susceptible Line ◽  
Tolerant Line

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most essential food crop in the world. However, maize is highly susceptible to drought stress, especially at the seedling stage, and the molecular mechanisms underlying drought tolerance remain elusive. In this study, we conducted comparative transcriptome and physiological analyses of drought-tolerant (CML69) and susceptible (LX9801) inbred lines subjected to drought treatment at the seedling stage for three and five days. The tolerant line had significantly higher relative water content in the leaves, as well as lower electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde levels, than the susceptible line. Using an RNA-seq-based approach, we identified 10,084 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with 6906 and 3178 DEGs been annotated and unannotated, respectively. Two critical sets of drought-responsive DEGs, including 4687 genotype-specific and 2219 common drought-responsive genes, were mined out of the annotated DEGs. The tolerant-line DEGs were predominantly associated with the cytoskeleton, cell wall modification, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, transport, osmotic regulation, drought avoidance, ROS scavengers, defense, and transcriptional factors. For the susceptible line, the DEGs were highly enriched in the photosynthesis, histone, and carbon fixation pathways. The unannotated DEGs were implicated in lncRNAs, including 428 previously reported and 22% putative TE-lncRNAs. There was consensus on both the physiological response and RNA-seq outcomes. Collectively, our findings will provide a comprehensive basis of the molecular networks mediating drought stress tolerance of maize at the seedling stage.

Variation between and within species of rapeseed (Brassica campestris and B. napus) in response to drought stress. I. Sensitivity at different stages of development

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Richards ◽  
N Thurling
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Major Factors

Drought imposed at different times on four spring cultivars of each of two oilseed rape species (Brassica campestris and B. napus) markedly influenced seed yield and its components and other characteristics of the mature plant. In general, drought reduced those plant and yield components associated with plant size, whereas other characters were variable, depending on the species and treatments. Seed yield was lowest in both species when drought was applied either from stem elongation or from the time of anthesis. However, considering grain yields in terms of the amount of water added in each treatment, B. napus cultivars were most sensitive at anthesis, with the exception of Masoweicki which was most sensitive at pod-filling. In B. campestris, Span was most sensitive when drought stress was first imposed at stem elongation, whilst other cultivars were sensitive at later reproductive stages. Principal component analyses reduced the complex interrelationships between all variables excluding yield to two major factors in each species and treatment. In general, the first factor, which explained most of the variation in the parameters measured, was composed of variables associated with plant size, whereas the second was composed of variables which were independent of plant size. The relative importance of these two factors as yield determinants varied substantially with the different species and treatments. In B. napus the first factor was the major determinant of yield ill the control and in the drought treatment imposed from stem elongation. In B. campestris the second factor was a significant determinant of yield in all treatments and the major factor influencing yield in the control and stem elongation treatments. Increased root weight was associated with increased yield in the drought treatments in both species, but this was primarily due to its association with plant size. When the influence of plant size was accounted for, it was observed that a smaller root weight relative to the above-ground plant weight and a greater tap-root weight relative to lateral root weight was associated with higher yield in both species in all drought treatments. As well as these latter characters, seed weight per pod, and harvest index were the most important group of characters contributing to yield in both species in all treatments when variation in plant size was accounted for.

scholarly journals Flavonoids improve drought tolerance of maize seedlings by regulating the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baozhu Li ◽  
Ruonan Fan ◽  
Guiling Sun ◽  
Ting Sun ◽  
Yanting Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Infrared Imaging ◽  
Oxygen Free Radicals ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Far Infrared ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Physiological Characterization ◽  
Oxidative Damages

Abstract Background and aims As drought threatens the yield and quality of maize (Zea mays L.), it is important to dissect the molecular basis of maize drought tolerance. Flavonoids, participate in the scavenging of oxygen free radicals and alleviate stress-induced oxidative damages. This study aims to dissect the function of flavonoids in the improvement of maize drought tolerance. Methods Using far-infrared imaging screening, we previously isolated a drought overly insensitivity (doi) mutant from an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized maize library and designated it as doi57. In this study, we performed a physiological characterization and transcriptome profiling of doi57 in comparison to corresponding wild-type B73 under drought stress. Results Under drought stress, doi57 seedlings displayed lower leaf-surface temperature (LST), faster water loss, and better performance in growth than B73. Transcriptome analysis reveals that key genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis are enriched among differentially expressed genes in doi57. In line with these results, more flavonols and less hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were accumulated in guard cells of doi57 than in those of B73 with the decrease of soil water content (SWC). Moreover, the capacity determined from doi57 seedling extracts to scavenge oxygen free radicals was more effective than that of B73 under the drought treatment. Additionally, doi57 seedlings had higher photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration rates, and water use efficiency than B73 exposed to drought stress, resulting in high biomass and greater root/shoot ratios in doi57 mutant plants. Conclusion Flavonoids may facilitate maize seedling drought tolerance by lowering drought-induced oxidative damage as well regulating stomatal movement.

scholarly journals Comparing transcriptional responses to Fusarium crown rot in wheat and barley identified an important relationship between disease resistance and drought tolerance

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Y. Su ◽  
J. J. Powell ◽  
S. Gao ◽  
M. Zhou ◽  
C. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Fusarium Crown Rot ◽  
Important Relationship ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Fusarium crown rot (FCR) is a chronic disease in cereal production worldwide. The impact of this disease is highly environmentally dependant and significant yield losses occur mainly in drought-affected crops. Results In the study reported here, we evaluated possible relationships between genes conferring FCR resistance and drought tolerance using two approaches. The first approach studied FCR induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) targeting two barley and one wheat loci against a panel of genes curated from the literature based on known functions in drought tolerance. Of the 149 curated genes, 61.0% were responsive to FCR infection across the three loci. The second approach was a comparison of the global DEGs induced by FCR infection with the global transcriptomic responses under drought in wheat. This analysis found that approximately 48.0% of the DEGs detected one week following drought treatment and 74.4% of the DEGs detected three weeks following drought treatment were also differentially expressed between the susceptible and resistant isolines under FCR infection at one or more timepoints. As for the results from the first approach, the vast majority of common DEGs were downregulated under drought and expressed more highly in the resistant isoline than the sensitive isoline under FCR infection. Conclusions Results from this study suggest that the resistant isoline in wheat was experiencing less drought stress, which could contribute to the stronger defence response than the sensitive isoline. However, most of the genes induced by drought stress in barley were more highly expressed in the susceptible isolines than the resistant isolines under infection, indicating that genes conferring drought tolerance and FCR resistance may interact differently between these two crop species. Nevertheless, the strong relationship between FCR resistance and drought responsiveness provides further evidence indicating the possibility to enhance FCR resistance by manipulating genes conferring drought tolerance.

Suppressed Immune-Related Profile Rescues Abortion-Prone Fetuses: A Novel Insight Into the CBA/J × DBA/2J Mouse Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1485-1492
Author(s):  
Xiaochun Yi ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Huixiang Liu ◽  
Tianxia Yi ◽  
Yuhua Ou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Poor Treatment ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Poor Treatment Outcome ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
And Control ◽  
Upregulated Genes ◽  
Tgf Β1

The adverse clinical result and poor treatment outcome in recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) make it necessary to understand the pathogenic mechanism. The mating combination CBA/J × DBA/2 has been widely used as an abortion-prone model compared to DBA/2-mated CBA/J mice. Here, we used RNA-seq to get a comprehensive catalogue of genes differentially expressed between survival placenta in abortion-prone model and control. Five hundred twenty-four differentially expressed genes were obtained followed by clustering analysis, Gene Ontology analysis, and pathway analysis. We paid more attention to immune-related genes namely “immune response” and “immune system process” including 33 downregulated genes and 28 upregulated genes. Twenty-one genes contribute to suppressing immune system and 7 are against it. Six genes were validated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, namely Ccr1l1, Tlr4, Tgf-β1, Tyro3, Gzmb, and Il-1β. Furthermore, Tlr4, Tgf-β1, and Il-1β were analyzed by Western blot. Such immune profile gives us a better understanding of the complicated immune processing in RSA and immunosuppression can rescue pregnancy loss.

scholarly journals Zea mays RNA-seq estimated transcript abundances are strongly affected by read mapping bias

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhua Zhan ◽  
Cortland Griswold ◽  
Lewis Lukens
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Reference Genome ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Gene Transcript ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Individual Genome ◽  
Abundance Estimates ◽  
Mapping Bias ◽  
Quantify Gene Expression

Abstract Background Genetic variation for gene expression is a source of phenotypic variation for natural and agricultural species. The common approach to map and to quantify gene expression from genetically distinct individuals is to assign their RNA-seq reads to a single reference genome. However, RNA-seq reads from alleles dissimilar to this reference genome may fail to map correctly, causing transcript levels to be underestimated. Presently, the extent of this mapping problem is not clear, particularly in highly diverse species. We investigated if mapping bias occurred and if chromosomal features associated with mapping bias. Zea mays presents a model species to assess these questions, given it has genotypically distinct and well-studied genetic lines. Results In Zea mays, the inbred B73 genome is the standard reference genome and template for RNA-seq read assignments. In the absence of mapping bias, B73 and a second inbred line, Mo17, would each have an approximately equal number of regulatory alleles that increase gene expression. Remarkably, Mo17 had 2–4 times fewer such positively acting alleles than did B73 when RNA-seq reads were aligned to the B73 reference genome. Reciprocally, over one-half of the B73 alleles that increased gene expression were not detected when reads were aligned to the Mo17 genome template. Genes at dissimilar chromosomal ends were strongly affected by mapping bias, and genes at more similar pericentromeric regions were less affected. Biased transcript estimates were higher in untranslated regions and lower in splice junctions. Bias occurred across software and alignment parameters. Conclusions Mapping bias very strongly affects gene transcript abundance estimates in maize, and bias varies across chromosomal features. Individual genome or transcriptome templates are likely necessary for accurate transcript estimation across genetically variable individuals in maize and other species.

scholarly journals Comparative Proteomics of Root Apex and Root Elongation Zones Provides Insights into Molecular Mechanisms for Drought Stress and Recovery Adjustment in Switchgrass

Proteomes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhujia Ye ◽  
Sasikiran Reddy Sangireddy ◽  
Chih-Li Yu ◽  
Dafeng Hui ◽  
Kevin Howe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Root Apex ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Proteomics Data ◽  
Drought Treatment

Switchgrass plants were grown in a Sandwich tube system to induce gradual drought stress by withholding watering. After 29 days, the leaf photosynthetic rate decreased significantly, compared to the control plants which were watered regularly. The drought-treated plants recovered to the same leaf water content after three days of re-watering. The root tip (1cm basal fragment, designated as RT1 hereafter) and the elongation/maturation zone (the next upper 1 cm tissue, designated as RT2 hereafter) tissues were collected at the 29th day of drought stress treatment, (named SDT for severe drought treated), after one (D1W) and three days (D3W) of re-watering. The tandem mass tags mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics analysis was performed to identify the proteomes, and drought-induced differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs). From RT1 tissues, 6156, 7687, and 7699 proteins were quantified, and 296, 535, and 384 DAPs were identified in the SDT, D1W, and D3W samples, respectively. From RT2 tissues, 7382, 7255, and 6883 proteins were quantified, and 393, 587, and 321 proteins DAPs were identified in the SDT, D1W, and D3W samples. Between RT1 and RT2 tissues, very few DAPs overlapped at SDT, but the number of such proteins increased during the recovery phase. A large number of hydrophilic proteins and stress-responsive proteins were induced during SDT and remained at a higher level during the recovery stages. A large number of DAPs in RT1 tissues maintained the same expression pattern throughout drought treatment and the recovery phases. The DAPs in RT1 tissues were classified in cell proliferation, mitotic cell division, and chromatin modification, and those in RT2 were placed in cell wall remodeling and cell expansion processes. This study provided information pertaining to root zone-specific proteome changes during drought and recover phases, which will allow us to select proteins (genes) as better defined targets for developing drought tolerant plants. The mass spectrometry proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD017441.

Genome-wide identification of AP2/ERF transcription factors in mungbean (Vigna radiata) and expression profiling of the VrDREB subfamily under drought stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullahi Muhammad Labbo ◽  
Maryam Mehmood ◽  
Malik Nadeem Akhtar ◽  
Muhammad Jawad Khan ◽  
Aamira Tariq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Drought Stress Tolerance ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Responsive Element ◽  
Major Factors

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is a valuable legume crop grown in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia. Drought is one of the major factors hindering its growth globally. APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element factor binding proteins (AP2/ERF) are an important family of plant-specific transcription factors (TFs) involved in drought-stress tolerance. We identified 71 AP2/ERF TFs in the mungbean genome by using bioinformatics tools and classified them into subfamilies: AP2 (16 members), ERF (22), RAV (2), DREB (30) and soloist (other proteins with no domain, 1). Members of DREB play a critical role in drought-stress tolerance. Ten-day-old mungbean plants cv. AZRI-06 were exposed to drought stress by complete withholding of water for 7 days. Root samples were collected from control and drought-stressed plants, and the expression pattern of 30 identified VrDREB genes was determined by qPCR. Most VrDREB genes exhibited differential expression in response to drought. Five genes (VrDREB5, VrDREB12, VrDREB13, VrDREB22, VrDREB30) were highly expressed under drought stress and might be considered excellent candidates for further functional analysis and for improvement of mungbean drought tolerance.

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