scholarly journals Endophytic Bacteria in Banana In Vitro Cultures: Molecular Identification, Antibiotic Susceptibility, and Plant Survival

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 526
Author(s):  
Antar Nasr El-Banna ◽  
Mohammed Elsayed El-Mahrouk ◽  
Yaser Hassan Dewir ◽  
Mona Ali Farid ◽  
Doaa Mahmoud Abou Elyazid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Shoot Multiplication ◽  
In Vitro Cultures ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Axillary Shoot ◽  
Shoot Cultures ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Bacterial Contaminants

Microbial contamination is a common problem that causes significant losses in plant micropropagation systems. The present study reports on the identification and control of bacterial contaminants in banana in vitro cultures. Twelve isolates belonging to Bacillus pumilus (S2), Bacillus subtilis (R2 and M4), Geobacillus stearothermophilus (S1, S3, S4, P2, M3 and R3) and Paenibacillus spp. (P1, R1 and M2) were identified by sequencing of 16S rRNA, gyrA or gyrB genes. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed with the disk diffusion method on bacterial isolates using 36 antimicrobial agents. Some antibiotics, notably Ticarcillin, Penicillin, Ampicillin, Cefazolin and Imipenem, had a broader range of bactericidal activity than others did. When contaminated axillary shoot cultures of banana were treated with 100 or 200 mg·L−1 of ticarcillin, ampicillin or penicillin the bacteria were eliminated, but a reduction in shoot multiplication and growth was observed. These findings contribute to minimizing the losses in the commercial micropropagation of banana.

scholarly journals Urinary tract infections and antibiotic susceptibility among the patients attending B & D hospital of Lalitpur, Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadav Prasad Joshi ◽  
Shreejeet Shrestha ◽  
Russell Kabir ◽  
Anita Thapa ◽  
Parbati Upreti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tract Infections

Background:Urinary tract infection is the most common bacterial infections in humans and serious health problem in many parts of the world. It has become more complicated in treatment due to different pathogens and increasing resistant to antimicrobial agents. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of urinary tract infection and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of pathogens among the patients attending in B & B hospital Nepal.Materials and Methods:A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted in between April 2010 to March 2011. Urine samples were collected from clinically suspected patients and tested bacteriologically using standard procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for isolated pathogen using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.Results:Out of 1260 examined specimens 25.24 % were positive and majority 61.64% were females.  The most common pathogens isolated were Escherichia coli (66.67%), Enterococcus (7.55%) and Staphylococcus (6.60 %). The drug resistant among the positive cases were reported. The highest resistant of positive cases was found with Cefexime (87.88%) and Enterococcus with Ampicillin (66.67%) and Staphyllococcus with Cloxacillin (66.67%). The highest susceptibility was for Vancomycin and Ampicillin i.e. 33.33% in each.Conclusion:The findings showed that E. coli isolates were the predominant pathogen and the presence of bacterial isolates with very high resistance to the commonly prescribed drugs. As drug resistance among bacterial pathogens is an evolving process and serious issue. Therefore, routine surveillance and monitoring studies should be conducted to provide physicians knowledge on the updated and most effective empirical treatment of UTIs. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 47-51

scholarly journals In Vitro Efficacy of Essential Oils from Melaleuca Alternifolia and Rosmarinus Officinalis, Manuka Honey-based Gel, and Propolis as Antibacterial Agents Against Canine Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius Strains

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 344
Author(s):  
Gabriele Meroni ◽  
Elena Cardin ◽  
Charlotte Rendina ◽  
Valentina Rafaela Herrera Millar ◽  
Joel Fernando Soares Filipe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Melaleuca Alternifolia ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius ◽  
Tea Tree

Essential oils (EOs) and honeybee products (e.g., honey and propolis) are natural mixtures of different volatile compounds that are frequently used in traditional medicine and for pathogen eradication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) EO (TTEO), Rosmarinus officinalis EO (ROEO), manuka-based gel, and propolis against 23 strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP) isolated from canine pyoderma. Antimicrobial resistance screening was assessed using a panel of nine antimicrobial agents coupled with a PCR approach. An aromatogram was done for both EOs, using the disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for all the compounds. Among the 23 SP strains, 14 (60.9%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR), 11 strains (47.8%) were methicillin-resistant (MRSP), and 9 (39.1%) were non-MDR. The mean diameter of the inhibition zone for Melaleuca and Rosmarinus were 24.5 ± 8.8 mm and 15.2 ± 8.9 mm, respectively, resulting as statistically different (p = 0.0006). MIC values of TTEO and ROEO were similar (7.6 ± 3.2% and 8.9 ± 2.1%, respectively) and no statistical significances were found. Honeybee products showed lower MIC compared to those of EOs, 0.22 ± 0.1% for Manuka and 0.8 ± 0.5% for propolis. These findings reveal a significant antibacterial effect for all the tested products.

scholarly journals Detection of the Antiseptic Resistance Gene among Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
اخلاص نعمة
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Susceptibility Test ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a number of infections in immunocompromised patients. This organism appears to improve resistance  to many antimicrobial agents and a high percentage of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa exhibit multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype . The purpose of this study is to screen the antibiotic susceptibility patterns and the prevalence of qacE delta1 gene among bacterial isolates. Accordingly, 145 samples were collected from different clinical sources from patients who admitted to different hospitals in Baghdad city in a period ranged 23/8/2018-1/1/2019. The isolates were diagnosed as P. aeruginosa based on routine bacteriological methods and confirmed by a molecular method using 16SrRNA gene. The antibiotic  susceptibility test was performed to all identified isolates by Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion method using ten  types of antibiotics. The results of antibiotics susceptibility test revealed high levels of resistance toward Piperacillin (72.22%), Trimethoprim (68%), Ceftazidime (68%), Colistin (40.28%), and Levofloxacin (33.33%). And , the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Cetrimide was tested using different concentrations (2.048 to 0.004µg/100µl) and the results showed that MIC values ranged between 2.048 and 0.016) μg/100μL, and  the concentration of  0.256 μg/100μl was more frequent . Finally, the prevalence of qacE delta1 gene among bacterial isolates was detected in percentage  63.88% among bacterial isolates .

Ceftazidime/avibactam and eravacycline susceptibility of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in two Greek tertiary teaching hospitals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Chatzidimitriou ◽  
Panagiota Chatzivasileiou ◽  
Georgios Sakellariou ◽  
MariaAnna Kyriazidi ◽  
Asimoula Kavvada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Strain Identification ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Tertiary Teaching

AbstractThe present study evaluated the carbapenem resistance mechanisms of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated in two Greek tertiary teaching hospitals and their susceptibility to currently used and novel antimicrobial agents.Forty-seven carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae strains were collected in G. Papanikolaou and Ippokrateio hospital of Thessaloniki between 2016 and 2018. Strain identification and antimicrobial susceptibility was conducted by Vitek 2 system (Biomérieux France). Susceptibility against new antimicrobial agents was examined by disk diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect blaKPC, blaVIM, blaNDM and blaOXA-48 genes.The meropenem–EDTA and meropenem–boronic acid synergy test performed on the 24 K. pneumoniae strains demonstrated that 8 (33.3%) yielded positive for metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL) and 16 (66.6%) for K. pneumonia carbapenemases (KPC) production. Colistin demonstrated the highest in vitro activity (87.7%) among the 47 K. pneumoniae strains followed by gentamicin (76.5%) and tigecycline (51%). Among new antibiotics ceftazidime/avibactam showed the highest sensitivity (76.6%) in all strains followed by eravacycline (66.6%). The blaKPC gene was present in 30 strains (63.8%), the blaNDM in 11 (23.4%) and the blaVIM in 6 (12.8%). The blaOXA-48 gene was not detected.Well established antimicrobial agents such as colistin, gentamicin and tigecycline and novel antibiotics like ceftazidime/avibactam and eravacycline can be reliable options for the treatment of invasive infections caused by carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility of flavobacteria as determined by agar dilution and disk diffusion methods.

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1301-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
J C Chang ◽  
P R Hsueh ◽  
J J Wu ◽  
S W Ho ◽  
W C Hsieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Agar Dilution

A total of 106 clinical isolates of flavobacteria, including 41 isolates of Flavobacterium meningosepticum, 59 of Flavobacterium indologenes, and 6 of Flavobacterium odoratum were collected from January 1992 to December 1995 from patients in Taiwan. The in vitro activities of antimicrobial agents were determined concomitantly by the standard agar dilution and disk diffusion methods. More than 90% of the flavobacterial isolates were resistant to cephalothin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, moxalactam, aztreonam, imipenem, aminoglycosides, erythromycin, and glycopeptides. The majority of F. meningosepticum isolates were susceptible to piperacillin and to minocycline but resistant to ceftazidime, with MICs at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited being 8, 4, and > 128 microg/ml, respectively. Approximately half of the F. indologenes isolates were susceptible to piperacillin, cefoperazone, ceftazidime, and minocycline, with MICs at which 50% of the isolates are inhibited being 4, 16, 8, and 4 microg/ml, respectively. The majority of F. odoratum isolates were resistant to all the antimicrobial agents tested except minocycline, to which five of six isolates were susceptible. With least-squares regression analysis and error rate-bounded analysis methods, the following resistant and susceptible zone diameter breakpoints were established: < or = 12 and > or = 17 mm, respectively, for piperacillin against F. meningosepticum and F. indologenes; < or = 13 and > or = 18 mm, respectively, for ceftazidime against F. meningosepticum and F. indologenes, < or = 17 and > or = 21 mm, respectively, for ofloxacin against F. indologenes; < or = 16 and > or = 20 mm, respectively, for ciprofloxacin against F. meningosepticum. Valid breakpoints for the disk diffusion method could not be established for cefoperazone and ofloxacin against F. meningosepticum and for minocycline against F. meningosepticum and F. indologenes due to a poor correlation coefficient for the regression line or for cefoperazone and ciprofloxacin against F. indologenes due to the presence of remarkable error rates.

In vitro Antibacterial Activity of 7-Substituted-6-Fluoroquinolone and 7-Substituted-6,8-Difluoroquinolone Derivatives

Chemotherapy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Socorro Leyva-Ramos ◽  
Denisse de Loera ◽  
Jaime Cardoso-Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Topoisomerase Iv ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative

Background: Fluoroquinolones are widely prescribed synthetic antimicrobial agents. Quinolones act by converting their targets, gyrase and topoisomerase IV, into toxic enzymes that fragment the bacterial chromosome; the irreversible DNA damage eventually causes the killing of bacteria. Thorough knowledge of the structure-activity relationship of quinolones is essential for the development of new drugs with improved activity against resistant strains. Methods: The compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against 4 representing strains using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone using concentrations between 250 and 0.004 μg/mL. Results: MIC of derivatives 2, 3, and 4 showed potent antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The effective concentrations were 0.860 μg/mL or lower. MIC for compounds 5-11 were between 120 and 515 μg/mL against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and substituted hydrazinoquinolones 7-10 showed poor antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria compared with other quinolones. Conclusion: Compounds obtained by modifications on C-7 of norfloxacin with the acetylated piperazinyl, halogen atoms, and substituted hydrazinyl showed good in vitro activity - some even better than the original compound.

scholarly journals Anti-microbial activity of heterocyclic cationic surface-active substances

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
V. V. Pantyo ◽  
M. M. Fizer ◽  
O. I. Fizer ◽  
G. M. Koval ◽  
E.M. Danko
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Ionic Associates ◽  
Surface Active

Annotation. The development and rapid pace of the spread of resistance to antimicrobial agents predetermines the search for new methods of counteracting pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. In this context, studies of the antimicrobial activity of newly synthesized chemicals, which in the future can be considered as candidates for antiseptic and disinfectants, are relevant. The aim of the work was to determine the antimicrobial activity of new ionic associates based on the surface-active cetylpyridinium cation with respect to certain opportunistic microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity of four ionic associates based on the cetylpyridinium cation with respect to clinical isolates of E. coli, P. vulgaris, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, as well as the collection test strains of S. aureus ATCC 25923, E. coli ATCC 29522 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 was studied. Screening studies were performed by the disk diffusion method. With substances that showed an antimicrobial effect, quantitative studies were carried out by the method of serial macro-dilutions in a liquid nutrient media. Screening studies revealed the antibacterial activity of the substances against E. coli ATCC 25923, E. coli (clinical isolate), P. vulgaris and K. pneumonia. With these microorganisms quantitative studies were carried out with the determination of the minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations. The most pronounced antimicrobial activity for the investigated microflora was shown by tetraphenylborate and cetylpyridinium perchlorate. The MIC and MBC values of these substances ranged between 1.625–3.125 mmol / L and 3.125–12.5 mmol / L, respectively. The studied associates showed high antimicrobial activity against representatives of the Enterobacteriaceae family in in vitro studies. Promising is the further study of the effect of the counter-anion associates of cationic surfactants on the biofilm formation of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella Typhi Isolated From a Referral Hospital of Kathmandu, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117863612110563
Author(s):  
Saroj Khadka ◽  
Basudha Shrestha ◽  
Anil Pokhrel ◽  
Sachin Khadka ◽  
Rajesh Dhoj Joshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
First Line ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method

Purpose: The morbidity and mortality due to typhoid fever can be significantly reduced with the use of effective antibiotics. At present, fluoroquinolones, third generation cephalosporins, and azithromycin are widely used to treat typhoid fever. However, changing antibiotic susceptibility among Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi poses a particular challenge to the therapeutic management of enteric fever. The objective of this study was to assess the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella Typhi isolates. Patients and Methods: A total of 706 blood specimens were collected from febrile patients attending the outpatient department of Kathmandu Model Hospital during June to September, 2018. The antibiotic susceptibility testing for 11 different antibiotics (nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, cefixime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, azithromycin, cotrimoxazole, chloramphenicol, and amoxicillin) was performed by disk diffusion method. Furthermore, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and azithromycin were determined by agar dilution method. Mutation at gyrA ser83 associated with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones was determined by PCR-RFLP. Results: Out of 706 blood samples, 6.94% (n = 49) were culture positive for Salmonella enterica (S. Typhi, n = 46). It was revealed that 97.8% S. Typhi isolates were susceptible to conventional first-line antibiotics (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole), 97.3% to cephalosporins and 95.7% to azithromycin. S. Typhi were either resistant or intermediately susceptible to fluoroquinolones: 97.8% to ciprofloxacin, 91.3% to ofloxacin, and 89.1% to levofloxacin. The MIC of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and azithromycin for S. Typhi ranged from 0.008 to 32, 0.03 to 16, and 2 to 8 μg/mL, respectively. Out of 46 S. Typhi isolates, 44 (95.65%) had gyrA ser83 mutation. Conclusion: Fluoroquinolones have poor activity against Salmonella Typhi. The trends of increasing azithromycin MIC value among S. Typhi might limit its use for the treatment of typhoid fever. Effectiveness of conventional first-line antibiotics in vitro suggests considering their clinical use after large-scale studies.

Synthesis, Antimicrobial Evaluation and Molecular Docking of Some Potential 2,6-disubstituted 1H-Benzimidazoles; Non-Classical Antifolates

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 813-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Harer ◽  
Manish Bhatia ◽  
Vikram Kawade
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Molecular Docking ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Molecular Docking Study ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antimicrobial Evaluation

Background: Dihydrofolate reductase is one of the important enzymes for thymidylate and purine synthesis in micro-organisms. A large number of drugs have been designed to inhibit microbial DHFR but over the period of time, some drugs have developed resistance and cross reactivity towards the enzyme. Over the past few decades, benzimidazoles, triazoles and their derivatives have been grabbing the attention of the synthetic chemists for their wide gamut of antibacterial and antifungal activities targeting microbial protein DHFR. Objective: Our goal behind present investigation is to explore benzimidazoles class of drugs as microbial DHFR inhibitors by studying ligand-receptor binding interactions, in vitro enzyme inhibition assay and confirmation of anti-microbial activity against selected pathogenic microorganisms. Methods: A library containing thirty novel 2,6-disubstituted 1H-benzimidazoles was synthesized by one pot condensation of o-nitro aniline or 2,4-dinitro aniline with series of aldehydes or acetophenones using Na2S2O4 or SnCl2 respectively and reflux for 5-6hr. Structures of compounds have been confirmed by spectroscopic methods as 1H and 13C NMR, FT-IR and MS. In vitro DHFR inhibition study was performed by using Epoch microplate reader and IC50 of the test compounds was compared with Trimethoprim. In vitro antimicrobial activity was performed against selected clinical pathogens by agar disk diffusion method and MIC (µg/mL) was reported. Results: Moderate to good level of DHFR inhibition was observed with IC50 values in the range of 7-23 µM. Compounds B1, B19, B22, B24 and B30 expressed 1.1 to 1.4 folds more prominent DHFR inhibitory activity as compared to standard Trimethoprim. Remarkable antimicrobial activity was exhibited by B1, B19, B22, B24 and B30. Molecular docking study revealed perfect binding of test ligands with key amino acids of DHFR as Phe31, Ile94, Ile5, Asp27, Gln32 and Phe36. Conclusion: Nature of 1H-benzimidazole substituents at position 2 and 6 had influence over magnitude and type of molecular binding and variation in the biological activity. The present series of 1H-benzimidazoles could be considered promising broad-spectrum antimicrobial candidates that deserve in future for preclinical antimicrobial evaluation and development of newer antimicrobial agents targeting microbial DHFR.

scholarly journals In Vitro Activities of 28 Antimicrobial Agents against Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Tertiary-Care Hospitals in Korea: a Nationwide Survey

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1124-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Bin Kim ◽  
Hee-Chang Jang ◽  
Hee Jung Nam ◽  
Yeong Seon Lee ◽  
Bong Su Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus, one of the most frequently isolated pathogens in both hospitals and the community, has been particularly efficient at developing resistance to antimicrobial agents. As methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has prevailed and, furthermore, as S. aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin has emerged, the therapeutic options for the treatment of S. aureus infections have become limited. To update the current status of antibiotic resistance, clinical S. aureus isolates were collected from eight university-affiliated hospitals from June 1999 to January 2001. Susceptibility tests with 28 antibiotics were performed by the disk diffusion method. Among a total of 682 isolates, the methicillin resistance rate was 64% (439 of 682), and most of the MRSA isolates were resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics. Although a constitutive macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance phenotype was common, no isolates were resistant to quinupristin-dalfopristin or linezolid. Rifampin, fusidic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and arbekacin showed superior in vitro activity compared with the other antibiotics against the MRSA isolates. No isolates showed reduced susceptibility to vancomycin.

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