BCG Vaccination Status, Age, and Gender as Risk Factors for Leprosy in Endemic Areas in the Brazilian Amazon

In 2018, 208,619 new cases of leprosy were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). Of these, 30,957 occurred in the Americas region and 28,660 (92.6% of the total in the Americas) were reported in Brazil. This study aimed to show the reality of the profile of a population in an endemic leprosy area in northern Brazil in relation to age, gender, and bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination status through the collection of data in the field with the evaluation of the study individuals, who were recruited by spontaneous demand. A total of 405 individuals participated in the study, with 100 multibacillary, 57 paucibacillary, and 248 healthy contacts. A relationship was observed between the occurrence of the disease, as well as the multibacillary form with the largest age group. The male gender was associated with leprosy per se, with the multibacillary form and was the largest representative of the group that was not vaccinated once. BCG vaccination was effective both in protecting against leprosy per se and in the multibacillary form. These results are limited by sample size, may not be conclusive, and will need further confirmation in a larger cohort.

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Age, gender and BCG vaccination status as risk factors for Leprosy in endemic areas of northern Brazil.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-55511/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Luana Nepomuceno Gondim Costa Lima ◽

Jasna Letícia Pinto Paz ◽

Maria do Perpétuo Socorro Corrêa Amador Silvestre ◽

Letícia Siqueira Moura ◽

Ismari Perini Furlaneto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Male Gender ◽

Vaccination Status ◽

World Health ◽

Age Group ◽

Bcg Vaccination ◽

The World ◽

Northern Brazil ◽

Per Se ◽

Health Organization

Abstract Background In 2018, 208.619 new cases of the leprosy were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). Of these, 30.957 occurred in the Americas region and 28.660 (92.6% of the total in the Americas) were reported in Brazil. This study aimed to show the reality of the profile of a population in an endemic leprosy area in northern Brazil in relation to age, gender and BCG (bacilo Calmette-Guérin) vaccination status, through the collection of data in the field with evaluation of the study individuals, recruited by spontaneous demand.Methods 405 individuals participated in the study, being 100 multibacillary, 57 paucibacillary and 248 healthy contacts.Results A relationship was observed between the occurrence of the disease, as well as the multibacillary form with the largest age group. The male gender was associated with leprosy per se, with the multibacillary form and was the largest representative of the group that was not vaccinated once.Conclusion BCG vaccination was effective both in protecting against leprosy per se and in the multibacillary form. These results are limited by sample size, may not be conclusive and will need further confirmation in a larger cohort.

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Male fertility concerns during COVID-19 pandemic

10.25259/jrhm_52_2020 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 55-58

Author(s):

Sutapa Mukherjee

Keyword(s):

Wide Spectrum ◽

World Health ◽

The Novel ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Gender Biases ◽

And Gender ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization ◽

Male Reproductive Health ◽

The Impact

Since its incidence in December 2019, the novel coronavirus, named “Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2” (SARS-CoV-2), has undergone excessively rapid human-to-human transmission throughout the globe and remains still unabated. The worldwide uncontrolled expansion of the disease coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pursued the World Health Organization to declare it a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The untiring efforts of scientists, clinicians, and researchers have increased our awareness about the pathophysiology of COVID-19 although much of it is shrouded with ambiguity. The wide spectrum of the disease in terms of severity, mortality, age and gender biases, physiological manifestations, and responses adds up to the complications. Of particular concern is the impact of COVID-19 on male reproductive health and fertility outcomes. The present article discusses some of the emerging multiple facets rendering the male reproductive system vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or associated pathological mechanisms.

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Body mass index profile among school children: an anthropometric study

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20193977 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (9) ◽

pp. 3820

Author(s):

S. Mahalakshmi ◽

M. J. Abirami

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Mass ◽

School Children ◽

Well Being ◽

National Standards ◽

National Standard ◽

World Health ◽

Age Group ◽

Age And Gender ◽

And Gender

Background: The study aimed to analyse the trends in the growth pattern of the children in the age group of 3-21 years of both boys and girls using body mass index (BMI). The study also compared the BMI of the sample with the WHO norms and the group average.Methods: A study was conducted in India covering 1728 children 849 boys and 879 girls from LKG grade to +2 grades in the age group of 3-21 years. BMI grades were computed as per WHO 2006 standards (underweight- <18.50, normal- 18.50-24.99, overweight- >25.00 and obese- >30.00). Results were analyzed using percentage and ANOVA.Results: The data shows that 88.9% of children in the age group of 3-8 years are underweight and in 15-21 years of age children are relatively healthy, but are inclined to move to overweight (17.66%) and obesity (7.21%). More of boys (31%) tend to be underweight than girls. Age and gender were found to be significantly related to BMI. The average BMI of the sample group is above the national standards of WHO (World Health Organization) in all the three age groups. Boys are found to be on par with WHO norms while girls exceed the same. Majority of the sample were below the average denoting underweight.Conclusions: Age and gender was significantly related with BMI. Average BMI of the sample was on par with national standard of WHO. BMI was thus found to be an effective tool for predicting the well-being of school children.

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Number of Pre-Existing Comorbidities and Prognosis of COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-37929/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Danrong Jing ◽

Juan Su ◽

Lin Ye ◽

Yan Zhang ◽

Yanhui Cui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Chronic Diseases ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Logistic Regression Model ◽

World Health ◽

Age And Gender ◽

And Gender ◽

Health Organization ◽

Critical Type

Abstract Background: Though many studies have described the association of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and different kinds of noncommunicable chronic diseases, information with the combine effects of comorbidities to COVID-19 patients have not been well characterized yet. The aim of this study was to examine the associations of numbers of comorbidities with critical type and death of COVID-19.Methods: This was a single-centered retrospective study among patients with COVID-19. All patients with COVID-19 enrolled in this study were diagnosed according to World Health Organization interim guidance. Six different kinds of noncommunicable chronic diseases were included in this study. The logistic regression model was used to estimate the fixed effect of numbers of comorbidities on critical type or death, adjusting for potential confounders.Results: In total, 475 COVID-19 patients were enrolled in our study, included 234 females and 241 males. Hypertension was the most frequent type (162 [34.1%] of 475 patients). Patients with two or more comorbidities have higher risk of critical type (OR 3.072, 95% CI [1.581, 5.970], p=0.001) and death (OR 5.538, 95% CI [1.577, 19.451], p=0.008) compared to patients without comorbidities. And the results were similar after adjusting for age and gender in critical type (OR 2.021, 95% CI [1.002–4.077], p=0.049) and death (OR 3.653, 95% CI [0.989, 13.494], p=0.052).Conclusions: The number of comorbidities was an independent risk factor for critical type and death in COVID-19 patients.

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Number of Pre-Existing Comorbidities and Prognosis of COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-61563/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Danrong Jing ◽

Juan Su ◽

Lin Ye ◽

Yan Zhang ◽

Yanhui Cui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Chronic Diseases ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Logistic Regression Model ◽

World Health ◽

Age And Gender ◽

And Gender ◽

Health Organization ◽

Critical Type

Abstract Background: Though many studies have described the association of COVID-19 and different kinds of noncommunicable chronic diseases, information with the combine effects of comorbidities to COVID-19 patients have not been well characterized yet. The aim of this study was to examine the associations of numbers of comorbidities with critical type and death of COVID-19.Methods: This was a single-centered retrospective study among patients with COVID-19. All patients with COVID-19 enrolled in this study were diagnosed according to World Health Organization interim guidance. Six different kinds of noncommunicable chronic diseases were included in this study. The logistic regression model was used to estimate the fixed effect of numbers of comorbidities on critical type or death, adjusting for potential confounders.Results: In total, 475 COVID-19 patients were enrolled in our study, included 234 females and 241 males. Hypertension was the most frequent type (162 [34.1%] of 475 patients). Patients with two or more comorbidities have higher risk of critical type (OR 3.072, 95% CI [1.581, 5.970], p=0.001) and death (OR 5.538, 95% CI [1.577, 19.451], p=0.008) compared to patients without comorbidities. And the results were similar after adjusting for age and gender in critical type (OR 2.021, 95% CI [1.002–4.077], p=0.049) and death (OR 3.653, 95% CI [0.989, 13.494], p=0.052).Conclusions: The number of comorbidities was an independent risk factor for critical type and death in COVID-19 patients.

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COVID-19 Severity and Neonatal BCG Vaccination among Young Population in Taiwan

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18084303 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 4303

Author(s):

Wei-Ju Su ◽

Chia-Hsuin Chang ◽

Jiun-Ling Wang ◽

Shu-Fong Chen ◽

Chin-Hui Yang

Keyword(s):

Severe Disease ◽

Clinical Syndrome ◽

Vaccination Status ◽

World Health ◽

Age Group ◽

Young Population ◽

Individual Patient Level ◽

Bcg Vaccination ◽

Mild Disease ◽

Moderate Disease

Background: Data have not been reported to explore the relation between COVID-19 severity and BCG vaccination status at the individual patient level. Methods: Taiwan has a nationwide neonatal BCG vaccination program that was launched in 1965. The Taiwan Centers for Disease Control established a web-based National Immunization Information System (NISS) in 2003 and included all citizens’ BCG vaccination records in NISS for those born after 1985. We identified COVID-19 Taiwanese patients born after 1985 between 21 January and 19 March 2021. Study participants were further classified into ages 4–24 years (birth year 1996–2016) and 25–33 years (birth year 1986–1995). We described their clinical syndrome defined by the World Health Organization and examined the relation between the COVID-19 severity and BCG vaccination status. Results: In the 4–24 age group, among 138 BCG vaccinated individuals, 80.4% were asymptomatic or had mild disease, while 17.4% had moderate disease, 1.5% had severe disease, and 0.7% had acute respiratory distress syndrome but none of them died. In contrast, all 6 BCG unvaccinated individuals in this age group experienced mild illness. In the 25–33 age group, moderate disease occurred in 14.2% and severe disease occurred in 0.9% of the 106 patients without neonatal BCG vaccination records, as compared to 19.2% had moderate disease and none had severe or critical disease of the 78 patients with neonatal BCG vaccination records. Conclusions: Our finding indicated that BCG immunization might not relate to COVID-19 severity in the young population.

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Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dynamics: Age and Gender-based Analysis of Surveillance Variables

10.20944/preprints202008.0458.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Malik Khizar Hayat ◽

Ali Daud ◽

Rabeeh Ayaz Abbasi ◽

Tehmina Amjad ◽

Xiuzhen Jenny Zhang

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

World Health Organization ◽

T Test ◽

World Health ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Aged People ◽

Gender Based ◽

And Gender ◽

Health Organization ◽

Polyserial Correlation

COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan and is later declared as a pandemic by World Health Organization. Different-aged people have varying gender-wise immunity control properties that necessitates understanding COVID-19 impact on age and gender which does not exist, currently. In this paper, COVID-19 surveillance variables are extensively studied along with hospitalization, tests-performed, and recovery data. Dataset is curated from three sources; however, age and gender data belong to Belgium, particularly. Visualizations, frequencies, Pearson’s and polyserial correlation, student’s t-test, and Cramer’s V are used for enhanced analysis. Results show higher mortality rate in males and need of more ventilators to combat severe symptoms.

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Age and gender-related peculiarities of multiple primary cancers (MPC) in the Altai Territory

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.1552 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 1552-1552

Author(s):

E. L. Sekerzhinskaya ◽

V. D. Petrova ◽

A. F. Lazarev

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

World Health ◽

Multiple Primary Cancers ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Age Related ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Multiple Primary ◽

Males And Females ◽

And Gender ◽

Health Organization

1552 Background: Itis known that the age-related differences in cancer incidence become distinct among males and females above 30 years of age. The share of elderly females in the general population is growing due to anomaly high non-oncological mortality of able-bodied males. Methods: The data of the Altai territory cancer registry (1995–2008 y.y.) on 3861 patients with MPC were analyzed. Results: Three thousand seven hundred forty four patients (96.97%) had 2 MPC; 114 patients (2.95 %), 3; and 3 patients (0.07 %), 4. Among all the patients with MPC there were 50.58% females and 49.42 % males. The average age of patients with double MPC was 63.1 (varied from 14.4 to 82.6). The average age of patients with triple MPC was 63.0 (varied from 39.0 to 81.0). In most of the patients. cancers were diagnosed at the ages of 60 to 69, which is considered elderly in accordance with World Health Organization gerontological classification. Females prevailed over males among the patients at the ages of 30 to 39 (71.43% to 28.57%, p < 0.05) as well as at the ages of 40 to 49 (69.34% to 30.66%, [p <0.01). However, among the patients at the ages of 60 to 69, males amounted 55.69% in comparison with 44.31% of females (p < 0.01). The was no significant difference between the number of females and males among the patients with MPC at the ages of 70 to 79. Conclusions: Thus, MPC were frequently registered in both males and females. Yet among the patients with MPC in elderly ages, there were more males than females. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Bleeding risks are higher in children versus adults given prophylactic platelet transfusions for treatment-induced hypoproliferative thrombocytopenia

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2011-11-389569 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 120 (4) ◽

pp. 748-760 ◽

Cited By ~ 67

Author(s):

Cassandra D. Josephson ◽

Suzanne Granger ◽

Susan F. Assmann ◽

Marta-Inés Castillejo ◽

Ronald G. Strauss ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bleeding Risk ◽

World Health ◽

Age Group ◽

Transplant Recipients ◽

Disease Treatment ◽

Platelet Counts ◽

Wide Range ◽

Treatment Category ◽

Dose Trial ◽

Health Organization

Age-group analyses were conducted of patients in the prophylactic platelet dose trial (PLADO), which evaluated the relation between platelet dose per transfusion and bleeding. Hospitalized patients with treatment-induced hypoproliferative thrombocytopenia were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 platelet doses: 1.1 × 1011, 2.2 × 1011, or 4.4 × 1011 platelets/m2 per transfusion, given for morning counts of ≤ 10 000 platelets/μL. Daily hemostatic assessments were performed. The primary end point (percentage of patients who developed grade 2 or higher World Health Organization bleeding) was evaluated in 198 children (0-18 years) and 1044 adults. Although platelet dose did not predict bleeding for any age group, children overall had a significantly higher risk of grade 2 or higher bleeding than adults (86%, 88%, 77% vs 67% of patients aged 0-5 years, 6-12 years, 13-18 years, vs adults, respectively) and more days with grade 2 or higher bleeding (median, 3 days in each pediatric group vs 1 day in adults; P < .001). The effect of age on bleeding differed by disease treatment category and was most pronounced among autologous transplant recipients. Pediatric subjects were at higher risk of bleeding over a wide range of platelet counts, indicating that their excess bleeding risk may be because of factors other than platelet counts. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00128713.

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Health Problems of Adolescence: Report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organization:

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.37.2.392 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 392-392

Author(s):

THOMAS E. CONE

Keyword(s):

World Health Organization ◽

Health Problems ◽

World Health ◽

Expert Committee ◽

Age Group ◽

Committee Meeting ◽

Adolescent Population ◽

The World ◽

Group 15 ◽

Health Organization

This is a timely, concise, eminently practical, thoughtfully, even tenderly, written 28 page report of a recent WHO Expert Committee meeting on the health problems of adolescence. The members and the consultants to the Committee deftly summarize the major worldwide trends affecting our adolescent population. The size of this population is staggering; in the age group 15-19 years alone there are already 300 million adolescents in the world, and there seems every likelihood that these numbers will increase rapidly during the next decade.

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