scholarly journals The Characteristics of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulfur Transformation During Cattle Manure Composting—Based on Different Aeration Strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Wang ◽  
Shanjiang Liu ◽  
Wentao Xue ◽  
He Guo ◽  
Xinrong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Aeration Rate ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
N Losses ◽  
C And N ◽  
Sulfur Transformation ◽  
H2s Emission ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of gaseous emission (methane—CH4, carbon dioxide—CO2, nitrous oxide—N2O, nitric oxide—NO, hydrogen sulfide—H2S and sulfur dioxide—SO2) and the conservation of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) during cattle manure composting under different aeration strategies. Three aeration strategies were set as C60, C100, and I60, representing the different combinations of aeration method (continuous—C or intermittent—I) and aeration rate (60 or 100 L·min−1·m−3). Results showed that C, N, S mass was reduced by 48.8–53.1%, 29.8–35.9% and 19.6–21.9%, respectively, after the composing process. Among the three strategies, the intermittent aeration treatment I60 obtained the highest N2O emissions, resulting in the highest N loss and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when the GHG emissions from power consumption were not considered. Within two continuous aeration treatments, lower aeration rates in C60 caused lower CO2, N2O, NO, and SO2 emissions but higher CH4 emissions than those from C100. Meanwhile, C and N losses were also lowest in the C60 treatment. H2S emission was not detected because of the more alkaline pH of the compost material. Thus, C60 can be recommended for cattle manure composting because of its nutrient conservation and mitigation of major gas and GHG emissions.

scholarly journals The nitrogen, carbon and greenhouse gas budget of a grazed, cut and fertilised temperate grassland

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie K. Jones ◽  
Carole Helfter ◽  
Margaret Anderson ◽  
Mhairi Coyle ◽  
Claire Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N Budget ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Enteric Fermentation ◽  
C And N ◽  
Ch4 And N2o

Abstract. Intensively managed grazed grasslands in temperate climates are globally important environments for the exchange of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). We assessed the N and C budget of a mostly grazed, occasionally cut, and fertilized grassland in SE Scotland by measuring or modelling all relevant imports and exports to the field as well as changes in soil C and N pools over time. The N budget was dominated by import from inorganic and organic fertilisers (21.9 g N m2 yr−1) and losses from leaching (5.3 g N m2 yr−1), N2 emissions and NOx and NH3 volatilisation (6.4 g N m2 yr−1). The efficiency of N use by animal products (meat and wool) averaged 11 %. On average over nine years (2002–2010) the balance of N fluxes suggested that 7.2 ± 4.6 g N m−2 y−1 (mean ± confidence interval at p > 0.95) were stored in the soil. The largest component of the C budget was the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE), at an average uptake rate of 218 ± 155 g C m−2 y−1 over the nine years. This sink strength was offset by carbon export from the field mainly as harvest (48.9 g C m2 yr−1) and leaching (16.4 g C m2 yr−1). The other export terms, CH4 emissions from the soil, manure applications and enteric fermentation were negligible and only contributed to 0.02–4.2 % of the total C losses. Only a small fraction of C was incorporated into the body of the grazing animals. Inclusion of these C losses in the budget resulted in a C sink strength of 163 ± 140 g C m−2 y−1. On the contrary, soil stock measurements taken in May 2004 and May 2011 indicated that the grassland sequestered N in the 0–60 cm soil layer at 4.51 ± 2.64 g N m−2 y−1 and lost C at a rate of 29.08 ± 38.19 g C m−2 y-1, respectively. Potential reasons for the discrepancy between these estimates are probably an underestimation of C and N losses, especially from leaching fluxes as well as from animal respiration. The average greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of the grassland was −366 ± 601 g CO2 eq m−2 y−1 and strongly affected by CH4 and N2O emissions. The GHG sink strength of the NEE was reduced by 54 % by CH4 and N2O emissions. Enteric fermentation from the ruminating sheep proved to be an important CH4 source, exceeding the contribution of N2O to the GHG budget in some years.

scholarly journals Lignite Improved the Quality of Composted Manure and Mitigated Emissions of Ammonia and Greenhouse Gases during Forced Aeration Composting

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10528
Author(s):  
Robert Impraim ◽  
Anthony Weatherley ◽  
Trevor Coates ◽  
Deli Chen ◽  
Helen Suter
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Emission Mitigation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Compost Stability ◽  
Nh3 Emission ◽  
Forced Aeration ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Lignite amendment of livestock manure is considered a viable ammonia (NH3) emission mitigation technique. However, its impact on the subsequent composting of the manure has not been well studied. This work compared changes in biochemical parameters (e.g., organic matter loss and nitrogen (N) transformation) and also the emissions of NH3 and greenhouse gases (GHGs) between lignite-amended and unamended cattle manure during forced aeration composting. Amending manure with lignite did not alter the time to compost stability despite delaying the onset of the thermophilic temperatures. Lignite treatments retained N in the manure by suppressing NH3 loss by 35–54%, resulting in lignite-amended manure composts having 10–19% more total N than the unamended compost. Relative to manure only, lignites reduced GHG emissions over the composting period: nitrous oxide (N2O) (58–72%), carbon dioxide (CO2) (12–23%) and methane (CH4) (52–59%). Low levels of CH4 and N2O emissions were observed and this was attributed to the continuous forced aeration system used in the composting. Lignite addition also improved the germination index of the final compost: 90–113% compared to 71% for manure only. These findings suggest that lignite amendment of manure has the potential to improve the quality of the final compost whilst mitigating the environmental release of NH3 and GHGs.

Effect of storage conditions on losses and crop utilization of nitrogen from solid cattle manure

2015 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. SHAH ◽  
G. A. SHAH ◽  
J. C. J. GROOT ◽  
O. OENEMA ◽  
A. S. RAZA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arable Land ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Flux Chamber ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
C And N

SummaryThe objectives of the present study were to quantify the effects of contrasting methods for storing solid cattle manure on: (i) total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) balances during storage, and (ii) crop apparent N recovery (ANR) following manure application to arable land, with maize as a test crop. Portions of 10 t of fresh solid cattle manure were stored for 5 months during 2009/10 in three replicates as: (i) stockpiled heaps, (ii) roofed heaps, (iii) covered heaps and (iv) turned heaps at Wageningen University, the Netherlands. Surface emissions of ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) were measured regularly using a static flux chamber connected to a photo-acoustic gas monitor. Total C and N losses during storage were determined through the mass balance method. After storage, the manures were surface-applied and incorporated into a sandy soil, and maize ANR was measured as a proportion of both N applied to the field (ANRF) and N collected from the barn (ANRB).During the storage period, the average losses of initial total N (Ntotal) were 6% from the covered, 12% from the roofed, 21% from the stockpiled and 33% from the turned heaps. Of the total N losses, 2–9% was lost as NH3-N, 1–4% as N2O-N and 16–32% through leaching. However, the greatest part of the total N loss from the four storage methods was unaccounted for and constituted in all probability of harmless dinitrogen gas. Of the initial C content,c. 13, 14, 17 and 22% was lost from the covered, stockpiled, roofed and turned heaps, respectively. Maize ANRFwas highest from covered (39% of the applied N) followed by roofed (31%), stockpiled (29%) and turned manure (20%). The respective values in case of maize ANRBwere 37, 27, 23 and 13%. It is concluded that from a viewpoint of on-farm N recycling the storage of solid cattle manure under an impermeable plastic cover is much better than traditional stockpiling or turning heaps in the open air.

scholarly journals The Role of Anaerobic Digestion in Reducing Dairy Farm Greenhouse Gas Emissions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2612
Author(s):  
Alun Scott ◽  
Richard Blanchard
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Impact

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy farms are significant contributors to global warming. However, much of the published work on GHG reduction is focused on either methane (CH4) or nitrous oxide (N2O), with few, if any, considering the interactions that changes to farming systems can have on both gases. This paper takes the raw data from a year of activity on a 300-cow commercial dairy farm in Northern Ireland to more accurately quantify GHG sources by use of a simple predictive model based on IPCC methodology. Differing herd management policies are examined together with the impact of integrating anaerobic digestion (AD) into each farming system. Whilst significant success can be predicted in capturing CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) as biogas and preventing N2O emissions, gains made can be lost in a subsequent process, negating some or all of the advantage. The process of extracting value from the captured resource is discussed in light of current farm parameters together with indications of other potential revenue streams. However, this study has concluded that despite the significant potential for GHG reduction, there is little incentive for widespread adoption of manure-based farm-scale AD in the UK at this time.

scholarly journals Sheep Excrement Increases Mass of Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Soil Growing Two Forage Crop and Multi-Cutting Reduces Intensity

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Xinzhou Zhao ◽  
Lina Shi ◽  
Shanning Lou ◽  
Jiao Ning ◽  
Yarong Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
N Content ◽  
Grassland Ecosystems ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

To explore the effects of multi-cutting and sheep excrement on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from grassland ecosystems which simulate grazing livestock to a certain extent, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Yongliang 15) and common vetch (Vicia sativa L., var. Lanjian 3) were planted in pot experiments in an inland arid region in 2019. Four treatments were conducted with eight replicates: plants without sheep excrement and cutting (CK), plants with multi-cutting (MC), plants with sheep excrement (SE), and plants with multi-cutting and sheep excrement (CE). The results showed that the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission of common vetch with CE significantly was higher than that with MC at the earlier and later branching stages (p < 0.05). That of spring wheat with CE was significantly higher than that with MC at the later tillering stage (p < 0.05). Nitrogen oxide (N2O) emissions of the two forage crops with SE rose significantly more than those with MC at both stages (p < 0.05). Methane (CH4) of both forage crops with SE changed from absorption to emission (p < 0.05). Soil NO3−-N content of both forages significantly increased with SE compared with MC (p < 0.05), while soil NH4+-N content did not change significantly. Sheep excrement changed the CH4 sink into a CH4 source of the soil growing the two forage crops and increased the emissions of CO2 and N2O, whereas multi-cutting significantly reduced the GHG intensity of forage crops mostly by promoting the growth of the two forage crops. Future studies are suggested to identify the spatiotemporal effects of cutting and sheep excrement on GHG emissions to improve the prediction of future climate impacts from grazing activities.

scholarly journals Application of Farmyard Manure Rather Than Manure Slurry Mitigates the Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Herbage Production System in Nasu, Japan

Atmosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinori Mori
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Synthetic Fertilizer ◽  
Manure Slurry ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

In Japan, it is important to recycle the nutrients in manure for forage production because most dairy cattle are fed inside, mainly with imported grain and home-grown roughage. To understand the overall effect of manure use on grassland on the net greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and GHG intensity of herbage production systems, the integrated evaluation of emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) is essential. The objective of this study was to compare the net GHG emissions (expressed in CO2-eq ha−1 y−1) and GHG intensity (expressed in CO2-eq Mg–1 dry matter yield) of herbage production based on manure slurry + synthetic fertilizer (slurry system) with that based on farmyard manure + synthetic fertilizer (FYM system). Calculations of net GHG emissions and GHG intensity took into account the net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) in grassland, the CH4 and N2O emissions from grassland, and GHG emissions related to cattle waste management, synthetic fertilizer manufacture, and fuel consumption for grassland management based on literature data from previous studies. The net GHG emissions and GHG intensity were 36% (6.9 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 y−1) and 41% (0.89 Mg CO2-eq Mg−1), respectively, lower in the FYM system.

Ecological and physiological implications of nitrogen oxide reduction pathways on greenhouse gas emissions in agroecosystems

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukhwan Yoon ◽  
Bongkeun Song ◽  
Rebecca L Phillips ◽  
Jin Chang ◽  
Min Joon Song
Keyword(s):  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Oxide Reduction ◽  
N Budget ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
N Losses ◽  
N2o Production ◽  
N2o Reductase

ABSTRACT Microbial reductive pathways of nitrogen (N) oxides are highly relevant to net emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) from agroecosystems. Several biotic and abiotic N-oxide reductive pathways influence the N budget and net GHG production in soil. This review summarizes the recent findings of N-oxide reduction pathways and their implications to GHG emissions in agroecosystems and proposes several mitigation strategies. Denitrification is the primary N-oxide reductive pathway that results in direct N2O emissions and fixed N losses, which add to the net carbon footprint. We highlight how dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), an alternative N-oxide reduction pathway, may be used to reduce N2O production and N losses via denitrification. Implications of nosZ abundance and diversity and expressed N2O reductase activity to soil N2O emissions are reviewed with focus on the role of the N2O-reducers as an important N2O sink. Non-prokaryotic N2O sources, e.g. fungal denitrification, codenitrification and chemodenitrification, are also summarized to emphasize their potential significance as modulators of soil N2O emissions. Through the extensive review of these recent scientific advancements, this study posits opportunities for GHG mitigation through manipulation of microbial N-oxide reductive pathways in soil.

scholarly journals Influence urban infrastructure on water quality and greenhouse gas dynamics in streams

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose M. Smith ◽  
Sujay S. Kaushal ◽  
Jake J. Beaulieu ◽  
Michael J. Pennino ◽  
Claire Welty
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Septic Systems ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. Streams and rivers are significant sources of nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4), and watershed management can alter greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from streams. GHG emissions from streams in agricultural watersheds have been investigated in numerous studies, but less is known about streams draining urban watersheds. We hypothesized that urban infrastructure significantly influences GHG dynamics along the urban watershed continuum, extending from engineered headwater flowpaths to larger streams. GHG concentrations and emissions were measured across streams draining a gradient of stormwater and sanitary infrastructure including: (1) complete stream burial, (2) in-line stormwater wetlands, (3) riparian/floodplain preservation, and (4) septic systems. Infrastructure categories significantly influenced drivers of GHG dynamics including carbon to nitrogen stoichiometry, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), and water temperature. These variables explained much of the statistical variation in nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) saturation in stream water (r2 = 0.78, 0.78, 0.50 respectively). N2O saturation ratios in urban streams were among the highest reported for flowing waters, ranging from 1.1–47 across all sites and dates. The highest N2O saturation ratios were measured in streams draining nonpoint N sources from septic systems and were strongly correlated with TDN. CO2 was highly correlated with N2O across all sites and dates (r2 = 0.84), and CO2 saturation ratio ranged from 1.1–73. CH4 was always super-saturated with saturation values ranging from 3.0 to 2157. Differences in stormwater and sewer infrastructure influenced water quality, with significant implications for enhancing or minimizing stream CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions.

A Process-Based Model for Cattle Manure Compost Windrows: Part 2. Model Performance and Application

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 893-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry F. Bonifacio ◽  
C. Alan Rotz ◽  
Tom L. Richard
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
N Loss ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
C And N

Abstract. A model was developed and incorporated into the Integrated Farm System Model (IFSM, v.4.3) that simulates important processes occurring during windrow composting of manure. The model, documented in an accompanying article, predicts changes in windrow properties and conditions and the resulting emissions of C and N. Our objective in this article was to evaluate the performance of the compost windrow model. Model predictions were compared to published data from an independent cattle manure composting study that characterized static (no turning) and turned windrows composted over a 188-day period. The model did very well in simulating C and N losses for the turned windrow treatment, with predicted and measured cumulative C losses of 78% and 77%, respectively, and cumulative N losses of 55% and 57%, respectively, by day 99 of composting. By day 188 of composting, predicted cumulative N loss (56%) differed from measured (58%) by 2 percentage points only, whereas predicted cumulative C loss matched the corresponding measured value (80%). For the static windrow treatment, the model also did well in simulating cumulative C loss by day 99, with a difference of 5 percentage points between predicted (50%) and measured (45%) values. On the other hand, there was a difference of 12 percentage points between predicted (31%) and measured (19%) cumulative N losses for the static windrow by day 99. This discrepancy in simulating N loss for the static windrow treatment was not surprising, as the NH3 biofiltration effect of the finished compost cover on the actual static windrow was not modeled. After simulating the turning of the static windrow treatment on day 99, predicted and measured cumulative N losses by day 188 were equal at 44%. With the compost windrow model as a component, IFSM can be used to evaluate gaseous emissions from composted manure as influenced by windrow management practices and environmental conditions, along with other aspects of performance, environmental impact, and economics of cattle feeding operations. Simulating different composting strategies showed that addition of dry material to the cattle manure at the start of composting and turning of the manure windrow during composting produced a more stable organic soil amendment but caused greater carbon and nitrogen losses. Keywords: Cattle manure, Composting, Emissions, IFSM, Process-based modeling.

scholarly journals Improving the Sustainability of Dairy Slurry by A Commercial Additive Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 4998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Borgonovo ◽  
Cecilia Conti ◽  
Daniela Lovarelli ◽  
Valentina Ferrante ◽  
Marcella Guarino
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Cattle Slurry ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Environmental Impact Categories ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from livestock farms contribute to negative environmental impacts such as acidification and climate change. A significant part of these emissions is produced from the decomposition of slurry in livestock facilities, during storage and treatment phases. This research aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the additive “SOP LAGOON” (made of agricultural gypsum processed with proprietary technology) on (i) NH3 and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, (ii) slurry properties and N loss. Moreover, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method was applied to assess the potential environmental impact associated with stored slurry treated with the additive. Six barrels were filled with 65 L of cattle slurry, of which three were used as a control while the additive was used in the other three. The results indicated that the use of the additive led to a reduction of total nitrogen, nitrates, and GHG emissions. LCA confirmed the higher environmental sustainability of the scenario with the additive for some environmental impact categories among which climate change. In conclusion, the additive has beneficial effects on both emissions and the environment, and the nitrogen present in the treated slurry could partially displace a mineral fertilizer, which can be considered an environmental credit.

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