scholarly journals Understanding Open Defecation in the Age of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Agency, Accountability, and Anger in Rural Bihar

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anoop Jain ◽  
Ashley Wagner ◽  
Claire Snell-Rood ◽  
Isha Ray
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Epidemiology ◽  
Structural Determinants ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Latrine Use

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, India’s flagship sanitation intervention, set out to end open defecation by October 2019. While the program improved toilet coverage nationally, large regional disparities in construction and use remain. Our study used ethnographic methods to explore perspectives on open defecation and latrine use, and the socio-economic and political reasons for these perspectives, in rural Bihar. We draw on insights from social epidemiology and political ecology to explore the structural determinants of latrine ownership and use. Though researchers have often pointed to rural residents’ preference for open defecation, we found that people were aware of its many risks. We also found that (i) while sanitation research and “behavior change” campaigns often conflate the reluctance to adopt latrines with a preference for open defecation, this is an erroneous conflation; (ii) a subsidy can help (some) households to construct latrines but the amount of the subsidy and the manner of its disbursement are key to its usefulness; and (iii) widespread resentment towards what many rural residents view as a development bias against rural areas reinforces distrust towards the government overall and its Swachh Bharat Abhiyan-funded latrines in particular. These social-structural explanations for the slow uptake of sanitation in rural Bihar (and potentially elsewhere) deserve more attention in sanitation research and promotion efforts.

Community interactions and sanitation use by the urban poor: Survey evidence from India’s slums

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 004209802091182
Author(s):  
YuJung Julia Lee ◽  
Tiffany Radcliff
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
High Population Density ◽  
Community Interactions ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
Latrine Use

While the current scholarship on open defecation overwhelmingly focuses on increasing access to sanitation facilities as the solution, millions of people around the world still practise open defecation despite having latrines. This is especially problematic in urban slums where people are more vulnerable to sanitation-related diseases compared with rural areas because of their high population density. We explore why latrines are not being used even when they are available to slum dwellers by identifying social interactions that serve as information channels that promote public latrine use. Using an original survey in New Delhi, we find that slum dwellers who frequently interact with slum leaders, more so than other community leaders, are more likely to use nearby public latrines regularly. A survey of slum leaders finds that their role in fixing and maintaining public latrines and informing others of these acts as well as educating people on hygiene encourage public latrine use.

scholarly journals A STUDY ON PERSONALIZED BANKING SERVICES - A STEP TOWARDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
S. S. Mallikarjuna Prasanna
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
Bank Branches ◽  
Personalized Services ◽  
The Government ◽  
Rural Dwellers

Ever since the country gained independence, the Government of India has taken a plethora of measures for the development of rural areas along with the urban areas. This is perceptible from the first Five-year plan to the latest schemes announced by the Government, which distinguishably emphasize on rural development and enhancing farmers’ income & welfare. To achieve these aims, RBI gives directives to banks for development of rural areas and for opening of bank branches in these areas. Personalized services targeted for the rural residents will make them active participants in the banking sector and they will contribute towards the growth of the economy. The objective of this research paper is to understand the preference of personalized services by bank customers residing in different areas of the Mysore and Tumkur. More than half of the population in Karnataka is residing in rural areas. The results of the study reveal that the urban bank customers have more preference for personalized services as compared to their rural counterparts and there is need to motivate the rural dwellers for utilizing more personalized banking services for their own development and for the development of the economy.

scholarly journals Factors influencing sustainability of open defecation free (ODF) status in rural India: A cross sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-125
Author(s):  
P S Janaki Krishna ◽  
R K Mishra ◽  
Maschendar Goud
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Free Status

Tackling a simple and sensitive concern of ‘Open Defecation (OD)’ is such a compounded and righteous challenge that enormous efforts and resources are needed to bring in the desired changes in the villages. Towards this, attaining open defecation free (ODF) status by providing toilet facilities to every household is the foremost step in rural sanitation programme under Swachh Bharat Mission – Gramin (SBM –G) being implemented by the Government of India. The present paper aims to examine the factors that have influence in attaining ODF status in rural areas. In this study, various parameters that contribute to attaining ODF status in the villages were identified and an extensive primary survey was conducted in 32,390 households across 686 rural villages in Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh, India. The empirical analysis of the data using a multinomial logistic regression model revealed that the factors such as water availability, safe excreta disposal, technology used for toilet construction and awareness on Swachh Bharat have an influence in achieving the open defecation free status in the villages to a greater extent.

scholarly journals Rural Public Acceptance of Wind and Solar Energy: A Case Study from Mersing, Malaysia

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3855
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aslam Mohd Safari ◽  
Nurulkamal Masseran ◽  
Alias Jedi ◽  
Sohif Mat ◽  
Kamaruzzaman Sopian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Public Acceptance ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
The Public ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Government

The sustainable development of the energy sector through the implementation of renewable energy (RE) technology has been a primary concern for the government of Malaysia since the 1990s. Developing RE technology in rural areas is also one of the most important energy strategies. One of the most important requirements for the successful adoption of renewable energy technology is the public acceptance of this technology. This article examines the public acceptance of RE (wind and solar) technologies among rural residents in Mersing, Malaysia. This study is conducted in conjunction with the development of the hybrid wind–solar RE generation system for the Marine Ecosystem Research Centre (EKOMAR), which located in Mersing. To investigate the public acceptance of RE technologies, two surveys were conducted, before and after the installation of the hybrid wind–solar RE generation system. The findings revealed that RE innovations, such as wind and solar energy, were well known among 54.7% and 96.2% of the respondents, respectively, before and after the introduction of EKOMAR. The survey results showed that rural residents generally support RE technologies and EKOMAR RE projects. They were also in line that the use of RE should also be extended to other parts of Mersing, including wind and solar. These findings illustrate that EKOMAR has played a crucial role in educating local residents about RE, wind and solar energy in particular. Residents believe the government plays an important role, particularly in rural areas, in encouraging and enhancing RE technologies.

scholarly journals Water and Sanitation Situation in Selected Villages in Ifedore Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 511-522
Author(s):  
O.O. Rotowa ◽  
O. Adeleye
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
The People ◽  
Ondo State ◽  
People First ◽  
The Government

Water is essential for life, while sanitation is for dignity. Worldwide, Nigeria is second to India in term of open defecation, with an estimated population of 109 million open defecators. The rural areas currently lagged behind the urban areas in term of water and sanitation. A survey of two villages in the Ifedore Local Government of Ondo State, Nigeria was conducted, using 88 respondents selected through purposive sampling technique from Ikota and Aaye village cluster. Findings from the study revealed that sources of water are boreholes, wells and streams. On the other hand, most of the indigenes still practice open defecation, though some of them use water closet, pour flush toilet and variances of pit latrine as toilet. Most of them still expect the government to install and maintain facilities provided. It is suggested that demand driven and the bottom-top approach where the people first believe that water and sanitation prevent diseases and provide longevity be explored. It is believed that reinventing the services of sanitary officers (Wole Wole), will help in disseminating and enforcing proper hygienic practices.

scholarly journals Urban and rural income, residents’ consumption structure and energy consumption

2020 ◽  
Vol 218 ◽  
pp. 01034
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Zhi-wei Liu ◽  
Nan-nan Li ◽  
Jia-li Zhang ◽  
Ya-chen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Consumption Structure ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

As an internal driving force to promote economic growth, residents’ consumption also has an important impact on energy consumption. Based on the difference of consumption structure between urban and rural residents, this paper introduces the income gap variable of urban and rural residents, analyzes the impact of urban and rural residents’ consumption on energy consumption, and provides reference for the implementation of energy conservation and emission reduction policies. On this basis, the author believes that the government should take flexible measures to control energy consumption according to the differences between urban and rural areas, make accurate efforts, and steadily promote the implementation of energy conservation and emission reduction.

scholarly journals Having a latrine facility is not a guarantee for eliminating open defecation owing to socio-demographic and environmental factors: The case of Machakel district in Ethiopia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257813
Author(s):  
Abathun Temesgen ◽  
Mesafint Molla Adane ◽  
Amsalu Birara ◽  
Tebkew Shibabaw
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
P Value ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Determinant Factors ◽  
The Government ◽  
Household Heads

Background Open defecation practice problem is rampant in most rural areas of developing countries, including Ethiopia. To combat this problem, the Ethiopian government implemented different sanitation interventions including Community-Led Total Sanitation and Hygiene (CLTSH). The CLTSH approach is mainly aimed to eradicate open defecation practice through mobilizing the community to construct a latrine facility and utilize it. Although this intervention has significantly improved households’ access to a latrine facility, its impact on bringing behavioral change such as avoiding open defecation is not well studied. Objective Our study aimed to assess the prevalence of open defecation among households having their latrine and its determinant factors in rural settings in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Machakal district from September 1 to 30, 2019. A total of 472 household heads who had a latrine facility and systematically selected from six rural Kebeles of the district, were involved in the study. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire and observational checklist tools through face-to-face interviews and observation methods. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were run to identify the factors that influence open defecation practice. During the multivariable analysis, statistical significance was declared at the p-value of <0.05 with 95% CI. Results The prevalence of open defecation practice among household heads who had latrine facility was 27.8% (95% CI, [23.1–32.8]). Female gender (AOR = 2.94, 95% CI [1.13–7.68]), not attending of formal education (AOR = 3.10, CI 95% [1.34–7.13]), having >5 family members (AOR = 1.72, CI 95% [1.05–2.80]), presence of under-five child (AOR = 3.64 CI 95% [2.14–6.21]), preferring leaf as anal cleaning material (AOR = 3.18, CI 95% [1.67–6.08]), having unclean latrine (AOR = 2.15, CI 95% [1.34–3.44]), and having latrine that needs maintenance (AOR = 2.50 CI 95% [1.52–4.11]) variables were associated with open defecation practice. Conclusions Among the total respondents, finding more than a quarter of open defecators is concerning for a district that achieved greatly in terms of latrine coverage. This indicates the above-mentioned factors contributed to influence household heads to defecate openly despite having latrines. Therefore, the government and partners need to focus on designing strategies that effectively address determinant factors of open defecation.

The Impact of the Implementation of Rural Internet Centers on Rural Residents in Beranang and Tanjung Sepat

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 70-87
Author(s):  
Muhammad Adnan Pitchan ◽  
◽  
Sharifah Nur Azita Syed Anuwa ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Technology Policy ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
The People ◽  
High Satisfaction ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The development of information and communication technology (ICT) has been proven to be able to help facilitate daily activities that were previously carried out manually in a more productive direction. There is no doubt technology is also changing the lifestyle of our society. The government has implemented various efforts to ensure that the people in Malaysia, whether in urban or rural areas, can master ICT, including through the Beranang Rural Internet Center (PID) and Tanjung Sepat PID. This study has two objectives, namely to find out the impact of PID implementation on the rural population, as well as to study the proposed improvement of PID implementation on the rural population. This study uses a qualitative approach that is in-depth interviews with policy makers at KKMM and policy implementers of which are supervisors working at PID and also a focus group involving 28 PID users, to collect data. The results of this study found that the implementation of PID is indeed effective in developing the rural population. Consumers get such high satisfaction especially in the economic aspect. However, the limited aspect of facilities interferes with user satisfaction to use this PID. This is because the area allocated for PID is found to be small and only a limited number of computers are provided. Dissemination activities on various PID programs also need to be increased because there are still many rural residents who think that PID is just a place to access the internet. Keywords: Information technology, policy, rural Internet center, rural, digital.

PERCEPTIONS OF SOUTH AFRICAN YOUTH OF LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES: A CASE IN THE LEPELLE-NKUMPI MUNICIPAL AREA

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-89
Author(s):  
Matshidiso Kanjere
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Development ◽  
Young People ◽  
South African ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
South Africans ◽  
African Youth ◽  
Multiple Challenges ◽  
The Government

The South African youth faces multiple challenges that range from illiteracy, drug and alcohol abuse, crime and HIV/AIDS, to unemployment. These challenges and many other ills in society have led to interventions by government, and private and other civil societies. The government has established and initiated a number of programmes that aim at building capacity and helping the youth to cope with these multiple challenges. Some of the programmes are aimed at building leadership capacity among the impoverished youth in rural communities. A lot of money is being invested in these programmes, which are meant to develop young South Africans. However, there are some young people who do not participate in these programmes. They are also not in the formal education system, self-employed or employed elsewhere. And they are despondent. The government, private sector and non-governmental organisations are trying hard to bring these youths and others into the developmental arena, so that they can be active participants in the economy of the country in the near future. However, little research has been conducted to assess the broad impact of the various programmes in the country. The contribution that these programmes are making toward improving the livelihoods of young people has to be determined on a larger scale. Nevertheless, this article reports on an investigation that was conducted on a smaller scale, at the Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality. The aim of the research was to explore the perceptions young South Africans have of the leadership development programmes that they have participated in. A mixed research approach was used to collect data and the key findings indicated that knowledge accumulated through participation in the programmes does not always translate into practical applications. However, the programmes were deemed to be valuable in instilling a positive life-view. The study recommends that support systems be established in the rural areas to assist young people with life challenges.

Prinsip Dasar Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Dalam Islam

AKADEMIKA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Misbahul Khoir
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Universal Values ◽  
The Government ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
And Behavior

In order for humans could reach the so-called falah (goodness), human behavior needs to be colored with the spirit and norms of Islamic economics reflected in its values. The principles and values of Islamic economics are considerably two inseparable things. The implementation of economic principles without being colored with values or values without being based on principles could keep people far away from their purpose, namely falah. The implementation of values not based on principles will tend to bring with it the normative economics, which would cause it trapped into injustice. While the implementation of values on the Islamic economic development is based on the five universal values, namely akidah (belief), 'adl (justice), nubuwwah (prophetic), khilafah (the government), and ma'ad (results). The five principles are used as the basis for building theories of Islamic economics. But strong and adequate theories not applied into a system will make the Islamic economics just as the study of science without giving positive impact on the economic life. Therefore, based on the five universal values, the three derivative principles should be built into the characteristics and the forerunner of the Islamic economic system. The Islamic economic system makes sure that there are no economic transactions that are contrary to the Shari'a. But business performance depends on the man behind the gun. For that reason, the economic actors within this framework could be held by non-Muslims. The Islamic economics could only be developed if the mindset and behavior of Muslims are already itqan (diligent) and ihsan (professional). It "may be" one of the secrets of the Prophet's statement, saying "Truly I was sent to perfect good character". Because good character could be an indicator of knowing good or bad behavior in determining both the success and the failure of business itself.

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