Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in the First Trimester—Comparison of Missed Miscarriage and Normal Pregnancy

The advantage in response of Th2 over Th1 is observed in normal pregnancy in peripheral blood. A disturbance of this balance can lead to symptoms of miscarriage and pregnancy loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in sera of women who were diagnosed with missed miscarriage in the first trimester and to compare this systemic immune response to the response in women with normal pregnancy. The study group consisted of 61 patients diagnosed with missed miscarriage. In total, 19 healthy women with uncomplicated first trimester created the control group. Cytokines were determined in the maternal serum by ELISA. The analysis included INF-γ, TNF-α, Il-1β, Il-4, Il-5, Il-6, Il-9, Il-10, Il-13 and TGF-β1. Th1 cytokine levels in the study group reached slightly higher values for INF-γ, Il-1β and slightly lower for IL-6 and TNF-α. In turn, Th2 cytokine levels in the study group were slightly higher (Il-9, Il-13), significantly higher (Il4, p = 0.015; Il-5, p = 0.0003) or showed no differences with the control group (Il-10). Slightly lower concentration involved only TGF-β1. Analysis of the correlation between levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines resulted in some discrepancies, without showing predominance of a specific immune response. The results did not confirm that women with missed miscarriage had an advantage in any type of immune response in comparison to women with normal pregnancy.

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Evaluation of the cytokin status of women with miscarriage

HEALTH OF WOMAN ◽

10.15574/hw.2019.140.59 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 59-63

Author(s):

N. Skrypchenko ◽

◽

I. Vorobyova ◽

T. Mazur ◽

V. Tkachenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽

Cervical Mucus ◽

Enzyme Analysis ◽

Control Group ◽

Inflammatory Reactions ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

During pregnancy, a unique new equilibrium state appears between the systems of the specific and nonspecific mothers immunity. Besides, the cytokine cascade is launched, which includes proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors of influence. The balance between these two groups of mediators determines the nature of the course and outcome of the gestation process. The objective: to determine the role of mediators of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory reactions of gestation intercourse in patients with miscarriage. Materials and methods. The main group (the first group) was made up of 153 pregnant women with miscarriage. The control group (the second group) consisted of 25 relatively healthy women with a physiological course of pregnancy and a complcated obstetric and gynecological anamnesis, with one and more physiological births in anamnesis. The concentration of cytokines IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF- α in the blood and their content in cervical mucus by solid-phase immune-enzyme analysis was determined. Results. Consequences of previous pregnancies having a background of inflammatory complications of genital and extragenital genesis create conditions for long-term persistence of latent infection, including in the uterine cavity and cervical canal, followed by infection of the fetus, and contribute to the development of immune imbalance during gestation, which leads to a cascade of homeostasis disorders with the development of complications of the pregnancy intercourse and perinatal pathology. Thus, the presence of clinical symptoms of the threat of premature abortion occurs in the context of an increase in the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF- α and IL-1 β) in serum.Reducing the concentration of IL-10 in non-pregnant women, relative to such in control group, throughout the entire pregnancy in the blood and its content in cervical mucus indicates a violation of the balance of pro– and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the direction of pro-inflammatory reactions and violation of the local immune response. Conclusions. In women with a loss in the first trimester there is a pro-inflammatory activity of the immune response, which is an important pathogenetic factor in the development of abortion in different gestational periods. Key words: miscarriage, proinflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines.

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Age and Sport Intensity-Dependent Changes in Cytokines and Telomere Length in Elite Athletes

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10071035 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1035

Author(s):

Maha Sellami ◽

Shamma Al-muraikhy ◽

Hend Al-Jaber ◽

Hadaia Al-Amri ◽

Layla Al-Mansoori ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Telomere Length ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Elite Athletes ◽

Age Groups ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background: Exercise-associated immune response plays a crucial role in the aging process. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of sport intensity on cytokine levels, oxidative stress markers and telomere length in aging elite athletes. Methods: In this study, 80 blood samples from consenting elite athletes were collected for anti-doping analysis at an anti-doping laboratory in Italy (FMSI). Participants were divided into three groups according to their sport intensity: low-intensity skills and power sports (LI, n = 18); moderate-intensity mixed soccer players (MI, n = 31); and high-intensity endurance sports (HI, n = 31). Participants were also divided into two age groups: less than 25 (n = 45) and above 25 years old (n = 35). Serum levels of 10 pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and two antioxidant enzymes were compared in age and sport intensity groups and telomere lengths were measured in their respective blood samples. Results: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was the only cytokine showing significantly higher concentration in older athletes, regardless of sport intensity. Interleukin (IL)-10 increased significantly in HI regardless of age group, whereas IL-6 concentration was higher in the older HI athletes. IL-8 showed a significant interaction with sport intensity in different age groups. Overall, significant positive correlations among levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-8 and TNF-α were identified. The antioxidant catalase activity was positively correlated with levels of TNF-α. Telomere length increased significantly with sport intensity, especially in the younger group. Conclusion: HI had longer telomeres and higher levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting less aging in HI compared to low and moderate counterparts in association with heightened immune response. Investigation of the functional significance of these associations on the health and performance of elite athletes is warranted.

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Effects of Decursin and Angelica gigas Nakai Root Extract on Hair Growth in Mouse Dorsal Skin via Regulating Inflammatory Cytokines

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25163697 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (16) ◽

pp. 3697

Author(s):

Tae-Kyeong Lee ◽

Bora Kim ◽

Dae Won Kim ◽

Ji Hyeon Ahn ◽

Hyejin Sim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Hair Growth ◽

Hair Follicles ◽

Control Group ◽

Root Extract ◽

Dorsal Skin ◽

Angelica Gigas ◽

Angelica Gigas Nakai ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

This current study investigates the facilitative effects and mechanisms of decursin, a major component of Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN), and AGN root extract on hair growth in mice. We perform high-performance liquid chromatography on AGN extract to show it contains 7.3% decursin. Hairs in mouse dorsal skin are shaved distilled in water, 0.15% decursin, and 2% AGN root extract (0.15% decursin in the diluted extract) and topically applied twice a day for 17 days. Hematoxylin and eosin staining are done to examine the morphological changes in the hair follicles. To compare the effects of decursin and AGN extract on inflammatory cytokines in the dorsal skin, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry for tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β as pro-inflammatory cytokines, and IL-4 and IL-13 as anti-inflammatory cytokines are conducted. The results show that the application of decursin and AGN extract confer effects on hair growth. Hair growth is significantly facilitated from seven days after the treatments compared to that in the control group, and completely grown hair was found 17 days after the treatments. The protein levels and immunoreactivity of TNF-α and IL-1β in this case are significantly decreased, whereas the IL-4 and IL-13 levels and immunoreactivity are significantly increased compared to those in the control group. Additionally, high-mobility group box 1, an inflammatory mediator, is elevated by the topical application of decursin and AGN extract. Taken together, the treatment of mouse dorsal skin with AGE root extract containing decursin promotes hair growth by regulating pro- and/or anti-inflammatory cytokines. We, therefore, suggest that AGN root extract as well as decursin can be utilized as materials for developing hair growth-facilitating treatments.

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Cytokine Levels in Critically Ill Children With Severe Sepsis and Their Relation With the Severity of Illness and Mortality

Journal of Intensive Care Medicine ◽

10.1177/0885066620912989 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 088506662091298

Author(s):

Suresh Kumar Angurana ◽

Arun Bansal ◽

Jayashree Muralidharan ◽

Ritu Aggarwal ◽

Sunit Singhi

Keyword(s):

Severe Sepsis ◽

Critically Ill ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Severity Of Illness ◽

Critically Ill Children ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Cytokine Levels ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Objective: To study the baseline cytokine levels and their relation with the severity of illness and mortality in critically ill children with severe sepsis. Design: Subgroup analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting: Pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary level teaching hospital in India. Patients: Fifty children with severe sepsis aged 3 months to 12 years. Material and Methods: Blood was collected at admission for estimation of pro-inflammatory (interleukin 6 [IL-6], IL-12p70, IL-17, and tumor necrotic factor α [TNF-α]) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and transforming growth factor β1 [TGF-β1]) cytokines. Primary Outcome: To find out correlation between cytokine levels and severity of illness scores (Pediatric Risk of Mortality [PRISM] III score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [SOFA], and Vasoactive-Inotropic Score [VIS]). Secondary Outcomes: To compare cytokine levels among survivors and nonsurvivors. Results: Baseline pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (median [interquartile range]) were IL-6: 189 (35-285) pg/mL, IL-12p: 48 (28-98) pg/mL, IL-17: 240 (133-345) pg/mL, and TNF-α: 296 (198-430) pg/mL; anti-inflammatory cytokine levels were IL-10: 185 (62-395) pg/mL and TGF-β1: 204 (92-290) ng/mL. Pro-inflammatory cytokines showed positive correlation with PRISM III score: IL-6 (Spearman correlation coefficient, ρ = 0.273, P = .06), IL-12 (ρ = 0.367, P = .01), IL-17 (ρ = 0.197, P = .17), and TNF-α (ρ = 0.284, P = .05), and anti-inflammatory cytokines showed negative correlation: IL-10 (ρ = −0.257, P = .09) and TGF-β (ρ = −0.238, P = .11). Both SOFA and VIS also showed weak positive correlation with IL-12 (ρ = 0.32, P = .03 and ρ = 0.31, P = .03, respectively). Among nonsurvivors (n = 5), the levels of all the measured pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher as compared to survivors, IL-6: 359 (251-499) pg/mL versus 157 (97-223) pg/mL, P < .0001, IL-12p70: 167 (133-196) pg/mL versus 66 (30-100) pg/mL, P < .0001, IL-17: 400 (333-563) pg/mL versus 237 (122-318) pg/mL, P = .009, and TNF-α: 409 (355-503) pg/mL versus 330 (198-415) pg/mL, P = .002, respectively. Conclusion: In critically ill children with severe sepsis, pro-inflammatory cytokines (especially IL-12p70) showed a weak positive correlation with severity of illness and were significantly higher among nonsurvivors.

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Distribution of thyroid peroxidase positivity and its effects on thyroid function in normal pregnant women during 1st trimester in Dhaka city

Update Dental College Journal ◽

10.3329/updcj.v4i1.21160 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 15-20

Author(s):

Ohida Sultanaa ◽

Nasim Jahan ◽

Nayma Sultana ◽

Farzana Mahmudad ◽

Tazdik G Chowdhurye

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Thyroid Function ◽

First Trimester ◽

Normal Pregnancy ◽

Control Group ◽

Thyroid Peroxidase ◽

Study Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Total Study Population ◽

Group B

Objective: To measure the distribution of TPO-Ab positivity and to observe the effect of thyroid peroxidase positivity on thyroid function during first trimester in normal pregnancy. Method: A cross sectional among 120 subjects were taken in this study and divided into control and study groups. Control group (Group A) consisted of 60 healthy non pregnant women age ranged between 20 to 35 years. Study group (Group B) consisted of 60 normal pregnant women of same age range. Group B was further subdivided into group B1 and group B2according to the level of TPO-Ab. Group B1 consisted of TPO-Ab positive pregnant women and group B2 consisted of TPO- Ab negative pregnant women. Control group was selected from personal contacts and study group from Out Patient Department (OPD) of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital. For assessment of thyroid function, serum free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured. Serum FT4, TSH were measured by Enzyme link immunosorbant (ELISA) method. Again, serum TPO-Ab of total study population and hCG of all the pregnant women were measured. Serum TPO-Ab by Micro particle Enzyme Immunoassay (MEIA) method and hCG was estimated by ELISA. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS version 17. Results: In this study, serum FT4 and was significantly (P<0.001) higher and TSH level was significantly (P<0.001) lower in normal pregnant women during 1st trimester in comparison to those of non pregnant women. Again, 18% of pregnant women showed TPO-Ab positivity. However, serum FT4 level was significantly (P<0.001) lower whereas, TSH level was significantly (p<0.001) higher in TPO-Ab positive pregnant women in comparison to those of TPO-Ab negative pregnant women. Conclusion: TPO-Ab positivity increases during 1st trimester of normal pregnancy which decreases the hyper functional state of thyroid hormones. So, thyroid screening should be done routinely during pregnancy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v4i1.21160 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2014; 4 (1): 15-20

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The content of cytokines IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-4 and the level of expression in macrophages CD86 and CD163 in peritoneal fluid has a reverse correlation with the degree of severity of external genital endometriosis

Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya ◽

10.18097/pbmc20196505432 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 65 (5) ◽

pp. 432-436

Author(s):

A.M. Krasnyi ◽

A.A. Sadekova ◽

T.G. Sefihanov ◽

V.V. Vtorushina ◽

E.G. Krechetova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Peritoneal Fluid ◽

Inflammatory Marker ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Control Group ◽

Reverse Correlation ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Degree Of Severity

Concentrations of eight different cytokines and the level of expression of CD86 and CD163 macrophages were studied in peritoneal fluid in women with endometriosis. It was found that the concentration of both inflammatory (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4) as well as the level of macrophage expression of the proinflammatory marker CD86 and anti-inflammatory marker CD163 increased in women with mild external genital endometriosis (1-2 stage), and did not differ from the control group in women with severe endometriosis (3-4 stage). The content of IL-2, IL-10, CM-CSF and IFN-γ in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis did not differ significantly from the control group. The results of the study indicate that the development of external genital endometriosis may be based on insufficient both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory activity of macrophages in the peritoneal fluid.

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Virulence and Immune Response Induced by Mycobacterium avium Complex Strains in a Model of Progressive Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Subcutaneous Infection in BALB/c Mice

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.00150-13 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 81 (11) ◽

pp. 4001-4012 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Mónica González-Pérez ◽

Leonardo Mariño-Ramírez ◽

Carlos Alberto Parra-López ◽

Martha Isabel Murcia ◽

Brenda Marquina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Mycobacterium Avium ◽

High Expression ◽

High Dose ◽

Content Type ◽

Subcutaneous Infection ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

ABSTRACTThe genusMycobacteriumcomprises more than 150 species, including important pathogens for humans which cause major public health problems. The vast majority of efforts to understand the genus have been addressed in studies withMycobacterium tuberculosis. The biological differentiation betweenM. tuberculosisand nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is important because there are distinctions in the sources of infection, treatments, and the course of disease. Likewise, the importance of studying NTM is not only due to its clinical significance but also due to the mechanisms by which some species are pathogenic while others are not.Mycobacterium aviumcomplex (MAC) is the most important group of NTM opportunistic pathogens, since it is the second largest medical complex in the genus after theM. tuberculosiscomplex. Here, we evaluated the virulence and immune response ofM. aviumsubsp.aviumandMycobacterium colombiense, using experimental models of progressive pulmonary tuberculosis and subcutaneous infection in BALB/c mice. Mice infected intratracheally with a high dose of MAC strains showed high expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase with rapid bacillus elimination and numerous granulomas, but without lung consolidation during late infection in coexistence with high expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, subcutaneous infection showed high production of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and gamma interferon with relatively low production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) or IL-4, which efficiently eliminate the bacilli but maintain extensive inflammation and fibrosis. Thus, MAC infection evokes different immune and inflammatory responses depending on the MAC species and affected tissue.

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Cytokines in the blood of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus depending on the level of overweight/obesity (literature review and own data)

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY ◽

10.22141/2224-0721.17.7.2021.244969 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (7) ◽

pp. 534-551

Author(s):

K.P. Zak ◽

V.V. Popova ◽

V.L. Orlenko ◽

O.V. Furmanova ◽

N.D. Tronko

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Control Group ◽

Obese Women ◽

Cytokine Network ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

The paper analyzes the current literature data and the results of our own researches concerning the state of the cytokine network: pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL) 1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α), α- and β-chemokines, including IL-8 and IL-16, as well as adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) in the peripheral blood of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with normal and increased body weight/obesity. It has been shown that patients with T2D are characterized by an increased content of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, TNFα), α- and β-chemokines in the peripheral blood, including IL-8 and IL-16, as well as leptin with a decrease in adiponectin content. In lean patients (with body mass index (BMI) < 25.5 kg/m2) compared to lean normoglycemic individuals from the control group (BMI < 25.5 kg/m2), there is a small but significant increase in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, TNFα and leptin, which, as BMI increases, significantly increases in severe obesity (BMI > 30.0 kg/m2), especially in obese women (BMI > 35.0 kg/m2). Similarly, an increase in proinflammatory cytokines is observed in normoglycemic people, but not as significant as in T2D. Less clear data were obtained when during determination of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, which is explained by a significant polymorphism of their genes, and both protective and compensatory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine rise. In T2D patients, especially those with obesity, there is an increase in the leptin level and a decrease in the adiponectin content. The severity of the course and the percentage of mortality are closely associated with the BMI of patients. The effectiveness of the fight against an increase in the incidence of T2D should be primarily aimed at preventing obesity, and in case of already developed T2D — at reducing concomitant obesity. The analysis of the data presented also suggests that a sharp increase in the content of pro-inflammatory cytokines (so called cytokine storm) observed in patients with T2D and obesity infected with COVID-19, is a consequence of the summation and potentiation of already existing inflammatory process.

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Ivig Negatively Regulates LPS-Induced Monocytes Activation Through a Microrna-146a Related Mechanism

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v120.21.3274.3274 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 120 (21) ◽

pp. 3274-3274

Author(s):

Lionel Loubaki ◽

Renée Bazin

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Small Rna ◽

Cytokine Production ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Human Monocytes ◽

Monocytic Cells ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Stimulation Of

Abstract Abstract 3274 Background: Cells from the monocytic lineage are known to play a central role in the immune defense against pathogens. In the adaptive immune response, they act as antigen presenting cells to trigger T and B cell responses. Monocytic cells also participate in innate immunity following recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which leads to their activation and release of very potent inflammatory mediators. The innate immune response thus needs to be tightly regulated to control not only its onset, but also its termination in order to avoid excessive inflammation. Recent studies have shown that the differentiation and functions of monocytic cells involve small RNA species, named microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs are 21–23 nucleotide long single strand RNAs, which mainly cause gene silencing by degradation of target mRNAs or by inhibition of translation. Among them, miR-146a has captivated interest as it plays an important role in the negative regulation of acute inflammatory responses during activation of the innate immune system. In fact, it has been shown that miR-146a expression is gradually increased in THP-1 monocytic cells following stimulation with LPS or cytokines (e.g. IL-1β and TNF-α) via a NF-κB dependent pathway. MiR-146a inhibits the expression of IRAK1 and TRAF6 leading to the subsequent suppression of NF-κB activity. Consequently, the expression of NF-κB target genes such as IL-1β, TNF-α and PU.1 is suppressed. Therefore, miR146a controls NF-κB signaling via a negative feedback regulation loop and thus can be considered as an anti-inflammatory mediator. IVIg is a therapeutic preparation of polyclonal human IgG isolated from the plasma of thousands of healthy donors. IVIg is well known for its anti-inflammatory effects on a variety of immune cells and processes. More precisely, it has been shown to abrogate the capacity of monocyte-derived dendritic cells to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines while increasing the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10. We thus hypothesize that at least some of the anti-inflammatory effects of IVIg on monocytic cells could be triggered through the modulation of miR-146a expression. Objectives: To evaluate the involvement of miR-146a in the anti-inflammatory effects of IVIg following LPS stimulation of human monocytes. Methods: Human monocytes were obtained from the blood of healthy volunteers and treated with LPS (1 mg/mL) or IVIg (15 mg/mL) alone or alternatively, pretreated with LPS followed by addition of IVIg. Pre-treatment with LPS was done during for 4 h prior to addition of IVIg for 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours. Cells were then recovered and separated in two parts. The first part was used to extract the small RNA fraction of total RNA for miRNA analysis and the second part was used for protein isolation. The miR-146a level was measured by real time PCR while NF-kB and IRF4 protein levels were evaluated by western blotting. Finally, the expression of the transcription factor PU.1 was evaluated by flow cytometry. Results: Our preliminary data revealed that addition of IVIg to LPS-pretreated human monocytes resulted in a significant upregulation of miR-146a expression associated with a significant reduction in NF-κB expression. Furthermore, the expression of the PU.1/IRF4 transcriptional activator complex involved in the stimulation of inflammatory cytokine production was modulated. Indeed, we found that the expression PU.1 was reduced in IVIg-treated cells whereas IRF4 expression was increased, thus promoting the IRF4-mediated cytokine production inhibitory pathway. Conclusion: Our preliminary data suggest that in human monocytes, the anti-inflammatory effects of IVIg may involve miR-146a negative feedback loop regulation of NF-κB activity. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Serum cytokine profile in early and established rheumatoid arthritis

Almanac of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.18786/2072-0505-2019-47-058 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (5) ◽

pp. 393-399

Author(s):

A. A. Novikov ◽

Е. N. Aleksandrova ◽

G. V. Lukina

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Cytokine Profile ◽

Serum Cytokine ◽

Colony Stimulating Factors ◽

Early Ra ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Cytokine Levels ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Background: An important characteristic of immune pathology in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a B-cell tolerance defect, associated with autoantibodies production, and antigen-specific activation of Th-1 CD4+ T lymphocytes with an excess production of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to anti-inflammatory ones. Pro-inflammatory cytokines contribute to the development of local inflammatory effects, induce bone destruction and pannus formation, and contribute to the development of autoimmune abnormalities and systemic manifestations. Anti-inflammatory cytokines are able to reduce the rate of joint destruction. There is evidence of the involvement of Th2 cytokines in the development of early RA. These facts suggest the need for a thorough investigation into the balance between the Th1 and Th2 types of immune response at different stages of the disease.Aim: To assess the importance of сytokine profiling in the evaluation of immune abnormalities in RA.Materials and methods: In this descriptive, controlled, retrospective study, we examined 118 patients with RA and 33 healthy donors as a control group. Serum IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured by immunonephelometry; anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) and anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin antibodies (anti-MCV) were determined by an enzyme immunoassay, cytokines levels with "xMAP" technique.Results: Serum cytokine levels vary depending on RA duration. The cytokine profile in early RA, unlike that in established RA with a duration of more than 6 months, is characterized by higher levels of pro-inflammatory (MIP-1α), Th1 (IFN-γ), and Th17 (IL-17) cytokines, colony-stimulating factors (IL-7, G-CSF), and chemokines (IL-8, IP-10) (p < 0.05 for all parameters). In established RA, the levels of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, -6, -15, TNF-α), anti-inflammatory (IL-1ra, IL-10, IL-13, IL-5), Th1 (IL-2, IL-12), Th2 (IL-9) cytokines and colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF, GM-CSF) correlate with the concentrations of IgM RF and antibodies to citrullinated proteins (antiCCP, anti-MCV) (all p < 0.05). There was also а correlation between CRP and pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), Th1 (IL-12), Th2 (IL-5, IL-9) cytokine levels and between DAS28 and pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6) and colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) levels (all p < 0.05). Conclusion: In RA, cytokines, chemokines and colony-stimulating factors mirror the inflammatory activity of the disease. Changes in blood concentrations of cytokines enable to get an insight into the complex interplay of numerous mediators of innate and acquired immunity

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