scholarly journals Region-Specific Associations between Environmental Factors and Escherichia coli in Freshwater Beaches in Toronto and Niagara Region, Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12841
Author(s):  
Johanna Sanchez ◽  
Jordan Tustin ◽  
Cole Heasley ◽  
Mahesh Patel ◽  
Jeremy Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Environmental Predictors ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
E Coli

Poor freshwater beach quality, measured by Escherichia coli (E. coli) levels, poses a risk of recreational water illness. This study linked environmental data to E. coli geometric means collected at 18 beaches in Toronto (2008–2019) and the Niagara Region (2011–2019) to examine the environmental predictors of E. coli. We developed region-specific models using mixed effects models to examine E. coli as a continuous variable and recommended thresholds of E. coli concentration (100 CFU/100 mL and 200 CFU/100 mL). Substantial clustering of E. coli values at the beach level was observed in Toronto, while minimal clustering was seen in Niagara, suggesting an important beach-specific effect in Toronto beaches. Air temperature and turbidity (measured directly or visually observed) were positively associated with E. coli in all models in both regions. In Toronto, waterfowl counts, rainfall, stream discharge and water temperature were positively associated with E. coli levels, while solar irradiance and water level were negatively associated. In Niagara, wave height and water level had a positive association with E. coli, while rainfall was negatively associated. The differences in regional models suggest the importance of a region-specific approach to addressing beach water quality. The results can guide beach monitoring and management practices, including predictive modelling.

scholarly journals Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Escherichia coli Originating on Dairy Farms are an Infrequent Cause of Bacteriuria in Humans Living in the Same Geographical Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Mounsey ◽  
Hannah Schubert ◽  
Jacqueline Findlay ◽  
Katy Morley ◽  
Emma F. Puddy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Dry Cow Therapy ◽  
On Farm ◽  
South West England

SynopsisBackgroundOur primary aim was to test whether cattle-associated fluoroquinolone-resistant (FQ-R) Escherichia coli found on dairy farms were a significant cause of bacteriuria in humans living in the same 50 x 50 km geographical region located in South West England. Another aim was to identify risk factors for the presence of FQ-R E. coli on dairy farms.MethodsFQ-R E. coli were isolated during 2017-18 from 42 dairy farms and from community urine samples. Forty-two cattle and 489 human urinary isolates were subjected to WGS, allowing phylogenetic comparisons. Risk factors were identified using a Bayesian regularisation approach.ResultsOf 489 FQ-R human isolates, 255 were also 3rd generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GC-R), with strong genetic linkage between aac(6’)Ib-cr and blaCTX-M-15. We identified possible farm-to-human sharing for pairs of ST744 and ST162 isolates, but core genome SNP distances (71 and 63, respectively) were smaller in pairs of ST744 and ST162 isolates from different farms (7 and 3 SNPs, respectively). Total farm fluoroquinolone use showed a positive association with the odds of isolating FQ-R E. coli while total dry cow therapy use showed a negative association.ConclusionsThis work suggests that FQ-R E. coli found on dairy farms have a limited impact on community bacteriuria within the local human population, however, this appears greater than observed for 3GC-R E. coli when studied in parallel. Reducing fluoroquinolone use may reduce the on-farm prevalence of FQ-R E. coli, and this reduction may be greater when dry cow therapy is targeted to the ecology of resistant E. coli on the farm.

scholarly journals Risk Factors and Prevalence of mcr-1-Positive Escherichia coli in Fecal Carriages Among Community Children in Southern Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pin-Chieh Wu ◽  
Ming-Fang Cheng ◽  
Wan-Ling Chen ◽  
Wan-Yu Hung ◽  
Jiun-Ling Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Southern Taiwan ◽  
Sequence Types

Colistin is the last resort antimicrobial for treating multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections. The plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene, mcr-1, crucially influences colistin’s resistance transmission. Human fecal carriages of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli (E. coli) were detected in many regions worldwide; however, only a few studies have focused on children. Therefore, we identified the prevalence and risk factors of mcr-1-positive E. coli in fecal carriages among community children in Southern Taiwan. In this study, 510 stool samples were collected from April 2016 to August 2019 from the pediatric department at a medical center in Southern Taiwan. These samples were collected within 3 days after admission and were all screened for the presence of the mcr-1 gene. Diet habits, travel history, pet contact, and medical history were also obtained from participants to analyze the risk factors of their fecal carriages to mcr-1-positive E. coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined using the VITEK 2 system and the broth microdilution test. Twelve mcr-1-positive E. coli. were isolated from 2.4% of the fecal samples. Through multivariate analysis, frequent chicken consumption (at least 3 times per week) had a significantly positive association with the presence of mcr-1-positive E. coli in fecal carriages (adjust odds ratio 6.60, 95% confidence interval1.58– 27.62, p = 0.033). Additionally, multidrug resistance was more common in mcr-1-positive E. coli. (75.0% vs. 39.5%, p = 0.031) than in non-mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli. Furthermore, the percentage of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli in mcr-1-positive isolates was 83.3%. Some multi-locus sequence types in our mcr-1-positive E. coli were also similar to those isolated from food animals in the literature. The prevalence of fecal carriages of mcr-1-positive E. coli was low among community children in Southern Taiwan. Our data shows that chicken consumption with a higher frequency increases the risk of mcr-1-positive E. coli. in fecal carriages.

scholarly journals Effects of Dried Distillers’ Grain on Fecal Prevalence and Growth of Escherichia coli O157 in Batch Culture Fermentations from Cattle

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Jacob ◽  
J. T. Fox ◽  
J. S. Drouillard ◽  
D. G. Renter ◽  
T. G. Nagaraja
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Batch Culture ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain

ABSTRACT Distillers’ grains (DG), a by-product of ethanol production, are fed to cattle. Associations between Escherichia coli O157 prevalence and feeding of DG were investigated in feedlot cattle (n = 379) given one of three diets: steam-flaked corn (SFC) and 15% corn silage with 0 or 25% dried distillers’ grains (DDG) or SFC with 5% corn silage and 25% DDG. Ten fecal samples were collected from each pen weekly for 12 weeks to isolate E. coli O157. Cattle fed 25% DDG with 5 or 15% silage had a higher (P = 0.01) prevalence of E. coli O157 than cattle fed a diet without DDG. Batch culture ruminal or fecal microbial fermentations were conducted to evaluate the effect of DDG on E. coli O157 growth. The first study utilized microbial inocula from steers fed SFC or dry-rolled corn with 0 or 25% DDG and included their diet as the substrate. Ruminal microbial fermentations from steers fed DDG had higher E. coli O157 contents than ruminal microbial fermentations from steers fed no DDG (P < 0.05) when no substrate was included. Fecal fermentations showed no DDG effect on E. coli O157 growth. In the second study with DDG as a substrate, ruminal fermentations with 0.5 g DDG had higher (P < 0.01) E. coli O157 concentrations at 24 h than ruminal fermentations with 0, 1, or 2 g DDG. In fecal fermentations, 2 g DDG resulted in a higher concentration (P < 0.05) at 24 h than 0, 0.5, or 1 g DDG. The results indicate that there is a positive association between DDG and E. coli O157 in cattle, and the findings should have important ramifications for food safety.

Association of Herd Management Factors with Colonization of Dairy Cattle by Shiga Toxin-Positive Escherichia coli O157

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 802-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
DONALD E. HERRIOTT ◽  
DALE D. HANCOCK ◽  
ERIC D. EBEL ◽  
LINDA V. CARPENTER ◽  
DANIEL H. RICE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Management Factors

Management factors in 36 Pacific Northwest dairy herds were evaluated for their association with the prevalence of Shiga toxin-positive Escherichia coli O157 (E. coli O157) in dairy cattle. The within-herd prevalence of E. coli O157 was estimated by bacteriological culture of fecal pat samples, collected monthly for 6 months (approximately 60 per visit), from heifer cattle. During the first visit to each farm, a management questionnaire was administered that covered a broad range of animal husbandry practices. On each subsequent visit, a brief questionnaire was administered to detect changes in management practices. A significantly higher prevalence of E. coli O157 was noted in herds that fed com silage to heifers compared to herds that did not feed com silage. More tentative associations of E. coli O157 prevalence were observed for weaning method, protein level of calf starter, feeding of ionophores in heifer rations, feeding of grain screens to heifers, and feeding of animal by-products to cows.

Temporal Patterns and Risk Factors for Escherichia coli O157 and Campylobacter spp. in Young Cattle

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHANNE ELLIS-IVERSEN ◽  
ALASDAIR J. C. COOK ◽  
RICHARD P. SMITH ◽  
GEOFF C. PRITCHARD ◽  
MIRJAM NIELEN
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Herd Prevalence ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Young Cattle ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Escherichia coli O157 and Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are zoonotic pathogens originating from farm animals. Cattle are the main reservoir for E. coli O157 and also contribute to human cases of campylobacteriosis through contaminated milk, direct contact, and environmental contamination. Thirty groups of young cattle on 30 farms were observed for 7 months and sampled on 4 to 6 separate occasions for E. coli O157 and C. jejuni/coli to characterize shedding patterns and identify risk factors. The within herd prevalence of E. coli O157 per sampling occasion ranged from 0 to 60% (mean = 24%) and average Campylobacter spp. within herd prevalence was 47% ranging from 0 to 100%. The prevalence of E. coli O157–positive herds declined with a linear trend throughout the study from 100 to 38% (OR: 0.5, P &lt; 0.01), whereas time in the study was not significantly associated with Campylobacter prevalence (P = 0.13). Larger herds were more likely to be positive with either or both agents, whereas the number of suckler calves on the farm reduced the risk of both organisms (OR: 0.4/0.6, P &lt; 0.01). Poultry on the premises reduced the risk of E. coli O157, but was not associated with Campylobacter. Emptying and cleaning the water troughs more often than once monthly reduced the risk of detecting Campylobacter and cattle sourced by private water supplies were more likely to be Campylobacter positive. No drinking water management practices were associated with E. coli O157. The risk of detecting both organisms were almost five times higher when the cattle were housed indoors (OR: 4.9, P = 0.03).

Persistence of Escherichia coli on Injured Iceberg Lettuce in the Field, Overhead Irrigated with Contaminated Water

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 458-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
FIONA BARKER-REID ◽  
DEAN HARAPAS ◽  
SIEGFRIED ENGLEITNER ◽  
SIMONE KREIDL ◽  
ROBERT HOLMES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Iceberg Lettuce ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Plant Injury ◽  
The Impact

Fresh produce is increasingly implicated in food-related illnesses. Escherichia coli can survive in soil and water and can be transferred onto plant surfaces through farm management practices such as irrigation. A trial was conducted to evaluate the impact of field conditions on E. coli persistence on iceberg lettuce irrigated with contaminated water, and the impact of plant injury on the persistence of E. coli. Lettuce heads were injured at 14, 7, 3, 2, 1, and 0 days before inoculation, with uninjured heads used as a control. All lettuce heads (including controls) were overhead irrigated with a mixture of nonpathogenic E. coli strains (107 CFU/ml). E. coli counts were measured on the day of inoculation and 5 days after, and E. coli was detected on all lettuce head samples. Injury immediately prior to inoculation and harvest significantly (P = 0.00067) increased persistence of E. coli on lettuce plants. Harsh environmental conditions (warm temperatures, limited rainfall) over 5 days resulted in a 2.2-log reduction in E. coli counts on uninjured lettuce plants, and lettuce plants injured more than 2 days prior to inoculation had similar results. Plants with more recent injuries (up to 2 days prior to inoculation) had significantly (P = 7.6 × 10−6) greater E. coli persistence. Therefore, growers should postpone contaminated water irrigation of lettuce crops with suspected injuries for a minimum of 2 days, or if unavoidable, use the highest microbiological quality of water available, to minimize food safety risks.

scholarly journals Roles of DnaK and RpoS in Starvation-Induced Thermotolerance of Escherichia coli

1998 ◽  
Vol 180 (4) ◽  
pp. 846-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rockabrand ◽  
Kevin Livers ◽  
Tess Austin ◽  
Robyn Kaiser ◽  
Debra Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Sigma Factor ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Induced Thermotolerance ◽  
Mutant Phenotypes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resistance To Heat

ABSTRACT DnaK is essential for starvation-induced resistance to heat, oxidation, and reductive division in Escherichia coli. Studies reported here indicate that DnaK is also required for starvation-induced osmotolerance, catalase activity, and the production of the RpoS-controlled Dps (PexB) protein. Because thesednaK mutant phenotypes closely resemble those ofrpoS (ς38) mutants, the relationship between DnaK and RpoS was evaluated directly during growth and starvation at 30°C in strains with genetically altered DnaK content. A starvation-specific effect of DnaK on RpoS abundance was observed. During carbon starvation, DnaK deficiency reduced RpoS levels threefold, while DnaK excess increased RpoS levels nearly twofold. Complementation of the dnaK mutation restored starvation-induced RpoS levels to normal. RpoS deficiency had no effect on the cellular concentration of DnaK, revealing an epistatic relationship between DnaK and RpoS. Protein half-life studies conducted at the onset of starvation indicate that DnaK deficiency significantly destabilized RpoS. RpoH (ς32) suppressors of thednaK mutant with restored levels of RpoS and dnaK rpoS double mutants were used to show that DnaK plays both an independent and an RpoS-dependent role in starvation-induced thermotolerance. The results suggest that DnaK coordinates sigma factor levels in glucose-starved E. coli.

scholarly journals Feeding the Probiotic Enterococcus faecium Strain NCIMB 10415 to Piglets Specifically Reduces the Number of Escherichia coli Pathotypes That Adhere to the Gut Mucosa

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (24) ◽  
pp. 7896-7904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Bednorz ◽  
Sebastian Guenther ◽  
Kathrin Oelgeschläger ◽  
Bianca Kinnemann ◽  
Robert Pieper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Probiotic Group ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gut Mucosa ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Gut Microorganisms

ABSTRACTFeed supplementation with the probioticEnterococcus faeciumfor piglets has been found to reduce pathogenic gut microorganisms. SinceEscherichia coliis among the most important pathogens in pig production, we performed comprehensive analyses to gain further insight into the influence ofE. faeciumNCIMB 10415 on porcine intestinalE. coli. A total of 1,436E. colistrains were isolated from three intestinal habitats (mucosa, digesta, and feces) of probiotic-supplemented and nonsupplemented (control) piglets.E. colibacteria were characterized via pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for clonal analysis. The high diversity ofE. coliwas reflected by 168 clones. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to determine the phylogenetic backgrounds, revealing 79 sequence types (STs). Pathotypes ofE. coliwere further defined using multiplex PCR for virulence-associated genes. While these analyses discerned only a few significant differences in theE. colipopulation between the feeding groups, analyses distinguishing clones that were uniquely isolated in either the probiotic group only, the control group only, or both groups (shared group) revealed clear effects at the habitat level. Interestingly, extraintestinal pathogenicE. coli(ExPEC)-typical clones adhering to the mucosa were significantly reduced in the probiotic group. Our data show a minor influence ofE. faeciumon the overall population ofE. coliin healthy piglets. In contrast, this probiotic has a profound effect on mucosa-adherentE. coli. This finding further substantiates a specific effect ofE. faeciumstrain NCIMB 10415 in piglets against pathogenicE. coliin the intestine. In addition, these data question the relevance of data based on sampling fecalE. colionly.

scholarly journals Study of Antibiotic Resistance on Escherichia Coli in Commercial Poultry of Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 6-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Khanal ◽  
S.B. Raut ◽  
U. Paneru
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Commercial Poultry

The continuous use of antibiotics in compound feed at sub-therapeutic level has been an integral part of commercial poultry production in Nepal, which is one of the factors that promotes bacterial resistance. Hence, with the objective to determine antibiotic resistance in commercial poultry of Nepal, this study was designed taking Escherichia coli as a flagship bacterium. The commercial layers and broilers birds brought to veterinary teaching hospital of Agriculture and Forestry University by commercial poultry producers for disease diagnosis and treatment were considered as clinical examination of birds were carried out followed by post mortem examination (PME). Those layer/broiler birds which were not taking antibiotic orally or parenterally for last 2 weeks and diagnosed with collibacillosis on PME were included in sampling frame. Air sacculitis, fibrinous pericarditis, fibrinous perihepatitis, and coligranuloma were major criteria for presumptive diagnosis of colibacillosis on PME. The first 40 for both broiler and layer birds totaling 80 that fulfilled the criteria were selected as samples, each representing a commercial farm. All necessary information on daily management practices and previous treatments were obtained from farmer’s record book or sheets or face to face interview. Avian pathogenic E. coli was isolated from aseptically collected liver samples and confirmed by biochemical tests. Antibiogram of the isolates were investigated by means of Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. E. coli was isolated from all liver samples taken for the culture. It was found that E. coli were resistant most substantially towards Cephalexin (81.2%) and Amoxycillin (81.2%) followed by Tetracycline (78.8%), Colistin sulphate (n=50, 62.5%). Chloramphenicol (61.2%), Ciprofloxacin (55.0%), Enrofloxacin (53.8%), Levofloxacin (28.8%), however, no resistance was found against amikacin. The proportion of E. coli isolates that were resistance against Colistin sulphate (p<0.05), Chloramphenicol (p< 0.05), Tetracycline (p<0.001), Ciprofloxacin (p<0.01), Enrofloxacin (p<0.05) and Gentamicin (p<0.01) were significantly higher in layers compared to that of broilers. In conclusion, avian pathogenic E. coli were resistant towards several antibiotic molecules commonly used in commercial poultry of Nepal, and the resistance was higher in layers compared to broilers.

Escherichia coli in household drinking water and diarrheal disease risk: evidence from Cambodia

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Brown ◽  
S. Proum ◽  
M. D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bacterial Indicator ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Handling Practices

Escherichia coli counts in household drinking water may or may not reliably indicate the presence of diarrheogenic pathogens originating in feces. The extent to which a bacterial indicator like E. coli predicts risks from all classes of pathogens (viruses and parasites as well as bacteria), especially in tropical waters, is uncertain. To investigate the association between E. coli in household drinking water and diarrheal diseases in Cambodia, we conducted a 22 week cohort study in a rural village in Kandal Province. Episodes of diarrhea (all) and bloody diarrhea (dysentery), water quality, water sources, and other covariates were monitored biweekly in 180 households. Households used a variety of water treatment, storage, and handling practices. Results suggest a weak but positive association between E. coli counts in household drinking water and diarrhea and for diarrhea with blood (dysentery), after adjusting for clustering within households and within individuals over time. Compared to households with &lt;1 E. coli/100 ml in drinking water, there was no observed increased risk for having 1–10 E. coli/100 ml (LPR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.81–1.2 for diarrheal disease; LPR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.36–1.6 for dysentery). Households with measured E. coli of 11–100/100 ml did report increased diarrhea (LPR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.3 for diarrheal disease; LPR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0–1.8 for dysentery), as did those with 101–1,000 E. coli/100 ml (LPR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.2–1.3 for diarrheal disease; LPR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.0–1.4 for dysentery) and those with &gt;1,000 E. coli per 100 ml sample (LPR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.2 for diarrheal disease; LPR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.0–1.3 for dysentery). Unlike the results of some previous studies, diarrheal disease risks did not increase progressively in magnitude with increasing concentration of E. coli in drinking water.

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