Sublethal Effects of Arsenic on Oxygen Consumption, Hematological and Gill Histopathological Indices in Chanos chanos

Background: The current study was performed aiming to evaluate possible changes in the effect on oxygen consumption, hematology and gill histopathological parameters in fish (Chanos chanos) upon exposure to sublethal concentration of the metalloid arsenic. Methods: Bioassay tests were conducted for determining the LC50 values of arsenic for 96 h. Oxygen consumption in control and arsenic-exposed fish was estimated using Winkler’s method. Red blood corpuscular (RBC) count was examined with a Neubauer counting chamber under a phase contrast microscope. Hemoglobin (Hb) was estimated following the acid hematin method. Histopathological studies were carried by processing and staining the gill tissues with hematoxylin and eosin in accordance with standard histological techniques. They were then subjected to examination under a scanning electron microscope. Results: Chanos chanos exposed to 1/10th of LC50 (24.61%) for a period of 30 days exhibited a maximum decline in the rate of respiration, followed by a decline in RBC and Hb above 45.59% and 51.60%, respectively. Significant toxic lesions encompassing fused gill lamellae, detached gill epithelium, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of respiratory epithelium became heavy handed on the 30th day. Conclusion: Information synthesized from our study serves to be useful in monitoring and managing (As) contamination in the aquatic environment.

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Toxicity and Sublethal Effect of Farnesyl Acetate on Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12020109 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 109

Author(s):

Norazila Yusoff ◽

Idris Abd Ghani ◽

Nurul Wahida Othman ◽

Wan Mohd Aizat ◽

Maizom Hassan

Keyword(s):

Plutella Xylostella ◽

Sublethal Effects ◽

Diamondback Moth ◽

Sublethal Effect ◽

Sublethal Concentration ◽

Pupal Weight ◽

Control Group ◽

Hatching Rate ◽

Egg Hatching ◽

Female Ratio

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is the most important pest of cruciferous vegetables worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the properties of selected farnesyl derivative compounds against P. xylostella. The toxicity and sublethal concentration (LC50) of farnesyl acetate, farnesyl acetone, farnesyl bromide, farnesyl chloride, and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone were investigated for 96 h. The leaf-dip bioassays showed that farnesyl acetate had a high level of toxicity against P. xylostella compared to other tested farnesyl derivatives. The LC50 value was 56.41 mg/L on the second-instar larvae of P. xylostella. Then, the sublethal effects of farnesyl acetate on biological parameters of P. xylostella were assessed. Compared to the control group, the sublethal concentration of farnesyl acetate decreased pupation and emergence rates, pupal weight, fecundity, egg hatching rate, female ratio, and oviposition period. Furthermore, the developmental time of P. xylostella was extended after being exposed to farnesyl acetate. Moreover, the application of farnesyl acetate on P. xylostella induced morphogenetic abnormalities in larval–pupal intermediates, adults that emerged with twisted wings, or complete adults that could not emerge from the cocoon. These results suggested that farnesyl acetate was highly effective against P. xylostella. The sublethal concentration of farnesyl acetate could reduce the population of P. xylostella by increasing abnormal pupal and adults, and by delaying its development period.

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KEPADATAN OPTIMUM UNTUK MENUNJANG TINGKAT KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP BENIH IKAN BANDENG (Chanos chanos) PADA TRANSPORTASI SISTEM TERTUTUP

JURNAL BIOLOGI TROPIS ◽

10.29303/jbt.v19i1.1036 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mas Bayu Syamsunarno ◽

Muh Kholik Maulana ◽

Forcep Rio Indaryanto ◽

Mustahal Mustahal

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Survival Rate ◽

Closed System ◽

Consumption Rate ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Average Weight ◽

Chanos Chanos ◽

Optimum Density ◽

Long Time ◽

Total Ammonia

Abstract: This research aims to determine the optimum density in closed system transportation of milkfish juvenile. Milkfish juveniles used in the research had an average weight 1.48±0.12 g. The study consisted of several stages, namelydetermining the ability to fast fish, determining the level of oxygen consumption, determining the rate of excretion of total ammonia nitrogen and determining the optimum density in transportation for 48 hours.The treatments were performed differences in the density of 100, 150, 200, and 250 fish/L using polyethylene plastic size 35x50 cm and styrofoam size of 75 × 43 × 40 cm.The results showed the seed fish can survive and swim actively for 7 days without feeding with oxygen consumption rate as much as 2640 mgO2 and TAN excretion rate 0.1200 mg/L. The different treatment of density had an effect on the survival rate of milkfish juvenile. The optimal density for transportation of milkfish juvenile size 1.48 ± 0.12 g in a closed transportation system with a time of 48 hours is 150 juvenile/L with a 100% survival rate. At the density 250 juvenile/L, the can be done with a long time of 30 hours and resulted in a survival rate above 99%. Keyword: Chanos chanos, Density, Transportation closed system, Survival rate, Water Quality Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kepadatan optimal dan lama waktu dalam transportasi sistem tertutup benih ikan bandeng.Benih ikan bandeng yang digunakan memiliki bobot rata-rata 1,48±0,12g. Penelitian terdiri dari beberapa tahap, yaitu penentuan ketahanan ikan tanpa diberi makan, tingkat konsumsi oksigen, laju ekskresi total amoniak nitrogen dan kepadatan optimal benih ikan bandeng dalam transportasi selama 48 jam. Perlakuan yang dilakukan perbedaan kepadatan yaitu 100, 150, 200, dan 250 ekor/L dengan menggunakan plastik polyetylen (PE) ukuran 35x50 cm dan styrofoam ukuran 75×43×40 cm.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan benih ikan bandeng mampu bertahan hidup dan berenang aktif selama 7 hari pemuasaan ikan dengan tingkat konsumsi oksigen sebanyak 2640 mgO2 dan laju ekskresi TAN 0,1200 mg/L.Perlakuan perbedaan kepadataan berpengaruh terhadap kelangsungan hidup benih ikan bandeng.Kepadatan optimal untuk transportasi benih ikan bandeng ukuran 1,48±0,12 g/ekor pada sistem transportasi tertutup selama 48 jam adalah 150 ekor/L dengan tingkat kelangsungan hidup 100%. Pada kepadatan 250 ekor/L, transportasi dapat dilakukan dengan lama waktu 30 jam dan menghasilkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup di atas 99%. Kata Kunci: Ikan bandeng, Kepadatan, Kualitas Air, Transportasi sistem tertutup, Tingkat Kelangsungan Hidup

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FEATURES OF THE PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF MICROCRYSTALLINE ARTHROPATHIES IN THE PRACTICE OF SURGICAL MATERIAL EXAMINATION

Rheumatology Science and Practice ◽

10.14412/1995-4484-2020-286-289 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 286-289

Author(s):

N. S. Migalkin ◽

T. A. Stupina ◽

A. V. Kaminsky ◽

D. S. Mokhovikov ◽

D. A. Shabalin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staining Technique ◽

Calcium Pyrophosphate ◽

Alcohol Solution ◽

Formalin Fixation ◽

Histological Techniques ◽

Tissue Sections ◽

Stereo Microscope ◽

Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽

Tissue Specimens ◽

Msu Crystals

The development of microcrystalline arthritides is most frequently associated with the formation of monosodium urate (MSU) and calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals. Their identification is of crucial importance in recognizing these diseases. Objective: to determine the possibilities of histological techniques in identifying MSU and CPP crystals and to evaluate the effectiveness of the techniques. Subjects and methods. Twenty-four tissue blocks (fragments of the affected areas of the elbow joint, the interphalangeal joint of the index finger, and hip joint) from 7 patients were examined. Paraffin sections were stained with a 0.5% alcohol solution of eosin, as well as with hematoxylin and eosin. Tissue specimens were examined and digitized using an AxioScope.A1 stereo microscope with Zenblue software (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging GmbH, Germany). Results and discussion. When staining the tissue sections with hematoxylin and eosin, microcrystals were not visualized; the major portions of MSU crystals was dissolved during fixation and staining, whereas CPP crystals were masked with hematoxylin as focal basophilic aggregates. The staining technique with an alcohol solution of eosin and short formalin fixation (within 12 hours) made it possible to avoid dissolution of MSU crystals and to visualize both MSU and CPP crystals, and to determine their shape and color. Conclusion. Light microscopy of the tissue sections stained with an alcohol solution of eosin along with short formalin fixation is a reliable method to differentiate MSU and CPP crystals. In patients undergoing endoprosthetic replacement, the significance of this technique for the pathomorphological study of surgical material consists in assessing inflammatory activity and in eliminating a disease, such as microcrystalline arthropathy.

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Postmortem changes of the gill lamellae of fish

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100157383 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 1080-1081

Author(s):

K. C. Liu

Keyword(s):

Fine Structure ◽

Uranyl Acetate ◽

Anguilla Japonica ◽

Gill Lamella ◽

Postmortem Changes ◽

Osmic Acid ◽

Lead Citrate ◽

Chanos Chanos ◽

Gill Filaments ◽

Gill Lamellae

The fine structure of the gill lamellae of fish has been reported for several species. All of them consisted the same types of cells and showed the same characteristics. The structural change of the gill lamellae under natural condition, after death was not reported. This report is to present a study on that event.Gill filaments from cultured Anguilla japonica, Tilapia sp. and Chanos chanos, of marketing size, both fresh and dead for different length of time were studied. The samples were fixed with 3% glutaraldehyde and 1% osmic acid, dehydrated with ethanol, and embedded with Epon and Araldite mixture. Thin section were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Observations were made with a JEOL 100 CX electron microscpe at 60 KV.The gill lamella of all three species studied showed similar fine stuctural characteristics . They consisted a central raw of pillar cells which formed the blood lumen. A layer of epithelium covered the outer surface . There was a prominent layer of basal limina between those two types of cells (Fig. 1). The epithelium showed degeneration first. It disintegrated and ditached from the basal lamina, and formed debris.

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Parasites of the mangrove mussel Mytella guyanensis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) in Camamu Bay, Bahia, Brazil

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/s1519-69842012000300002 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 72 (3) ◽

pp. 421-427 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

LO. Ceuta ◽

G Boehs

Keyword(s):

Temporal Variation ◽

Water Temperature ◽

Digestive Gland ◽

High Intensity ◽

Microscopic Analysis ◽

Intensity Of Infection ◽

Histological Techniques ◽

Parasitic Castration ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Hematoxylin And Eosin

This contribution reports the parasites found in the mangrove mussel Mytella guyanensis in Camamu Bay, Bahia, Brazil. Samples were collected monthly from September 2006 through October 2007. A total of 460 individuals were collected, fixed in Davidson's solution, and processed by standard histological techniques, and the sections were stained with Harris hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The water temperature ranged from 23.5 to 31.6 ºC, and the salinity from 25 to 37‰. Microscopic analysis showed Rickettsia-like organisms (RLOs), Nematopsis sp. (Apicomplexa), and Platyhelminthes, including a turbellarian, sporocysts of Bucephalus sp., metacercariae, and metacestodes of Tylocephalum sp. Parasites were observed mainly in the gills, mantle, and digestive gland. The prevalence of Nematopsis sp. was 100%, and in heavily infected mussels the tissues of the labial palps were damaged. RLOs occurred in high prevalence and intensity of infection in some periods. The digenean sporocysts showed moderate prevalence but high intensity of infection, and caused parasitic castration. In general, there was no significant spatial or temporal variation (p > 0.05) of the parasites, which is probably attributable to the small variations of temperature and salinity in the region.

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Behavior surveillance and oxygen consumption in the freshwater fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton) exposed to sodium cyanide

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah1002091d ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 26 (1-2) ◽

pp. 91-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

P.N. Dube ◽

B.B. Hosetti

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Freshwater Fish ◽

Labeo Rohita ◽

Test Chamber ◽

Sublethal Concentration ◽

Sodium Cyanide ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Lc50 Value ◽

Toxic Pollutant ◽

Sublethal Concentrations

Sodium cyanide, is highly contaminating aquatic ecosystems as a toxic pollutant, was investigated in the present study for acute toxicity on freshwater fish Labeo rohita. The toxicity tests were conducted by static renewal bioassay method on the juveniles of fish was evaluated. The LC50 value of sodium cyanide to Labeo rohita was found out to be 320 ?g l-1. One third (106 ?g l-1) and one fifth (64 ?g l-1) of the LC50 value was selected for sublethal studies. Behavioural patterns and oxygen consumption were observed in both (1/3rd and 1/5th) sublethal concentrations (1, 5, 10 and 15 days). Sodium cyanide is highly toxic to the animal tested. Fish behaved irregular, erratic, and dartic movements, by followed hyperexcitability, loss of balance, finally settles to the bottom of the test chamber. A decrease in oxygen consumption was observed in 1/3rd (11.62% and -4.52%) and 1/5th (9.11% and -2.82%) sublethal concentrations. Fish under sublethal concentration were found to be under stress but not fatal.

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The effects of amphotericin B on the interaction of Candida albicans with fibroblast cultures

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m89-038 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 255-259 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Glenn J. Merkel ◽

Charles L. Phelps

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Amphotericin B ◽

Germ Tube ◽

Sublethal Effects ◽

Sublethal Concentration ◽

Tube Formation ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Cultured Fibroblasts ◽

Polyene Antibiotics ◽

Infection Inhibition

Sublethal amounts of amphotericin B inhibited the interaction of Candida albicans with cultured fibroblasts. Different C. albicans clinical isolates exhibited varying degrees of sensitivity to the drug, but those isolates that were the most infective in control cultures appeared to be the most resistant to amphotericin B mediated infection inhibition. Although amphotericin B inhibited germ tube formation at the sublethal concentration of 0.3 μg/mL, lower concentrations inhibited infection without preventing germination. The extent of this latter activity varied with the isolate and amphotericin B concentration and appeared to be related to sublethal effects on germinated yeasts. While amphotericin B effectively prevented new fibroblast infection, it did not dissociate those yeasts which had established an infection before its addition.Key words: yeast, Candida, amphotericin B, polyene antibiotics.

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Neurotoxic Effect of Benzo[a]pyrene and Its Possible Association with 6-Hydroxydopamine Induced Neurobehavioral Changes during Early Adolescence Period in Rats

Journal of Toxicology ◽

10.1155/2016/8606410 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Saroj Kumar Das ◽

Bhupesh Patel ◽

Manorama Patri

Keyword(s):

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Postnatal Exposure ◽

Neurotoxic Effect ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Motor Hyperactivity ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Adolescence Period ◽

Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽

Histopathological Studies ◽

6 Hydroxydopamine

Exposure to persistent genotoxicants like benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) during postnatal days causes neurobehavioral changes in animal models. However, neurotoxic potential of B[a]P and its association with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced neurobehavioral changes are yet to be explored. The growth of rat brain peaks at the first week of birth and continues up to one month with the attainment of adolescence. Hence, the present study was conducted on male Wistar rats at postnatal day 5 (PND 5) following single intracisternal administration of B[a]P to compare with neurobehavioral and neurotransmitter changes induced by 6-OHDA at PND 30. Spontaneous motor activity was significantly increased by 6-OHDA showing similar trend following B[a]P administration. Total distance travelled in novel open field arena and elevated plus maze was significantly increased following B[a]P and 6-OHDA administration. Neurotransmitter estimation showed significant alleviation of dopamine in striatum following B[a]P and 6-OHDA administration. Histopathological studies of striatum by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining revealed the neurodegenerative potential of B[a]P and 6-OHDA. Our results indicate that B[a]P-induced spontaneous motor hyperactivity in rats showed symptomatic similarities with 6-OHDA. In conclusion, early postnatal exposure to B[a]P in rats causing neurobehavioral changes may lead to serious neurodegenerative consequences during adolescence.

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Parasites in the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae cultivated in the estuary of the Graciosa River in Taperoá, Bahia

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612015012 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 21-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Aliane Watanabe Cova ◽

Moacyr Serafim Júnior ◽

Guisla Boehs ◽

Jackson Moreira de Souza

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Optical Microscope ◽

Water Salinity ◽

Monthly Basis ◽

Histological Techniques ◽

Low Intensity ◽

Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽

Neanthes Succinea ◽

Crassostrea Rhizophorae

In this work, parasites associated with the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae were studied at a cultivation unit in the estuary of the Graciosa River in Taperoá, Bahia. On a monthly basis, between April 2011 and March 2012, 20 oysters were collected, measured and fixed in 10% formaldehyde. In order to identify the parasites, routine histological techniques were used. The specimens were embedded in paraffin and sections, 7 µm thick, were cut. These were then stained with Harris hematoxylin and eosin and were examined using an optical microscope. The parameters analyzed to investigate water quality showed that the temperature ranged from 23.9 °C to 29.3 °C, water salinity from 0.4 to 24.2 Practical Salinity Units PSU and recorded rainfall from 80 mm to 406.4 mm/month. During the parasitological analyses, infestation of the polychaete Neanthes succinea was observed in 41% of the oysters. Through histological techniques, the following parasites were identified: colonies of Rickettsia-like organisms (RLOs); the protozoa Nematopsis sp. and Ancistrocoma sp.; the turbellarian Urastoma sp.; the metacestode Tylocephalum sp. and an unidentified tapeworm. The data collected showed that there was low-intensity infection with and prevalence of parasites, except for Nematopsis sp., thus attesting that these cultivated oysters were in a healthy condition.

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Investigation on culture and health status of Mrigal Cirrhinus cirrhosus from the farming system of Mymensingh region

Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University ◽

10.3329/jbau.v11i2.19947 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 391-397

Author(s):

GU Ahmed ◽

K Konica ◽

MF Ali ◽

T Khatun

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Pathological Condition ◽

Farming System ◽

Health Condition ◽

Fish Farms ◽

Histological Techniques ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Gill Filaments ◽

Culture And Health ◽

Histopathological Studies

Indian major carp, Cirrhinus cirrhosus was considered to monitor culture and health status in farm condition from Bhaluka and Muktagacha of Mymensingh region of Bangladesh for a period of seven months starting from September, 2010 to March, 2011. Monthly sampling was carried out for growth and health condition. Samples of skin and muscle, gill, liver and kidney were observed by clinical and histological techniques. Water temperature was at unfavorable levels but, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, ammonia and nitrite of water were within the favorable range for fish culture during the months of December and January. Clinically weak body, rough skin, scale loss, thick gill filaments, ulcer and gray brownish color were observed. Among the affected fish organs like skin, muscle and gill were found to be more affected than those of the internal organs, liver and kidney. Major pathologies in the skin and muscle were loss of epidermis and dermis, presence of fungal granuloma, fungal hyphae, necrosis, hemorrhages, vacuums and melanocytes. Protozoan cysts, clubbing, hemorrhages, necrosis and hypertrophy were found in the gill. Necrosis, hemorrhage, pyknosis and vacuums were observed in liver. Common pathological signs like necrosis, hemorrhage, pyknosis, vacuums and degenerated kidney tubules were noticed in kidney. Overall, in the clinical and histopathological studies fishes were found to be more affected during the colder months i.e., December and January. Whereas, in the month of February the pathological condition of fish gradually started to heal up. In histopathological observation, fishes of Bhaluka farms were more affected than that of Muktagacha fish farms. Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) and protozoan diseases were noticed in Bhaluka fish farms. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v11i2.19947 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 11(2): 391-397, 2013

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