Transcriptional Regulatory Network of GA Floral Induction Pathway in LA Hybrid Lily

Background: The LA hybrid lily ‘Aladdin’ has both excellent traits of Longiflorum hybrids and Asiatic hybrids—such as big and vivid flower, strong stem, high self-propagation coefficient, and shorter low temperature time required to release bulb dormancy in contrast to Oriental hybrids. A genome-wide transcriptional analysis using transcriptome RNA-Seq was performed in order to explore whether there is a gibberellin floral induction pathway in the LA hybrid lily. Subsequently, gene co-expression network analysis was used to analyze the possible interactions of key candidate genes screened from transcriptome data. At the same time, a series of physiological, biochemical, and cultivation tests were carried out. Results: The content of five endogenous hormones changed sharply in the shoot apex during the treatment of 200 mg/L exogenous gibberellin and the ratio of ABA/GA3 dropped and stayed at a lower level after 4 hours’ treatment from the higher levels initially, reaching a dynamic balance. In addition, the metabolism of carbohydrates in the bulbs increase during exogenous gibberellin treatment. A total of 124,041 unigenes were obtained by RNA-seq. With the transcriptome analysis, 48,927 unigenes and 48,725 unigenes respectively aligned to the NR database and the Uniprot database. 114,138 unigenes, 25,369 unigenes, and 19,704 unigenes respectively aligned to the COG, GO, and KEGG databases. 2148 differentially expression genes (DEGs) were selected with the indicators RPKM ≥ 0, FDR ≤ 0.05 and |log2(ratio)| ≥ 2. The number of the upregulated unigenes was significantly more than the number of the downregulated unigenes. Some MADS-box genes related to flowering transformation—such as AGL20, SOC1, and CO—were found to be upregulated. A large number of gibberellin biosynthesis related genes such as GA2ox, GA3ox, GA20ox, Cytochrome P450, CYP81, and gibberellin signal transduction genes such as DELLA, GASA, and GID1 were significantly differentially expressed. The plant hormones related genes such as NCED3 and sugar metabolism related genes such as α-amylase, sucrose synthase hexokinase, and so on were also found expressing differentially. In addition, stress resistance related genes such as LEA1, LEA2, LEA4, serine/threonine protein kinase, LRR receptor-like serine/threonine protein kinase, P34 kinase, histidine kinase 3 and epigenetic related genes in DNA methylation, histone methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination of ribose were also found. Particularly, a large number of transcription factors responsive to the exogenous gibberellin signal including WRKY40, WRKY33, WRKY27, WRKY21, WRKY7, MYB, AP2/EREBP, bHLH, NAC1, NAC2, and NAC11 were found to be specially expressing. 30 gene sequences were selected from a large number of differentially expressed candidate genes for qRT-PCR expression verification (0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 h) and compared with the transcriptome expression levels. Conclusions: 200mg/L exogenous GA3 can successfully break the bulb’s dormancy of the LA hybrid lily and significantly accelerated the flowering process, indicating that gibberellin floral induction pathway is present in the LA lily ‘Aladdin’. With the GCNs analysis, two second messenger G protein-coupled receptor related genes that respond to gibberellin signals in the cell were discovered. The downstream transport proteins such as AMT, calcium transport ATPase, and plasma membrane ATPase were also discovered participating in GA signal transduction. Transcription factors including WRKY7, NAC2, NAC11, and CBF specially regulated phosphorylation and glycosylation during the ubiquitination degradation process of DELLA proteins. These transcription factors also activated in abscisic acid metabolism. A large number of transcription factors such as WRKY21, WRKY22, NAC1, AP2, EREB1, P450, and CYP81 that both regulate gibberellin signaling and low-temperature signals have also been found. Finally, the molecular mechanism of GA floral induction pathway in the LA hybrid lily ‘Aladdin’ was constructed.

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Joint transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis reveals the mechanism of low-temperature tolerance in Hosta ventricosa

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0259455 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (11) ◽

pp. e0259455

Author(s):

QianQian Zhuang ◽

Shaopeng Chen ◽

ZhiXin Jua ◽

Yue Yao

Keyword(s):

Signal Transduction ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Temperature Tolerance ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Metabolomic Analysis ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Low Temperature Tolerance ◽

Content Ratio ◽

Temperature Damage ◽

Hosta Ventricosa

Hosta ventricosa is a robust ornamental perennial plant that can tolerate low temperatures, and which is widely used in urban landscaping design in Northeast China. However, the mechanism of cold-stress tolerance in this species is unclear. A combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis was used to explore the mechanism of low-temperature tolerance in H. ventricosa. A total of 12 059 differentially expressed genes and 131 differentially expressed metabolites were obtained, which were mainly concentrated in the signal transduction and phenylpropanoid metabolic pathways. In the process of low-temperature signal transduction, possibly by transmitting Ca2+ inside and outside the cell through the ion channels on the three cell membranes of COLD, CNGCs and CRLK, H. ventricosa senses temperature changes and stimulates SCRM to combine with DREB through the MAPK signal pathway and Ca2+ signal sensors such as CBL, thus strengthening its low-temperature resistance. The pathways of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid metabolism represent the main mechanism of low-temperature tolerance in this species. The plant protects itself from low-temperature damage by increasing its content of genistein, scopolentin and scopolin. It is speculated that H. ventricosa can also adjust the content ratio of sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol and thereby alter the morphological structure of its cell walls and so increase its resistance to low temperatures.When subjected to low-temperature stress, H. ventricosa perceives temperature changes via COLD, CNGCs and CRLK, and protection from low-temperature damage is achieved by an increase in the levels of genistein, scopolentin and scopolin through the pathways of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis.

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QTL Mapping Low-Temperature Germination Ability in the Maize IBM Syn10 DH Population

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants11020214 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 214

Author(s):

Qinghui Han ◽

Qingxiang Zhu ◽

Yao Shen ◽

Michael Lee ◽

Thomas Lübberstedt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factor ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Candidate Genes ◽

Temperature Tolerance ◽

Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Dh Population ◽

Low Temperature Tolerance ◽

Germination Ability ◽

Upregulated Genes

Chilling injury poses a serious threat to seed emergence of spring-sowing maize in China, which has become one of the main climatic limiting factors affecting maize production in China. It is of great significance to mine the key genes controlling low-temperature tolerance during seed germination and study their functions for breeding new maize varieties with strong low-temperature tolerance during germination. In this study, 176 lines of the intermated B73 × Mo17 (IBM) Syn10 doubled haploid (DH) population, which comprised 6618 bin markers, were used for QTL analysis of low-temperature germination ability. The results showed significant differences in germination related traits under optimum-temperature condition (25 °C) and low-temperature condition (10 °C) between two parental lines. In total, 13 QTLs were detected on all chromosomes, except for chromosome 5, 7, 10. Among them, seven QTLs formed five QTL clusters on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 9 under the low-temperature condition, which suggested that there may be some genes regulating multiple germination traits at the same time. A total of 39 candidate genes were extracted from five QTL clusters based on the maize GDB under the low-temperature condition. To further screen candidate genes controlling low-temperature germination, RNA-Seq, in which RNA was extracted from the germination seeds of B73 and Mo17 at 10 °C, was conducted, and three B73 upregulated genes and five Mo17 upregulated genes were found by combined analysis of RNA-Seq and QTL located genes. Additionally, the variations of Zm00001d027976 (GLABRA2), Zm00001d007311 (bHLH transcription factor), and Zm00001d053703 (bZIP transcription factor) were found by comparison of amino sequence between B73 and Mo17. This study will provide a theoretical basis for marker-assisted breeding and lay a foundation for further revealing molecular mechanism of low-temperature germination tolerance in maize.

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Combined Analysis of the Metabolome and Transcriptome Identified Candidate Genes Involved in Phenolic Acid Biosynthesis in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21041337 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 1337 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Weida Lin ◽

Yueling Li ◽

Qiuwei Lu ◽

Hongfei Lu ◽

Junmin Li

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factors ◽

Candidate Genes ◽

Phenolic Acid ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Regulation Mechanism ◽

Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Cyclocarya Paliurus ◽

Helix Loop Helix

To assess changes of metabolite content and regulation mechanism of the phenolic acid biosynthesis pathway at different developmental stages of leaves, this study performed a combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis of Cyclocarya paliurus leaves at different developmental stages. Metabolite and transcript profiling were conducted by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer and high-throughput RNA sequencing, respectively. Transcriptome identification showed that 58 genes were involved in the biosynthesis of phenolic acid. Among them, 10 differentially expressed genes were detected between every two developmental stages. Identification and quantification of metabolites indicated that 14 metabolites were located in the phenolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Among them, eight differentially accumulated metabolites were detected between every two developmental stages. Association analysis between metabolome and transcriptome showed that six differentially expressed structural genes were significantly positively correlated with metabolite accumulation and showed similar expression trends. A total of 128 transcription factors were identified that may be involved in the regulation of phenolic acid biosynthesis; these include 12 MYBs and 10 basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors. A regulatory network of the phenolic acid biosynthesis was established to visualize differentially expressed candidate genes that are involved in the accumulation of metabolites with significant differences. The results of this study contribute to the further understanding of phenolic acid biosynthesis during the development of leaves of C. paliurus.

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A novel insight into nitrogen and auxin signaling in lateral root formation in tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]

10.21203/rs.2.16108/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Shunkai Hu ◽

Mi Zhang ◽

Yiqing Yang ◽

Wei Xuan ◽

Zhongwei Zou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Signal Transduction ◽

Transcription Factors ◽

Differentially Expressed Genes ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Tea Plant ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Auxin Signaling ◽

Tea Plants ◽

Low Nitrogen

Abstract Abstract Background Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverage worldwide. Lateral roots (LRs) of tea plant are the main organ used for tea plant to absorb soil moisture and nutrients. Lateral roots formation and development are tightly regulated by the nitrogen and auxin signaling pathway. In order to understand the function of auxin and nitrogen signaling in LRs formation and development, transcriptome analysis was applied to investigate the differentially expressed genes involved in lateral roots of tea plants treated with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), low and high nitrogen concentration. Results A total of 296 common differentially expressed genes were mainly identified and annotated to four signaling pathways, such as nitrogen metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, Glutathione metabolism and transcription factors. RNA-sequencing results revealed that majority of differentially expressed genes play important roles in nitrogen metabolism and hormonal signal transduction. Low nitrogen condition induced the biosynthesis of auxin and accumulation of transcripts, thereby regulating lateral roots formation. Furthermore, metabolism of cytokinin and ethylene biosynthesis were also involved in lateral roots development. Transcription factors like MYB genes also contributed to the lateral roots formation of tea plants through secondary cell wall biosynthesis. Reversed phase ultra performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) results showed that the auxin concentration in lateral roots was increased, while the nitrogen level decreased. Thus, tea plant lateral roots formation could be induced by low nitrogen concentration via auxin biosynthesis and accumulation. Conclusion This study provides new insights into the mechanisms associated with nitrogen and auxin signaling pathways to regulate LRs formation and arises new clues for the efficient utilization of nitrogen in tea plant at the genetic level.

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Joint Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Low Temperature Tolerance in Hosta Ventricosa

10.21203/rs.3.rs-389589/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

QianQian Zhuang ◽

Shaopeng Chen ◽

ZhiXin Jua ◽

Yao Yue

Keyword(s):

Signal Transduction ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Low Temperatures ◽

Temperature Tolerance ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Metabolomic Analysis ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Low Temperature Tolerance ◽

Temperature Damage ◽

Hosta Ventricosa

Abstract Background: Hosta ventricosa is a robust ornamental perennial plant that can tolerate low temperatures, and which is widely used in urban landscaping design in Northeast China. However, the mechanism of cold stress tolerance in this species is unclear. Methods:This study used a combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis to explore the mechanism of low temperature tolerance in H. ventricosa.Results: A total of 12 059 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 131 differentially expressed metabolites were obtained, which were mainly concentrated in the signal transduction and phenylpropanoid metabolic pathways. In the process of low temperature signal transduction, H. ventricosa is mainly through the ion channels on the three cell membranes of COLD, CNGCs and CRLK to transmit Ca2+ inside and outside the cell to sense temperature changes, and stimulate SCRM to combine with DREB through the MAPK signal pathway and Ca2+ signal sensors such as CBL. Strengthen the low temperature resistance of H. ventricosa. The pathways of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid metabolism represent the main mechanism of low temperature tolerance in this species. The plant protects itself from low temperature damage by increasing its content of genistein, scopolentin and scopolin. It is speculated that H. ventricosa can also adjust the content ratio of sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol and thereby alter the morphological structure of its cell walls and so increase its resistance to low temperatures.Conclusions: In H. ventricosa that is subjected to low temperature stress, temperature changes are perceived through COLD, CNGCs and CRLK, and protection from low temperature damage is achieved by an increase in the levels of genistein, scopolentin and scopolin through the pathways of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis.

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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Genes and Pathways Associated with Mummify Piglets

Genome ◽

10.1139/gen-2021-0026 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shujie Wang ◽

Pingxian Wu ◽

Kai Wang ◽

Xiang Ji ◽

Dong Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candidate Genes ◽

Transcriptome Profiling ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Reproductive Capacity ◽

Signal Pathways ◽

Comparative Transcriptome ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Promising Candidate ◽

Pork Consumption ◽

Differential Genes

China is the country with the largest pork consumption in the world. However, the incidence of high mummify piglets (3-5%) is one of the important factors that cause the slow improvement of pig reproductive capacity, and the genetic mechanism is still unclear. This study aimed to identify candidate genes related to high mummify piglets. RNA-seq technology was used to comparative transcriptome profiling of blood from high piglets mummified and healthy sow at different stages of pregnancy (35d, 56d, 77d and 98d). A total of 137 to 420 DEGs were detected in each stage. Seven differentially expressed genes were significantly differentially expressed at various stages. IL-9R, TLR8, ABLIM3, FSH-α, ASCC1, PRKCZ, and GCK may play an important role in course of mummify piglets. The differential genes we identified between the groups were mainly enriched in immune and inflammation regulation, and others were mainly enriched in reproduction. Considering the function of candidate genes, IL-9R and TLR8 were suggested as the most promising candidate genes involved in mummify piglet traits. We speculate that during pregnancy, it may be the combined effects of the above-mentioned inflammation, immune response, and reproduction-related signal pathways that affect the occurrence of mummifying piglets, and further affect pig reproduction.

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Transcriptome analysis of oil palm inflorescences revealed candidate genes for an auxin signaling pathway involved in parthenocarpy

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.5975 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. e5975

Author(s):

Suthasinee Somyong ◽

Kitti Walayaporn ◽

Nukoon Jomchai ◽

Chaiwat Naktang ◽

Tanapong Yodyingyong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candidate Genes ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Fruit Development ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Auxin Signaling ◽

Parthenocarpic Fruit ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Auxin Treatment ◽

Auxin Signaling Pathway ◽

Average Size

Oil palm parthenocarpic fruits, which are produced without fertilization, can be targeted to increase oil content because the majority of the fruit is occupied by mesocarp, the part in which palm oil is stored. Consequently, gaining an understanding of the parthenocarpic mechanism would be instrumental for producing parthenocarpic oil palm. This study aims to determine effects of auxin treatment and analyze differentially expressed genes in oil palm pistils at the pollination/anthesis stage, using an RNA sequencing (RNA seq) approach. The auxin treatment caused 100% parthenocarpy when auxin was sprayed before stigmas opened. The parthenocarpy decreased to 55%, 8% and 5% when the auxin was sprayed 1, 2 and 3 days after the opening of stigmas, respectively. Oil palm plants used for RNA seq were plants untreated with auxin as controls and auxin-treated plants on the day before pollination and 1 day after pollination. The number of raw reads ranged from 8,425,859 to 11,811,166 reads, with an average size ranging from 99 to 137 base pairs (bp). When compared with the oil palm transcriptome, the mapped reads ranged from 8,179,948 to 11,320,799 reads, representing 95.85–98.01% of the oil palm matching. Based on five comparisons between RNA seq of treatments and controls, and confirmation using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and quantitative real-time RT-PCR expression, five candidate genes, including probable indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amido synthetase GH3.8 (EgGH3.8), IAA-amido synthetase GH3.1 (EgGH3.1), IAA induced ARG7 like (EgARG7), tryptophan amino transferase-related protein 3-like (EgTAA3) and flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 (EgFMO1), were differentially expressed between auxin-treated and untreated samples. This evidence suggests a pathway of parthenocarpic fruit development at the beginning of fruit development. However, more research is needed to identify which genes are definitely involved in parthenocarpy.

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Genome-wide association and differential expression analysis of salt tolerance in Gossypium hirsutum L at the germination stage

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-019-1989-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yanchao Yuan ◽

Huixian Xing ◽

Wenguan Zeng ◽

Jialing Xu ◽

Lili Mao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

Candidate Genes ◽

Upland Cotton ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Genome Wide Association ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Salt Tolerant ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Germination Stage

Abstract Background Salinity is a major abiotic stress seriously hindering crop yield. Development and utilization of tolerant varieties is the most economical way to address soil salinity. Upland cotton is a major fiber crop and pioneer plant on saline soil and thus its genetic architecture underlying salt tolerance should be extensively explored. Results In this study, genome-wide association analysis and RNA sequencing were employed to detect salt-tolerant qualitative-trait loci (QTLs) and candidate genes in 196 upland cotton genotypes at the germination stage. Using comprehensive evaluation values of salt tolerance in four environments, we identified 33 significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including 17 and 7 SNPs under at least two and four environments, respectively. The 17 stable SNPs were located within or near 98 candidate genes in 13 QTLs, including 35 genes that were functionally annotated to be involved in salt stress responses. RNA-seq analysis indicated that among the 98 candidate genes, 13 were stably differentially expressed. Furthermore, 12 of the 13 candidate genes were verified by qRT-PCR. RNA-seq analysis detected 6640, 3878, and 6462 differentially expressed genes at three sampling time points, of which 869 were shared. Conclusions These results, including the elite cotton accessions with accurate salt tolerance evaluation, the significant SNP markers, the candidate genes, and the salt-tolerant pathways, could improve our understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanisms under salt stress tolerance and genetic manipulation for cotton improvement.

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Strigolactone Signaling Genes Showing Differential Expression Patterns in Arabidopsis max Mutants

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants8090352 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 352 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Manu Kumar ◽

Inyoung Kim ◽

Yeon-Ki Kim ◽

Jae Bok Heo ◽

Mi Chung Suh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Signal Transduction ◽

Protein Kinase ◽

Differential Expression ◽

Candidate Genes ◽

Molecular Mechanism ◽

Regulatory Mechanism ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Shoot Branching ◽

Biosynthesis Pathway

Strigolactone (SL) is a recently discovered class of phytohormone that inhibits shoot branching. The molecular mechanism underlying SL biosynthesis, perception, and signal transduction is vital to the plant branching phenotype. Some aspects of their biosynthesis, perception, and signaling include the role of four MORE AXILLARY GROWTH genes, MAX3, MAX4, MAX1, and MAX2. It is important to identify downstream genes that are involved in SL signaling. To achieve this, we studied the genomic aspects of the strigolactone biosynthesis pathway using microarray analysis of four max mutants. We identified SL signaling candidate genes that showed differential expression patterns in max mutants. More specifically, 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLATE SYNTHASE 4 (ACC4) and PROTEIN KINASE 3 (PKS3) displayed contrasting expression patterns, indicating a regulatory mechanism in SL signaling pathway to control different phenotypes apart from branching phenotype.

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A novel insight into nitrogen and auxin signaling in lateral root formation in tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]

10.21203/rs.2.16108/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Shunkai Hu(Former Corresponding Author) ◽

Mi Zhang ◽

Yiqing Yang ◽

Wei Xuan ◽

Zhongwei Zou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Signal Transduction ◽

Transcription Factors ◽

Differentially Expressed Genes ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Tea Plant ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Auxin Signaling ◽

Tea Plants ◽

Low Nitrogen

Abstract Background: Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverage worldwide. Lateral roots (LRs) of tea plant are the main organ used for tea plant to absorb soil moisture and nutrients. Lateral roots formation and development are tightly regulated by the nitrogen and auxin signaling pathway. In order to understand the function of auxin and nitrogen signaling in LRs formation and development, transcriptome analysis was applied to investigate the differentially expressed genes involved in lateral roots of tea plants treated with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), low and high nitrogen concentration. Results: A total of 296 common differentially expressed genes were mainly identified and annotated to four signaling pathways, such as nitrogen metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, Glutathione metabolism and transcription factors. RNA-sequencing results revealed that majority of differentially expressed genes play important roles in nitrogen metabolism and hormonal signal transduction. Low nitrogen condition induced the biosynthesis of auxin and accumulation of transcripts, thereby regulating lateral roots formation. Furthermore, metabolism of cytokinin and ethylene biosynthesis were also involved in lateral roots development. Transcription factors like MYB genes also contributed to the lateral roots formation of tea plants through secondary cell wall biosynthesis. Reversed phase ultra performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) results showed that the auxin concentration in lateral roots was increased, while the nitrogen level decreased. Thus, tea plant lateral roots formation could be induced by low nitrogen concentration via auxin biosynthesis and accumulation. Conclusion: This study provides new insights into the mechanisms associated with nitrogen and auxin signaling pathways to regulate LRs formation and arises new clues for the efficient utilization of nitrogen in tea plant at the genetic level.

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