scholarly journals Abscisic Acid—Enemy or Savior in the Response of Cereals to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Gietler ◽  
Justyna Fidler ◽  
Mateusz Labudda ◽  
Małgorzata Nykiel
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Aba Content

Abscisic acid (ABA) is well-known phytohormone involved in the control of plant natural developmental processes, as well as the stress response. Although in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) its role in mechanism of the tolerance to most common abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, or extreme temperatures seems to be fairly well recognized, not many authors considered that changes in ABA content may also influence the sensitivity of cereals to adverse environmental factors, e.g., by accelerating senescence, lowering pollen fertility, and inducing seed dormancy. Moreover, recently, ABA has also been regarded as an element of the biotic stress response; however, its role is still highly unclear. Many studies connect the susceptibility to various diseases with increased concentration of this phytohormone. Therefore, in contrast to the original assumptions, the role of ABA in response to biotic and abiotic stress does not always have to be associated with survival mechanisms; on the contrary, in some cases, abscisic acid can be one of the factors that increases the susceptibility of plants to adverse biotic and abiotic environmental factors.

scholarly journals Advances in the Role of Dark Septate Endophytes in the Plant Resistance to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 939
Author(s):  
Mila Santos ◽  
Ignacio Cesanelli ◽  
Fernando Diánez ◽  
Brenda Sánchez-Montesinos ◽  
Alejandro Moreno-Gavíra
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Dark Septate Endophytes ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Crop Diseases

Endophytic fungi have been studied in recent decades to understand how they interact with their hosts, the types of relationships they establish, and the potential effects of this interaction. Dark septate endophytes (DSE) are isolated from healthy plants and form melanised structures in the roots, including inter- and intracellular hyphae and microsclerotia, causing low host specificity and covering a wide geographic range. Many studies have revealed beneficial relationships between DSE and their hosts, such as enhanced plant growth, nutrient uptake, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Furthermore, in recent decades, studies have revealed the ability of DSE to mitigate the negative effects of crop diseases, thereby highlighting DSE as potential biocontrol agents of plant diseases (BCAs). Given the importance of these fungi in nature, this article is a review of the role of DSE as BCAs. The findings of increasing numbers of studies on these fungi and their relationships with their plant hosts are also discussed to enable their use as a tool for the integrated management of crop diseases and pests.

Role of salicylic acid in regulation of cadmium toxicity in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Moussa ◽  
S. EL-Gamal
Keyword(s):  
Pyruvate Carboxylase ◽  
Cadmium Toxicity ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Carboxylase Activity ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Cd Accumulation ◽  
Phosphoenol Pyruvate ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Aba Content

Treatment with CdCl 2 (0, 100, 400 and 1000 μM) resulted in the inhibition of root dry biomass and root elongation and to increased Cd accumulation in the roots. These treatments also decreased the relative water content, chlorophyll content, 14 CO fixation, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity and abscisic acid (ABA) content, while increasing the malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and free proline contents and causing changes in the chloroplast and root ultrastructure. Pretreatment of seeds with SA (500 μM) for 20 h resulted in the amelioration of these effects.

Versatile physiological functions of the Nudix Hydrolase family in berry development and stress response in grapevine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaoke Wang ◽  
Peipei Wang ◽  
Le Guan ◽  
Muhammad Salman Haider ◽  
Maazullah Nasim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Leaf Roll ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Berry Development ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nudix Hydrolases

Abstract Background Nudix hydrolases are widely distributed across all classes of organisms and provide the potential capacity to hydrolyze a wide range of organic pyrophosphates. Although Nudix hydrolases are involved in plants detoxification processes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses, the biological functions of Nudix hydrolases remain largely unclear in grapevine. Results A total of 25 putative grapevine Nudix hydrolases ( VvNUDXs ) were identified by bioinformatics analysis and classified into eight subfamilies based to their preferred substrates. Both tandem and segmental duplications were responsible for the evolution and expansion of NUDX gene family in grapevine. To investigate into their regulatory roles of VvNUDX genes during growth and development as well as in response to abiotic and biotic stress in grapevine, the expression patterns were revealed in publicly available microarray data. The spatial and temporal expression patterns of VvNUDX genes indicated that these genes might play important roles in multiple developmental processes. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR analysis exhibited that ten VvNUDX genes were specifically expressed in grapevine berries, suggesting the potential roles in grapevine berry development. Expression and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that VvNUDX1 and VvNUDX3 might be involved in terpenoid biosynthesis in grapevine. Futhermore, most VvNUDX genes toward the ADP-ribose/NADH were different patterns in response to various abiotic and biotic stresses, such as salinity and drought, as well as different types of biotic treatments, such as Erysiphe necator , Bois Noir phytoplasma and leaf-roll-associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3). Conclusions These results showed that VvNUDX were associated with plant detoxification processes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses, and regulate disease immunity and resistance pathways. The present informations may provide good opportunities to explore the physiological functions of VvNUDX genes in berry development and stress response networks in grapevine.

scholarly journals The pivotal function of dehydroascorbate reductase in glutathione homeostasis in plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 3405-3416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyan Ding ◽  
Bipeng Wang ◽  
Yi Han ◽  
Shengchun Li
Keyword(s):  
Reduced Form ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Sulfenic Acid ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Ping Pong ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Catalytic Cysteine ◽  
Oxidation Analysis

Abstract Under natural conditions, plants are exposed to various abiotic and biotic stresses that trigger rapid changes in the production and removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The ascorbate-glutathione pathway has been recognized to be a key player in H2O2 metabolism, in which reduced glutathione (GSH) regenerates ascorbate by reducing dehydroascorbate (DHA), either chemically or via DHA reductase (DHAR), an enzyme belonging to the glutathione S-transferase (GST) superfamily. Thus, DHAR has been considered to be important in maintaining the ascorbate pool and its redox state. Although some GSTs and peroxiredoxins may contribute to GSH oxidation, analysis of Arabidopsis dhar mutants has identified the key role of DHAR in coupling H2O2 to GSH oxidation. The reaction of DHAR has been proposed to proceed by a ping-pong mechanism, in which binding of DHA to the free reduced form of the enzyme is followed by binding of GSH. Information from crystal structures has shed light on the formation of sulfenic acid at the catalytic cysteine of DHAR that occurs with the reduction of DHA. In this review, we discuss the molecular properties of DHAR and its importance in coupling the ascorbate and glutathione pools with H2O2 metabolism, together with its functions in plant defense, growth, and development.

Relationship of indoleacetic acid and tryptophan to dormancy and preharvest sprouting of wheat

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shashi Ramaih ◽  
Mohammed Guedira ◽  
Gary M. Paulsen
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Preharvest Sprouting ◽  
Synthetic Auxins ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Related Compounds

Preharvest sprouting of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) involves several plant hormones, but a role for indoleacetic acid (IAA) and its precursor, tryptophan, has not been demonstrated. Our objectives were to determine the roles of IAA, tryptophan, and related compounds in germination of cultivars that differed in susceptibility to preharvest sprouting. L-Tryptophan strongly inhibited germination of embryos excised from caryopses that were highly dormant at harvest but not of embryos from caryopses that had little innate dormancy. The embryos responded similarly to indoleacetaldehyde, IAA, and synthetic auxins, suggesting that tryptophan functioned as a precursor of IAA. Indoleacetaldehyde oxidase inhibitors alleviated the adverse effects of tryptophan and indoleacetaldehyde, and an auxin antagonist decreased the inhibitory action of tryptophan and IAA on embryos from dormant caryopses, further suggesting that IAA was involved. Changes in sensitivity to IAA during afterripening also supported a role for auxin in dormancy. Embryos from caryopses that were highly dormant at harvest gradually lost sensitivity to IAA during afterripening, whereas intact caryopses were insensitive to IAA. The results implicated IAA in dormancy of wheat caryopses and indicated that the auxin might complement the role of abscisic acid in germination. The importance of using dormant caryopses and arresting afterripening in investigations of seed dormancy was noted.

scholarly journals The Role of Abscisic Acid in Heat Stress-induced Secondary Dormancy in Apple Seeds

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn A. Ozga ◽  
F.G. Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Germination Capacity ◽  
Embryonic Axes ◽  
Secondary Dormancy ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Aba Content ◽  
Seed Coats ◽  
Apple Seeds

Exposure of stratified apple (Malus domestics Borkh. cv. Golden Delicious) seeds to 30C induces secondary dormancy. To determine if an increase in abscisic acid (ABA) content was associated with the loss in germination capacity, stratified seeds (3,- 6, or 9 weeks at 5C) were held at 30C for 0, 3, or 6 days. Stratification at 5C either had no effect or increased ABA content in embryonic axes, cotyledons, and seed coats. Exposure to 30C after stratification either did not affect or decreased ABA content of embryonic axes and seed coats; in contrast, cotyledonary ABA was increased. Seed coats, cotyledons, and embryonic axes stratified for 3, 6, or 9 weeks at 20C contained the same or higher levels of ABA in comparison with nonstratified seeds or seeds stratified at SC. Changes in ABA levels were not consistently correlated with changes in germination capacity during stratification or after exposure to 30C. These data suggest that changes in ABA are not related to changes in dormancy. Chemical names used: abscisic acid (ABA); butylated hydroxy-toluene (BHT); n-(trichloromethyl) thio-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide(Captan).

scholarly journals Genetic modifications as a future prospect in the improvement of the major qualitative traits of cereals. A review

2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-50
Author(s):  
KAROLINA DUDZIAK ◽  
MICHAŁ NOWAK ◽  
KRZYSZTOF KOWALCZYK
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Direct Gene Transfer ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors

Progress in cereals transformation which can be observed for last two decades has great importance in the development of plant science and agriculture. So far, non-vector techniques, particularly direct gene transfer using „gene gun”, have been often applied in cereals transformation. However, agrobiotechnology achievements enabled cereals transformation with the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Initially, it was believed that this technique cannot be applied to cereals because monocotyledones are outside the host range of the crown gall disease. Nowadays, the top five cereals with the highest economic significance – rice (Oryza sativa L.), maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) are quite efficiently transformed by A. tumefaciens. By means of molecular genetic tools it is possible to obtain cereals with new, improved traits. The present paper is focused on agricultural development which can by observed by the application of GM cereals tolerant to biotic and abiotic stress factors. Moreover, we summarized the latest achievements in cereals transformation.

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