scholarly journals Black Soldier Fly Larvae Adapt to Different Food Substrates through Morphological and Functional Responses of the Midgut

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4955
Author(s):  
Marco Bonelli ◽  
Daniele Bruno ◽  
Matteo Brilli ◽  
Novella Gianfranceschi ◽  
Ling Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Growth ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Poor Diet ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Extreme Variability ◽  
Adaptation Processes

Modulation of nutrient digestion and absorption is one of the post-ingestion mechanisms that guarantees the best exploitation of food resources, even when they are nutritionally poor or unbalanced, and plays a pivotal role in generalist feeders, which experience an extreme variability in diet composition. Among insects, the larvae of black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, can grow on a wide range of feeding substrates with different nutrient content, suggesting that they can set in motion post-ingestion processes to match their nutritional requirements. In the present study we address this issue by investigating how the BSF larval midgut adapts to diets with different nutrient content. Two rearing substrates were compared: a nutritionally balanced diet for dipteran larvae and a nutritionally poor diet that mimics fruit and vegetable waste. Our data show that larval growth performance is only moderately affected by the nutritionally poor diet, while differences in the activity of digestive enzymes, midgut cell morphology, and accumulation of long-term storage molecules can be observed, indicating that diet-dependent adaptation processes in the midgut ensure the exploitation of poor substrates. Midgut transcriptome analysis of larvae reared on the two substrates showed that genes with important functions in digestion and absorption are differentially expressed, confirming the adaptability of this organ.

scholarly journals Effects of urban atmospheric particulate matter on higher plants using Lycopersicon esculentum as model species

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Hubai ◽  
Nora Kováts ◽  
Gábor Teke
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate Matter ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Treatment Experiment

AbstractAtmospheric particulate matter (PM) is one of the major environmental concerns in Europe. A wide range of studies has proved the ecotoxic potential of atmospheric particles. PM exerts chemical stress on vegetation by its potentially toxic constituents; however, relatively few studies are available on assessing phytotoxic effects under laboratory conditions. In our study, aqueous extract of particulate matter was prepared and used for treatment. Experiment was following the procedure defined by the No. 227 OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals: Terrestrial Plant Test. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were used; elucidated toxicity was assessed based on morphological and biochemical endpoints such as biomass, chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b, carotenoids, and protein content. Biomass reduction and protein content showed a clear dose–effect relationship; the biomass decreased in comparison with the control (100%) in all test groups (TG) at a steady rate (TG1: 87.73%; TG2: 71.77%; TG3: 67.01%; TG4: 63.63%). The tendency in protein concentrations compared to the control was TG1: 113.61%; TG2: 148.21% TG3: 160.52%; TG4: 157.31%. However, pigments showed a ‘Janus-faced’ effect: nutrient content of the sample caused slight increase at lower doses; actual toxicity became apparent only at higher doses (chlorophyll-a concentration decrease was 84.47% in TG4, chlorophyll-b was 77.17%, and finally, carotene showed 83.60% decrease in TG4).

Feeding ecology of Symbolophorus californiensis larvae (Teleostei: Myctophidae) in the southern transition region of the western North Pacific

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 1249-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiyuki Sassa
Keyword(s):  
Transition Region ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Western North Pacific ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Trophic Niche ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Wide Range

The feeding habits of myctophid larvae of Symbolophorus californiensis were examined in the southern transition region of the western North Pacific where the main spawning and nursery grounds of S. californiensis are formed. This species is a key component of the pelagic ecosystems of this region, and their larvae attain one of the largest sizes among myctophids. To analyse gut contents larvae, including most life history stages after yolk-sac absorption (3.7 to 22.2 mm body length (BL)), were collected in the upper 100 m layer in 1997 and 1998. Feeding incidence was higher during the day than at night (53.1–92.3% versus 0–5.6%), and daytime feeding incidence increased gradually with larval growth. Larvae fed mainly on copepods of various developmental stages. Larvae of S. californiensis showed an ontogenetic change in their diet: larvae ≤7.9 mm BL (i.e. preflexion stage) fed mainly on copepod eggs and nauplii, while the larvae ≥8 mm BL consumed mainly calanoid copepodites such as Pseudocalanus and Paracalanus spp. In the largest size-class (16–22.2 mm BL), the furcilia stage of euphausiids was also an important prey item. There was an increase in the average prey size with growth in larvae ≤11.9 mm BL, while the number of prey eaten positively correlated with growth in larvae ≥12 mm BL. The trophic niche breadth also increased with larval growth, which would ensure a wide range of available food resources for the larger size-class larvae.

Use of Functional Response Modeling to Evaluate the Effect of Temperature on Predation of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Adults Preying on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) Nymphs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azadeh Farazmand ◽  
Masood Amir-Maafi
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Tetranychus Urticae ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Handling Time ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Amblyseius Swirskii ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract In this research, functional responses of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot preying on different Tetranychus urticae Koch nymphal densities (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128) were studied at eight constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5, 35 and 37.5°C) in a circular Petri dish (3-cm diameter × 1-cm height) under lab conditions. At all temperatures, the logistic regression showed a type II functional response. A nonlinear relationship was found between temperature and attack rate and the reciprocal of handling time. The reciprocal of handling time decreased exponentially with increasing temperature. In contrast, the attack rate grew rapidly with increasing temperatures up to an optimum, showing a decreasing trend at higher temperatures. In order to quantify the functional response of A. swirskii over a broad range of temperatures and to gain a better estimation of attack rate and handling time, a temperature-settled functional response equation was suited to our data. Our model showed that the number of prey consumed increased with rising prey density. Also, the predation rates increased with increasing temperatures but decreased at extremely high temperatures. Based on our model, the predation rate begins at the lower temperature threshold (11.73°C) and reaches its peak at upper temperature threshold (29.43°C). The coefficient of determination (R2) of the random predator model was 0.99 for all temperatures. The capability of A. swirskii to search and consume T. urticae over a wide range of temperatures makes it a good agent for natural control of T. urticae in greenhouses.

Effects of antibiotics on the development and intestinal bacterial diversity of black soldier fly larvae

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
J.B. Zhang ◽  
Y. Meng ◽  
J. Xu ◽  
C. Rensing ◽  
D. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Streptomycin Sulphate ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Hermetia Illucens Larvae

The effects of four antibiotics (metronidazole (M) levofloxacin (L), sodium ampicillin (A), and streptomycin sulphate (S)) and their pair-wise combinations at three doses on the development and intestinal bacterial diversity of the black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) larvae were studied. At a low dose M and L were able to inhibit larval growth. At a high dose, all antibiotics were shown to inhibit larval growth. However, the pair-wise combinational use of the antibiotics did not effectively enhance the inhibitory effect. The gut bacterial diversity of the normal control (NC) was significantly higher than the antibiotic-treated groups with 737 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from the larval guts of NC, compared to 305 and 227 from ML and AS. The number of anaerobic bacteria in ML was significantly lower than in NC and AS, with the relative abundance of OTUs from larval guts of ML being only about 0.01, compared to 0.4 for NC and 0.15 for AS. These results indicated that antibiotics at the experimental concentration did not affect the palatability of food for insects, but they would affect the diversity of food and intestinal microorganisms of BSF larvae, and the inhibitory effect of antibiotics on growth and development of BSF larvae displayed in this study was a complex effect.

scholarly journals Scaling of cytoskeletal organization with cell size in Drosophila

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1519-1529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison K. Spencer ◽  
Andrew J. Schaumberg ◽  
Jennifer A. Zallen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Quantitative Imaging ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Drosophila Embryo ◽  
Microtubule Network ◽  
Wide Range

Spatially organized macromolecular complexes are essential for cell and tissue function, but the mechanisms that organize micron-scale structures within cells are not well understood. Microtubule-based structures such as mitotic spindles scale with cell size, but less is known about the scaling of actin structures within cells. Actin-rich denticle precursors cover the ventral surface of the Drosophila embryo and larva and provide templates for cuticular structures involved in larval locomotion. Using quantitative imaging and statistical modeling, we demonstrate that denticle number and spacing scale with cell length over a wide range of cell sizes in embryos and larvae. Denticle number and spacing are reduced under space-limited conditions, and both features robustly scale over a 10-fold increase in cell length during larval growth. We show that the relationship between cell length and denticle spacing can be recapitulated by specific mathematical equations in embryos and larvae and that accurate denticle spacing requires an intact microtubule network and the microtubule minus end–binding protein, Patronin. These results identify a novel mechanism of micro­tubule-dependent actin scaling that maintains precise patterns of actin organization during tissue growth.

New cloud-based tool to Dynamically Manage Urban Resilience: the Fresnel Platform for Greater Paris

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Drouen ◽  
Daniel Schertzer ◽  
Ioulia Tchiguirinskaia
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Monitoring ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Web Browser ◽  
Data Accessibility ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
Strongly Nonlinear ◽  
Runtime Environment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Extreme Variability

<p>As cities are put under greater pressure from the threat of impacts of climate change, in particular the risk of heavier rainfall and flooding, there is a growing need to establish a hierarchical form of resilience in which critical infrastructures can become sustainable. The main difficulty is that geophysics and urban dynamics are strongly nonlinear with an associated, extreme variability over a wide range of space-time scales.</p><p>The polarimetric X-band radar at the ENPC’s campus (East of Paris) introduced a paradigm change in the prospects of environmental monitoring in Ile-de France. The radar is operated since May 2015 and has several characteristics that makes it of central importance for the environmental monitoring of the region.</p><p>Based on the radar data and other scientific mesurement tools, the platform for greater Paris was developped in participative co-creation, and in scientific collaboration with the world leader industrial in water management. As the need for data accessibility, a fast and reliable infrastructure were major requirements from the scientific community, the platform was build as a cloud-based solution. It provides scientific weather specialists, as well as water manager,  a fast and steady platform accessible from their web browser on desktop and mobile displays.</p><p>It was developped using free and open sources librairies, it is rooted on an integrated suite of modular components based on an asynchronous event-driven JavaScript runtime environment. It includes a comprehensive and (real-time) accessible database and also provides tools to analyse historical data on different time and geographic scales around the greater Paris.</p><p>The Fresnel SaaS (Sofware as a Service) cloud-based platform is an example of nowadays IT tools to dynamically enhance urban resilience. Developments are still in progress, in constant request and feedback loops from the scientific and professional world.</p>

Tolerance and Removal of Four Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds (PAHs) by Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-672
Author(s):  
Mingxia Fan ◽  
Nian Liu ◽  
Xiangji Wu ◽  
Jibin Zhang ◽  
Minmin Cai
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
The Public ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well-recognized toxic chemical, cause the public hazard in environments. Here, we demonstrated the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) could tolerate the PAHs and reduce their content. Four typical PAHs (1.0, 10.0, and 100.0 mg/kg), naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, were individually spiked into BSFL conversion systems. The parameters for larval growth, conversion process, and PAHs removal were determined in spiked group and no-spiked control. The results show that the larval development time (19.7–21.0 d) in the half of PAH groups was significantly longer by 2–4 d than those in the control, while the relative growth rates (1.88–1.99% per day) in the majority PAH groups were lower. The larval mortalities (0–2.83%), harvest yields (80.20–85.91 g), conversion rates (14.71–15.83%), and eclosion rates (60.27–82.67%) in almost all of PAH groups did not significantly different from those in the control. The four PAHs potentially delayed the development time of BSFL, slowed the larval growth, and lower waste reduction rates, but these influences were slight and might be caused by the inhibition of PAHs to microbial activity. The BSFL-mortalities, conversion rates, yields, and eclosion rates were not significantly affected by the PAHs. Furthermore, BSFL effectively removed 34.1–84.2% of PAHs from subtracts in 18–21 d. The removal of PAHs with low concentration could be easier than those with high concentration by BSFL. The present results provide an alternative strategy to treat the waste contaminated by PAHs and elucidate the effect of PAHs on insects in the environment.

The adaptive and maladaptive continuum of stress responses – a hippocampal perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepika Suri ◽  
Vidita A. Vaidya
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
Early Stress ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Factors

AbstractExposure to stressors elicits a spectrum of responses that span from potentially adaptive to maladaptive consequences at the structural, cellular and physiological level. These responses are particularly pronounced in the hippocampus where they also appear to influence hippocampal-dependent cognitive function and emotionality. The factors that influence the nature of stress-evoked consequences include the chronicity, severity, predictability and controllability of the stressors. In addition to adult-onset stress, early life stress also elicits a wide range of structural and functional responses, which often exhibit life-long persistence. However, the outcome of early stress exposure is often contingent on the environment experienced in adulthood, and could either aid in stress coping or could serve to enhance susceptibility to the negative consequences of adult stress. This review comprehensively examines the consequences of adult and early life stressors on the hippocampus, with a focus on their effects on neurogenesis, neuronal survival, structural and synaptic plasticity and hippocampal-dependent behaviors. Further, we discuss potential factors that may tip stress-evoked consequences from being potentially adaptive to largely maladaptive.

Evaluation of nutritive value of white mulberry (Morus alba) fruits waste

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 191-191
Author(s):  
A Mahdavi ◽  
S A Hosseini ◽  
M Mohiti Asl ◽  
H Lotfolahiya ◽  
A Aghashahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
White Mulberry ◽  
Mulberry Fruits

The mulberry belongs to the genus Morus of the family Moraceae. Mulberry is found from temperate to subtropical regions and they can grow in a wide range of climatic, topographical and soil conditions. In most countries, including Turkey, Greece and Iran, mulberries are grown for fruit production rather than foliage (Ercisli, 2004; Mulberry fruits can be used as a worming agent, as a remedy for dysentery, and as a laxative, odontalgic, anathematic, expectorant, hypoglycaemic and emetic (Baytop, 1996). Phonemics possess a wide spectrum of biochemical activities such as antioxidant, ant mutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties, as well as the ability to modify gene expression (Nakamura, et al., 2003; Mulberry fruit contains essential fatty acids that humans cannot synthesise, and must be obtained through diet. One of the most important points about mulberry fruits is its sensitive to environmental condition in harvesting time and the methods of harvesting that is not suitable. Because of this mentioned problem, mulberry fruits have a lot of waste. In animal feed industry, agricultural by-products were used in animal and poultry nutrition. One of the greatest challenges to a nutritionist is to formulate diets that adequately meet the nutrient requirements of the animal without having to provide excessive quantities of the expensive nutrients. In order to formulate the diets economically, it is essential that nutrient content of candidate ingredients analyzed as detail as possible. There was no information about mulberry fruits wastes nutritive value.

scholarly journals Effects of drying techniques on chemical composition and volatile constituents of bee pollen

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
Merve Keskin ◽  
Aslı Özkök
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Food Supplement ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Bee Pollen ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Drying Techniques

Bee pollen is used as a food supplement by humans as it is rich in carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and trace elements. Bee pollen has many biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor and antioxidant. Fresh bee pollen is not suitable for long-term storage because of its moisture content. In order to protect the nutrient content and freshness, the bee pollen can be dried by using different drying techniques. In this study, the biochemical characterization of the bee pollen samples dried by different techniques and drying effects on the biochemical properties of bee pollen were determined. Moisture, total lipid and protein, pH and total phenolic content of pollen samples were determined. The results ranged 6.23–20.62%, 4.98–5.57%, 16.812–1.477%, 4.08–4.33 and 15.2–22.73 mg GAE g<sup>–1</sup>, respectively. All samples are rich in squalene and methyl octadecanoate. It is clear that bee pollen bioactive components will be less damaged by using drying methods performed under more moderate conditions like lyophilization than when the traditional method is used.

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