scholarly journals Progesterone in the Brain: Hormone, Neurosteroid and Neuroprotectant

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5271
Author(s):  
Rachida Guennoun
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Progesterone Receptors ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Multiple Signaling ◽  
The Brain

Progesterone has a broad spectrum of actions in the brain. Among these, the neuroprotective effects are well documented. Progesterone neural effects are mediated by multiple signaling pathways involving binding to specific receptors (intracellular progesterone receptors (PR); membrane-associated progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1); and membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs)) and local bioconversion to 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone (3α,5α-THPROG), which modulates GABAA receptors. This brief review aims to give an overview of the synthesis, metabolism, neuroprotective effects, and mechanism of action of progesterone in the rodent and human brain. First, we succinctly describe the biosynthetic pathways and the expression of enzymes and receptors of progesterone; as well as the changes observed after brain injuries and in neurological diseases. Then, we summarize current data on the differential fluctuations in brain levels of progesterone and its neuroactive metabolites according to sex, age, and neuropathological conditions. The third part is devoted to the neuroprotective effects of progesterone and 3α,5α-THPROG in different experimental models, with a focus on traumatic brain injury and stroke. Finally, we highlight the key role of the classical progesterone receptors (PR) in mediating the neuroprotective effects of progesterone after stroke.

scholarly journals The role of prolactin in central nervous system inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Ramos-Martinez ◽  
Ivan Ramos-Martínez ◽  
Gladys Molina-Salinas ◽  
Wendy A. Zepeda-Ruiz ◽  
Marco Cerbon
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
General Information ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Abstract Prolactin has been shown to favor both the activation and suppression of the microglia and astrocytes, as well as the release of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Prolactin has also been associated with neuronal damage in diseases such as multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and in experimental models of these diseases. However, studies show that prolactin has neuroprotective effects in conditions of neuronal damage and inflammation and may be used as neuroprotector factor. In this review, we first discuss general information about prolactin, then we summarize recent findings of prolactin function in inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes and factors involved in the possible dual role of prolactin are described. Finally, we review the function of prolactin specifically in the central nervous system and how it promotes a neuroprotective effect, or that of neuronal damage, particularly in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and during excitotoxicity. The overall studies indicated that prolactin may be a promising molecule for the treatment of some neurological diseases.

scholarly journals Distribution in the brain and possible neuroprotective effects of intranasally delivered multi-walled carbon nanotubes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzia Soligo ◽  
Fausto Maria Felsani ◽  
Tatiana Da Ros ◽  
Susanna Bosi ◽  
Elena Pellizzoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrochemical Properties ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Active Investigation

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are currently under active investigation for their use in several biomedical applications, especially in neurological diseases and nervous system injury due to their electrochemical properties.

A critical role for central vasopressin in regulation of fever during bacterial infection

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (6) ◽  
pp. R1235-R1240
Author(s):  
R. A. Cridland ◽  
N. W. Kasting
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Continuous Measurement ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Bacterial Endotoxins ◽  
Chronic Infusion ◽  
Live Bacteria ◽  
The Brain

Previous investigations on the antipyretic properties of arginine vasopressin have used bacterial endotoxins or pyrogens to induce fever. Because these experimental models of fever fail to mimic all aspects of the responses to infection, we felt it was important to examine the role of endogenously released vasopressin as a neuromodulator in febrile thermoregulation during infection. Therefore the present study examines the effects of chronic infusion of a V1-receptor antagonist or saline (via osmotic minipumps into the ventral septal area of the brain) on a fever induced by injection of live bacteria. Telemetry was used for continuous measurement of body temperature in the awake unhandled rat. Animals infused with the V1-antagonist exhibited fevers that were greater in duration compared with those of saline-infused animals. These results support the hypothesis that vasopressin functions as an antipyretic agent or fever-reducing agent in brain. Importantly, they suggest that endogenously released vasopressin may play a role as a neuromodulator in natural fever.

scholarly journals Role of Acupuncture in the Management of Severe Acquired Brain Injuries (sABIs)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loredana Cavalli ◽  
Lucia Briscese ◽  
Tiziana Cavalli ◽  
Paolo Andre ◽  
Maria Chiara Carboncini
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Neuronal Regeneration ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Rehabilitative Treatment ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Nervous System Activity ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
Central Nervous System Activity ◽  
The Brain

Acupuncture therapy has been used to treat several disorders in Asian countries and its use is increasing in Western countries as well. Current literature assessed the safety and efficacy of acupuncture in the acute management and rehabilitation of patients with neurologic disorders. In this paper, the role of acupuncture in the treatment of acute severe acquired brain injuries is described, acting on neuroinflammation, intracranial oedema, oxidative stress, and neuronal regeneration. Moreover, beneficial effects of acupuncture on subacute phase and chronic outcomes have been reported in controlling the imbalance of IGF-1 hormone and in decreasing spasticity, pain, and the incidence of neurovegetative crisis. Moreover, acupuncture may have a positive action on the arousal recovery. Further work is needed to understand the effects of specific acupoints on the brain. Allegedly concurrent neurophysiological measurements (e.g., EEG) may help in studying acupuncture-related changes in central nervous system activity and determining its potential as an add-on rehabilitative treatment for patients with consciousness disorders.

scholarly journals An Emerging Role of m6A in Memory: A Case for Translational Priming

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7447
Author(s):  
Amanda M. Leonetti ◽  
Ming Yin Chu ◽  
Fiona O. Ramnaraign ◽  
Samuel Holm ◽  
Brandon J. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Protein Translation ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Neuron Development ◽  
Neuronal Functions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Tune

Investigation into the role of methylation of the adenosine base (m6A) of RNA has only recently begun, but it quickly became apparent that m6A is able to control and fine-tune many aspects of mRNA, from splicing to translation. The ability of m6A to regulate translation distally, away from traditional sites near the nucleus, quickly caught the eye of neuroscientists because of implications for selective protein translation at synapses. Work in the brain has demonstrated how m6A is functionally required for many neuronal functions, but two in particular are covered at length here: The role of m6A in 1) neuron development; and 2) memory formation. The purpose of this review is not to cover all data about m6A in the brain. Instead, this review will focus on connecting mechanisms of m6A function in neuron development, with m6A’s known function in memory formation. We will introduce the concept of “translational priming” and discuss how current data fit into this model, then speculate how m6A-mediated translational priming during memory consolidation can regulate learning and memory locally at the synapse.

scholarly journals Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects Induced by Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol in Rat CTX-TNA2 Astrocytes and Isolated Cortexes

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana di Giacomo ◽  
Annalisa Chiavaroli ◽  
Lucia Recinella ◽  
Giustino Orlando ◽  
Amelia Cataldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kynurenic Acid ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Docking Studies ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Rat Astrocytes ◽  
Species Production

Cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) are Cannabis sativa terpenophenols. Although CBD’s effectiveness against neurological diseases has already been demonstrated, nothing is known about CBG. Therefore, a comparison of the effects of these compounds was performed in two experimental models mimicking the oxidative stress and neurotoxicity occurring in neurological diseases. Rat astrocytes were exposed to hydrogen peroxide and cell viability, reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis occurrence were investigated. Cortexes were exposed to K+ 60 mM depolarizing stimulus and serotonin (5-HT) turnover, 3-hydroxykinurenine and kynurenic acid levels were measured. A proteomic analysis and bioinformatics and docking studies were performed. Both compounds exerted antioxidant effects in astrocytes and restored the cortex level of 5-HT depleted by neurotoxic stimuli, whereas sole CBD restored the basal levels of 3-hydroxykinurenine and kynurenic acid. CBG was less effective than CBD in restoring the levels of proteins involved in neurotransmitter exocytosis. Docking analyses predicted the inhibitory effects of these compounds towards the neurokinin B receptor. Conclusion: The results in the in vitro system suggest brain non-neuronal cells as a target in the treatment of oxidative conditions, whereas findings in the ex vivo system and docking analyses imply the potential roles of CBD and CBG as neuroprotective agents.

Chemokines in Oral Inflammatory Diseases: Apical Periodontitis and Periodontal Disease

2007 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.A. Silva ◽  
G.P. Garlet ◽  
S.Y. Fukada ◽  
J.S. Silva ◽  
F.Q. Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Periodontal Tissue ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Specific Receptors

The inflammatory oral diseases are characterized by the persistent migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, plasma and mast cells, and osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In the last decade, there has been a great interest in the mediators responsible for the selective recruitment and activation of these cell types at inflammatory sites. Of these mediators, the chemokines have received particular attention in recent years. Chemokine messages are decoded by specific receptors that initiate signal transduction events, leading to a multitude of cellular responses, including chemotaxis and activation of inflammatory and bone cells. However, little is known about their role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory oral diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize the findings regarding the role of chemokines in periapical and periodontal tissue inflammation, and the integration, into experimental models, of the information about the role of chemokines in human diseases.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Choline-Containing Phospholipids in Traumatic Brain Injury and Associated Comorbidities

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11313
Author(s):  
Sana Javaid ◽  
Talha Farooq ◽  
Zohabia Rehman ◽  
Ammara Afzal ◽  
Waseem Ashraf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Neuronal Transmission ◽  
Expanding Population ◽  
Motorized Vehicles ◽  
The Brain ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

The incidences of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are increasing globally because of expanding population and increased dependencies on motorized vehicles and machines. This has resulted in increased socio-economic burden on the healthcare system, as TBIs are often associated with mental and physical morbidities with lifelong dependencies, and have severely limited therapeutic options. There is an emerging need to identify the molecular mechanisms orchestrating these injuries to life-long neurodegenerative disease and a therapeutic strategy to counter them. This review highlights the dynamics and role of choline-containing phospholipids during TBIs and how they can be used to evaluate the severity of injuries and later targeted to mitigate neuro-degradation, based on clinical and preclinical studies. Choline-based phospholipids are involved in maintaining the structural integrity of the neuronal/glial cell membranes and are simultaneously the essential component of various biochemical pathways, such as cholinergic neuronal transmission in the brain. Choline or its metabolite levels increase during acute and chronic phases of TBI because of excitotoxicity, ischemia and oxidative stress; this can serve as useful biomarker to predict the severity and prognosis of TBIs. Moreover, the effect of choline-replenishing agents as a post-TBI management strategy has been reviewed in clinical and preclinical studies. Overall, this review determines the theranostic potential of choline phospholipids and provides new insights in the management of TBI.

scholarly journals Astrocytes and their Phenomenal Possibilities in the Treatment of Various Neurodegenerative Disorders: An Overview

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
Alina Yuryevna Maslova ◽  
Kheda Lechaevna Bazaeva ◽  
Zaira Arazovna Abdullaeva ◽  
Shuainat Omarovna Khazamova ◽  
Karina Akhmedovna Zeusheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Pharmacological Modulation ◽  
Cerebral Neurons ◽  
Cns Pathology ◽  
The Brain

At present, research in the field of the brain does not cease to surprise us with new facts and discoveries that no one could have suspected about 30 years ago. But it was at the time when it became clear that the cerebral neurons are not the only cells that can respond to changes in the external environment. A real scientific boom began to study a heterogeneous group called glia. And scientists are paying close attention to the largest of them – astrocytes. Understanding the importance of astrocytes in the mechanisms of repair and damage to brain cells in various forms of CNS pathology determines the possibility of targeted search for drugs that affect the rate of development of reactive astrogliosis in response to various brain injuries. At the same time, pharmacological modulation of activated astrocytes and other components of glia can be an integral part of the therapy of neurological diseases.

scholarly journals Role of Neurosonography in evaluation of brain abnormalities in neonates

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Vishwanath Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Edema ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Periventricular Leukomalacia ◽  
Brain Abnormalities ◽  
Germinal Matrix ◽  
Congenital Lesions ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The Brain

Background: Brain damage in preterm infants may result from a series of eventsrather than one specific insult. Maturational characteristics with a failingadaptation capacity may predispose the brain to harmful events during bothintrauterine and extrauterine life. The study aimed to detect anomalies in the brain of neonates with neurosonography. Methods : the studywas conducted on patients with clinically suspected lesions in the brain, undergoing NSG for evaluation of brain abnormalities in Prathima Institute ofmedical sciences, Karimnagar.Neurosonographic examinations were performed through anteriorfontanelle in both the coronal and sagittal planes.The examination started in the coronal plane along the coronal suture, with a transducer angled towards the frontal region. Then brain was examined invarious coronal planes by sweeping the transducer from anterior to posterior. Results : The most common abnormality found on neurosonogram in 3 – 5 days was germinal- matrix haemorrahge comprising n=13 (31%) followed by PVL n=12 (28.6%), cyst n=5 (11.9%), flaring n=5 (11.9%), cerebral edema n=4 (9.5%), congenital lesions n=2 (4.8%) and infections n=1 (2.4%). Follow up scan was performed around 2nd week of life, n=24 (57.1%) neonates were showing normal neurosonogram findings, remaining 18 (43%) showing abnormal findings, which are PVL n=6 (14.3%), GMH n=9 (21.4%), cyst n=1(2.4%), cerebral edema n=1 (2.4%) and congenital lesions n=1 (2.4%). Conclusion: High incidence of brain injuries was detected in babies born less than 32 weeks of gestation, weighing less than 1500 gm. The commonest clinical presentation was seizures followed by absent suckling and lethargy. The abnormalities found on the neurosonogram in our study were germinal matrix hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, cystic PVL, corpus callosum agenesis, and TORCH infection.The mortality rate was high in grade III and grade IV GMH.10-14 days followup scan detected new cases of cystic PVL which were not diagnosed in the initial scan

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document