scholarly journals The Identification of Metabolites and Effects of Albendazole in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5943
Author(s):  
Lucie Raisová Stuchlíková ◽  
Martina Navrátilová ◽  
Lenka Langhansová ◽  
Kateřina Moťková ◽  
Radka Podlipná ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Anthelmintic Drug ◽  
Fodder Plants ◽  
Alfalfa Seed

Albendazole (ABZ), a widely used anthelmintic drug, enters the environment mainly via livestock excrements. To evaluate the environmental impact of ABZ, the knowledge of its uptake, effects and metabolism in all non-target organisms, including plants, is essential. The present study was designed to identify the metabolic pathway of ABZ and to test potential ABZ phytotoxicity in fodder plant alfalfa, with seeds and in vitro regenerants used for these purposes. Alfalfa was chosen, as it may meet manure from ABZ-treated animals in pastures and fields. Alfalfa is often used as a feed of livestock, which might already be infected with helminths. The obtained results showed that ABZ did not inhibit alfalfa seed germination and germ growth, but evoked stress and a toxic effect in alfalfa regenerants. Alfalfa regenerants were able to uptake ABZ and transform it into 21 metabolites. UHPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed three new ABZ metabolites that have not been described yet. The discovery of the parent compound ABZ together with the anthelmintically active and instable metabolites in alfalfa leaves shows that the contact of fodder plants with ABZ-containing manure might represent not only a danger for herbivorous invertebrates, but also may cause the development of ABZ resistance in helminths.

scholarly journals Allelopathic and Autotoxic Effects of Medicago sativa—Derived Allelochemicals

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bimal Kumar Ghimire ◽  
Balkrishna Ghimire ◽  
Chang Yeon Yu ◽  
Ill-Min Chung
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Alfalfa Seed

In this study, the allelopathic properties of Medicago sativa on different weeds were investigated under in vitro conditions. The compounds involved in the autotoxicity of M. sativa were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The extracts of all concentrations inhibited the growth of the calluses of Digitaria ciliaris, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus lividus, Portulaca oleracea, and Commelina communis. Six allelopathic compounds in alfalfa were identified and quantified, and the most predominant phenolic compounds were salicylic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Various concentrations (10−2, 10−3, and 10−5 M) of all the tested phenolic compounds exerted inhibitory effects on callus fresh weight. Rutin, salicylic acid, scopoletin, and quercetin significantly inhibited alfalfa seed germination. Of the seven identified saponins, medicagenic acid saponins exhibited the highest autotoxic effect and significantly lowered seed germination rate. Principal component analysis showed that the phenolic compounds and saponin composition significantly contributed to the different variables. The highly phytotoxic properties of the alfalfa-derived phenolic compounds and saponins indicate that these phytochemicals can be a potential source of bioherbicides.

In vitro large intestine fermentation of gluten-free rice cookies containing alfalfa seed (Medicago sativa L.) flour: A combined metagenomic/metabolomic approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 312-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Rocchetti ◽  
Alice Senizza ◽  
Antonio Gallo ◽  
Luigi Lucini ◽  
Gianluca Giuberti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Metabolomic Approach

scholarly journals Discovery of a widespread metabolic pathway within and among phenolic xenobiotics

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (23) ◽  
pp. 6062-6067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pahriya Ashrap ◽  
Guomao Zheng ◽  
Yi Wan ◽  
Tong Li ◽  
Wenxin Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Chlorinated Phenols ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes ◽  
Rapid Phase ◽  
Phenolic Pollutants

Metabolism is an organism’s primary defense against xenobiotics, yet it also increases the production of toxic metabolites. It is generally recognized that phenolic xenobiotics, a group of ubiquitous endocrine disruptors, undergo rapid phase II metabolism to generate more water-soluble glucuronide and sulfate conjugates as a detoxification pathway. However, the toxicological effects of the compounds invariably point to the phase I metabolic cytochrome P450 enzymes. Here we show that phenolic xenobiotics undergo an unknown metabolic pathway to form more lipophilic and bioactive products. In a nontargeted screening of the metabolites of a widely used antibacterial ingredient: triclosan (TCS), we identified a metabolic pathway via in vitro incubation with weever, quail, and human microsomes and in vivo exposure in mice, which generated a group of products: TCS-O-TCS. The lipophilic metabolite of TCS was frequently detected in urine samples from the general population, and TCS-O-TCS activated the constitutive androstane receptor with the binding activity about 7.2 times higher than that of the parent compound. The metabolic pathway was mediated mainly by phase I enzymes localized on the microsomes and widely observed in chlorinated phenols, phenols, and hydroxylated aromatics. The pathway was also present in different phenolic xenobiotics and formed groups of unknown pollutants in organisms (e.g., TCS-O-bisphenol A and TCS-O-benzo(a)pyrene), thus providing a cross-talk reaction between different phenolic pollutants during metabolic processes in organisms.

Insecticidal Active Rotenoids from Plant Parts and Callus Culture of Medicago sativa L. from a Semiarid Region of India (Rajasthan)

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 937-941
Author(s):  
Sharad Vats ◽  
Preeti Mehra
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Callus Culture ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Disease Vectors ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

Background: Vector-borne diseases are quite prevalent globally and are one of the major causes of deaths due to infectious diseases. There is an availability of synthetic insecticides, however, their excessive and indiscriminate use have resulted in the emergence of resistant varieties of insects. Thus, a search for novel biopesticide has become inevitable. Methods: Rotenoids were isolated and identified from different parts of Medicago sativa L. This group of metabolites was also identified in the callus culture, and the rotenoid content was monitored during subculturing for a period of 10 months. Enhancement of the rotenoid content was evaluated by feeding precursors in a tissue culture medium. Results: Four rotenoids (elliptone, deguelin, rotenone and Dehydrorotenone) were identified, which were confirmed using spectral and chromatographic techniques. The maximum rotenoid content was found in the seeds (0.33±0.01%), followed by roots (0.31±0.01%) and minimum in the aerial parts (0.20±0.05%). A gradual decrease in the rotenoid content was observed with the ageing of subcultured tissue maintained for 10 months. The production of rotenoids was enhanced up to 2 folds in the callus culture using amino acids, Phenylalanine and Methionine as precursors as compared to the control. The LC50 value of the rotenoids was found to be 91 ppm and 162 ppm against disease vectors of malaria and Dracunculiasis, respectively. Conclusion: The study projects M. sativa as a novel source of biopesticide against the disease vectors of malaria and Dracunculiasis. The use of precursors to enhance the rotenoid content in vitro can be an effective venture from a commercial point of view.

Seed-borne fungi of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] and their possible control in vitro using locally available fungicides in Botswana.

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 5016 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Khare* ◽  
Loeto D. ◽  
Wale K. ◽  
Salani M.
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Percentage Germination ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Hypochlorite Solution ◽  
Cowpea Cultivars ◽  
Petri Plate

Seeds of three cowpea cultivars namely Black eye, ER 7 and Tswana obtained from the Department of Agriculture Research, Gaborone were tested for the presence of seed-borne fungi, and their possible control in vitro using locally available fungicides. Four hundred fifty seeds of each cultivar of cowpea were disinfected with 2% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 min and washed three times with sterile distilled water before placing them in PDA plates (5 seeds/9 cm Petri plate), incubated at 22±2o C for 12 hour each under continuous light and dark. A total of eight fungi were detected from seeds of cowpea. These were Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Cylindrocarpon sp., Fusarium equisiti, F. oxyaporum, Penicillium chyrosogenum, Rhizopus oligosporus and R. stolonifer. Rhizopus spp. were dominant fungi recovered from seeds, followed by Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Cylindrocarpon. The fungi detected resulted in decay and rotting of seeds, and thereby reducing percentage germination of seeds (22%, 37% and 63 % seed germination in Black eye, ER7 and Tswana varieties of cowpea respectively). Out of four fungicides tested, benlate, captan, dithane M 45 and chlorothalanil. Dithane M45 effectively controlled seed-borne fungi, and enhanced seed germination to an average of 86% (93% germination with no fungi detected in Tswana variety) as compared to chlorothalonile (79%), benlate and captan (77%) and un-treated seeds (45%). The fungal incidence was reduced to 2.3%, 4.3%, 5.3% and 5.3% when seeds were treated with dithane M-45, chlorothalonil, benlate and captan respectively as compared to 62% in non-treated seeds.

scholarly journals Phytase-Producing Rahnella aquatilis JZ-GX1 Promotes Seed Germination and Growth in Corn (Zea mays L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1647
Author(s):  
Gui-E Li ◽  
Wei-Liang Kong ◽  
Xiao-Qin Wu ◽  
Shi-Bo Ma
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Maize Seedlings ◽  
Total Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Rahnella Aquatilis ◽  
Maize Seeds

Phytase plays an important role in crop seed germination and plant growth. In order to fully understand the plant growth-promoting mechanism by Rahnella aquatilis JZ-GX1，the effect of this strain on germination of maize seeds was determined in vitro, and the colonization of maize root by R. aquatilis JZ-GX1 was observed by scanning electron microscope. Different inoculum concentrations and Phytate-related soil properties were applied to investigate the effect of R. aquatilis JZ-GX1 on the growth of maize seedlings. The results showed that R. aquatilis JZ-GX1 could effectively secrete indole acetic acid and had significantly promoted seed germination and root length of maize. A large number of R. aquatilis JZ-GX1 cells colonized on the root surface, root hair and the root interior of maize. When the inoculation concentration was 107 cfu/mL and the insoluble organophosphorus compound phytate existed in the soil, the net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, phytase activity secreted by roots, total phosphorus concentration and biomass accumulation of maize seedlings were the highest. In contrast, no significant effect of inoculation was found when the total P content was low or when inorganic P was sufficient in the soil. R. aquatilis JZ-GX1 promotes the growth of maize directly by secreting IAA and indirectly by secreting phytase. This work provides beneficial information for the development and application of R. aquatilis JZ-GX1 as a microbial fertilizer in the future.

Effects of Weed Control in Established Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) on Forage Yield and Quality

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis R. Cosgrove ◽  
Michael Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Forage Yields

The effects of weed control measures in established alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) on forage yield and quality were investigated at three sites with varying alfalfa densities and weed populations. Herbicide treatments were 0.56 and 1.12 kg/ha metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] applied in fall or spring, respectively, 1.68 kg/ha pronamide [3,5-dichloro (N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide] applied in fall, and combinations of these treatments. First-harvest forage yields (weeds plus alfalfa) were either reduced or unchanged by herbicide treatments. Total forage yield was not altered by the herbicide treatments, but first-harvest and total alfalfa yield as well as first-harvest forage protein content were increased by several treatments, depending on stand density and weed pressure. Little effect was observed on in vitro digestible dry matter or acid detergent fiber content.

Neurotoxicity of Seven MEIC Chemicals Evaluated in Organotypic Cultures of Chick Embryonic Dorsal Root Ganglia

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-309
Author(s):  
Václav Mandys ◽  
Katerina Jirsová ◽  
Jirí Vrana
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Neurite Outgrowth ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglia ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Organotypic Cultures ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Agar Culture

The neurotoxic effects of seven selected Multicenter Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity programme chemicals (methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, iron [II] sulphate and chloroform) were evaluated in organotypic cultures of chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia (DRG), maintained in a soft agar culture medium. Two growth parameters of neurite outgrowth from the ganglia — the mean radial length of neurites and the area of neurite outgrowth — were used to evaluate the toxicities of the chemicals. Dose-dependent decreases of both parameters were observed in all experiments. IC50 values (the concentration causing 50% inhibition of growth) were calculated from the dose-response curves established at three time-points during culture, i.e. 24, 48 and 72 hours. The lowest toxic effect was observed in cultures exposed to methanol (the IC50 ranging from 580mM to 1020mM). The highest toxic effect was observed in cultures exposed to iron (II) sulphate (the IC50 ranging from 1.2mM to 1.7mM). The results of other recent experiments suggest that organotypic cultures of DRG can be used during in vitro studies on target organ toxicity within the peripheral nervous system. Moreover, these cultures preserve the internal organisation of the tissue, maintain intercellular contacts, and thus reflect the in vitro situation, more precisely than other cell cultures.

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