scholarly journals Field Cancerization in NSCLC: A New Perspective on MicroRNAs in Macrophage Polarization

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 746
Author(s):  
Radu Pirlog ◽  
Andrei Cismaru ◽  
Andreea Nutu ◽  
Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Premalignant Lesions ◽  
Field Cancerization ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
New Perspective

Lung cancer is currently the first cause of cancer-related death. The major lung cancer subtype is non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), which accounts for approximatively 85% of cases. The major carcinogenic associated with lung cancer is tobacco smoke, which produces long-lasting and progressive damage to the respiratory tract. The progressive and diffuse alterations that occur in the respiratory tract of patients with cancer and premalignant lesions have been described as field cancerization. At the level of tumor cells, adjacent tumor microenvironment (TME) and cancerized field are taking place dynamic interactions through direct cell-to-cell communication or through extracellular vesicles. These molecular messages exchanged between tumor and nontumor cells are represented by proteins, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). In this paper, we analyze the miRNA roles in the macrophage polarization at the level of TME and cancerized field in NSCLC. Identifying molecular players that can influence the phenotypic states at the level of malignant cells, tumor microenvironment and cancerized field can provide us new insights into tumor regulatory mechanisms that can be further modulated to restore the immunogenic capacity of the TME. This approach could revert alterations in the cancerized field and could enhance currently available therapy approaches.

scholarly journals Exosomes: a new perspective in EGFR-mutated lung cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amina Jouida ◽  
Cormac McCarthy ◽  
Aurelie Fabre ◽  
Michael P. Keane
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Egfr Mutations ◽  
Functional Effect ◽  
Prognosis And Prediction ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Egfr Mutated

AbstractExosomes are major contributors in cell to cell communication due to their ability to transfer biological material such as protein, RNA, DNA, and miRNA. Additionally, they play a role in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression, and recently, they have emerged as a potential source of information on tumor detection and may be useful as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive tools. This review focuses on exosomes from lung cancer with a focus on EGFR mutations. Here, we outline the role of exosomes and their functional effect in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. Finally, we discuss the possibility of exosomes as novel biomarkers in early detection, diagnosis, assessment of prognosis, and prediction of therapeutic response in EGFR-mutated lung cancer.

scholarly journals Association of Exosomal miR-210 with Signaling Pathways Implicated in Lung Cancer

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1248
Author(s):  
Qiaoyi Chen ◽  
Xiaoge Xie
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Epigenetic Landscape ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Regulation

MicroRNA is a class of non-coding RNA involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Aberrant expression of miRNAs is well-documented in molecular cancer biology. Extensive research has shown that miR-210 is implicated in the progression of multiple cancers including that of the lung, bladder, colon, and renal cell carcinoma. In recent years, exosomes have been evidenced to facilitate cell–cell communication and signaling through packaging and transporting active biomolecules such as miRNAs and thereby modify the cellular microenvironment favorable for lung cancers. MiRNAs encapsulated inside the lipid bilayer of exosomes are stabilized and transmitted to target cells to exert alterations in the epigenetic landscape. The currently available literature indicates that exosomal miR-210 is involved in the regulation of various lung cancer-related signaling molecules and pathways, including STAT3, TIMP-1, KRAS/BACH2/GATA-3/RIP3, and PI3K/AKT. Here, we highlight major findings and progress on the roles of exosomal miR-210 in lung cancer.

scholarly journals Study on metastasis inhibition of Kejinyan decoction on lung cancer by affecting tumor microenvironment

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meijuan Chen ◽  
Cheng Hu ◽  
Qian Gao ◽  
Liqiu Li ◽  
Ziyu Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Tumor Tissue ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Lung Cancer Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
High Dose

Abstract Background Kejinyan decoction, as an experienced formula of Zhou Zhongying (the Master of Traditional Chinese Medicine) has been widely used in clinic for lung cancer treatment in China, while the anti-lung cancer mechanism of it is still remained to be elucidated. Herein, our basic study found that the survival of lung cancer xenograft mice was significantly prolonged after intragastrically administered high dose of Kejinyan decoction (3.8 g per kg BW) for 15 days. More importantly, we found that Kejinyan decoction inhibited the metastasis of lung cancer cells in vivo. Thus in this study, we aim to elucidate the anti-metastasis effects of Kejinyan decoction. Methods RNA-Seq was used to find out the gene regulation of Kejinyan decoction on the mice, flow cytometry assay was used to detect the immunocytes in the spleen, ELISA assay was used to detect the inflammatory factors in the serum and spleen, and immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the level of immune cells and the expression of glycol-metabolism related enzymes in situ. Also, we established a lung cancer orthotopic xenograft tumor model to assess the influence of Kejinyan decoction on the metastatic ability of lung cancer cells in vivo. Results GO analysis of gene sequencing of tumor tissue samples showed that Kejinyan decoction regulated immune response. Further flow cytometry analysis of splenic lymphocyte showed that Kejinyan decoction upregulated M1 macrophages and downregulated M2 macrophages, while the total level of macrophages changed little, which was verified by detection of CD68, F4/80, CD206, and CD86 in tumor tissue section. Moreover, detection of inflammatory cytokines showed that Kejinyan decoction downregulated TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, as well as IL-4, IL-13 in tumor microenvironment. Further studies also showed that Kejinyan decoction had little effect on tumor hypoxia, but downregulated glycolysis in tumor tissues. More importantly, we found that Kejinyan decoction inhibited the metastasis of lung cancer cells in vivo. Conclusion Our findings conclude that Kejinyan decoction inhibited lung cancer cell metastasis through affecting macrophage polarization and energy reprogramming.

scholarly journals Natural Products with Activity against Lung Cancer: A Review Focusing on the Tumor Microenvironment

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10827
Author(s):  
Yue Yang ◽  
Ning Li ◽  
Tian-Ming Wang ◽  
Lei Di
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Experimental Proof ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Lung Cancer Patients ◽  
Epithelial Cancers ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. Despite the undeniable progress in lung cancer research made over the past decade, it is still the leading cause of cancer-related deaths and continues to challenge scientists and researchers engaged in searching for therapeutics and drugs. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is recognized as one of the major hallmarks of epithelial cancers, including the majority of lung cancers, and is associated with tumorigenesis, progression, invasion, and metastasis. Targeting of the TME has received increasing attention in recent years. Natural products have historically made substantial contributions to pharmacotherapy, especially for cancer. In this review, we emphasize the role of the TME and summarize the experimental proof demonstrating the antitumor effects and underlying mechanisms of natural products that target the TME. We also review the effects of natural products used in combination with anticancer agents. Moreover, we highlight nanotechnology and other materials used to enhance the effects of natural products. Overall, our hope is that this review of these natural products will encourage more thoughts and ideas on therapeutic development to benefit lung cancer patients.

scholarly journals Percutaneous Microwave Coagulation Therapy: A Promising Therapeutic Method for Breaking the Barrier of the Intertumor Heterogeneity

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Haoyue Guo ◽  
Bin Chen ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Sha Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Microwave Coagulation Therapy ◽  
Lung Cancer Patients ◽  
Microwave Coagulation ◽  
Microwave Beam ◽  
Coagulation Therapy ◽  
Percutaneous Microwave Coagulation Therapy ◽  
Percutaneous Microwave Coagulation

Intertumor heterogeneity is common in various cancers and has been widely accepted as the primary cause of the diversity and variation of the effect of the same treatment on patients with the same type of tumor. Percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy (PMCT) is a minimally invasive and effective approach for destroying tumors by microwave beam under image guidance, which has been applied in lung cancer. However, no previous study has investigated the capability of PMCT solving intertumor heterogeneity. Here, we performed a component analysis of four lung cancer patients’ tumor microenvironment (TME) via single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and treated all four cases with PMCT. One patient’s TME could be classified into a hot tumor, mainly proinflammatory cytokines, and T cell infiltration. The other three patients’ TMEs were cold tumors, where immunosuppressive cells occupied a large proportion, including tumor-associated macrophages and cancer cells. Despite a high level of heterogeneity among their tumor microenvironment compositions, disease type and stage, and basic physical conditions, all four patients presented a stable disease (SD) without any cancer cell detected in the TME of cancer tissues after PMCT. In conclusion, this report uniquely contributed to the knowledge of the PMCT adaptation to tumor heterogeneity. Therefore, PMCT is promising to demonstrate a stable and robust antitumor efficacy in unresectable lung cancers with various TMEs.

Enhancing 18F-FDG-PET/CT analysis in lung cancer patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (06) ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kapfhammer ◽  
T. Winkens ◽  
T. Lesser ◽  
A. Reissig ◽  
M. Steinert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Image Fusion ◽  
Chest Wall ◽  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Ct Image ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Peripheral Lung ◽  
Fdg Pet Ct ◽  
Tumour Infiltration

SummaryAim: To retrospectively evaluate the feasibility and value of CT-CT image fusion to assess the shift of peripheral lung cancers with/-out chest wall infiltration, comparing computed tomography acquisitions in shallow-breathing (SB-CT) and deep-inspiration breath-hold (DIBH-CT) in patients undergoing FDG-PET/ CT for lung cancer staging. Methods: Image fusion of SB-CT and DIBH-CT was performed with a multimodal workstation used for nuclear medicine fusion imaging. The distance of intrathoracic landmarks and the positional shift of tumours were measured using semitransparent overlay of both CT series. Statistical analyses were adjusted for confounders of tumour infiltration. Cutoff levels were calculated for prediction of no-/infiltration. Results: Lateral pleural recessus and diaphragm showed the largest respiratory excursions. Infiltrating lung cancers showed more limited respiratory shifts than non-infiltrating tumours. A large respiratory tumour-motility accurately predicted non-infiltration. However, the tumour shifts were limited and variable, limiting the accuracy of prediction. Conclusion: This pilot fusion study proved feasible and allowed a simple analysis of the respiratory shifts of peripheral lung tumours using CT-CT image fusion in a PET/CT setting. The calculated cutoffs were useful in predicting the exclusion of chest wall infiltration but did not accurately predict tumour infiltration. This method can provide additional qualitative information in patients with lung cancers with contact to the chest wall but unclear CT evidence of infiltration undergoing PET/CT without the need of additional investigations. Considering the small sample size investigated, further studies are necessary to verify the obtained results.

Drug Combinatorial Therapies for the Treatment of KRAS Mutated Lung Cancers

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (23) ◽  
pp. 2128-2142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao He ◽  
Chang Xu ◽  
Zhao Cheng ◽  
Xiaoying Qian ◽  
Lei Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Adjuvant Therapy ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Clinical Benefit ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Egfr Mutations ◽  
Kras Mutations ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Egfr Tki ◽  
Egfr Tkis

: KRAS is the most common oncogene to be mutated in lung cancer, and therapeutics directly targeting KRAS have proven to be challenging. The mutations of KRAS are associated with poor prognosis, and resistance to both adjuvant therapy and targeted EGFR TKI. EGFR TKIs provide significant clinical benefit for patients whose tumors bear EGFR mutations. However, tumors with KRAS mutations rarely respond to the EGFR TKI therapy. Thus, combination therapy is essential for the treatment of lung cancers with KRAS mutations. EGFR TKI combined with inhibitors of MAPKs, PI3K/mTOR, HDAC, Wee1, PARP, CDK and Hsp90, even miRNAs and immunotherapy, were reviewed. Although the effects of the combination vary, the combined therapeutics are one of the best options at present to treat KRAS mutant lung cancer.

Exhaustive Review on Lung Cancers: Novel Technologies

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 873-883
Author(s):  
Sajad Khan ◽  
Shahid Ali ◽  
Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Immune Therapy ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Microscopic Appearance ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Novel Technologies

Background:Lung cancers or (Bronchogenic-Carcinomas) are the disease in certain parts of the lungs in which irresistible multiplication of abnormal cells leads to the inception of a tumor. Lung cancers consisting of two substantial forms based on the microscopic appearance of tumor cells are: Non-Small-Cell-Lung-Cancer (NSCLC) (80 to 85%) and Small-Cell-Lung-Cancer (SCLC) (15 to 20%).Discussion:Lung cancers are existing luxuriantly across the globe and the most prominent cause of death in advanced countries (USA & UK). There are many causes of lung cancers in which the utmost imperative aspect is the cigarette smoking. During the early stage, there is no perspicuous sign/symptoms but later many symptoms emerge in the infected individual such as insomnia, headache, pain, loss of appetite, fatigue, coughing etc. Lung cancers can be diagnosed in many ways, such as history, physical examination, chest X-rays and biopsy. However, after the diagnosis and confirmation of lung carcinoma, various treatment approaches are existing for curing of cancer in different stages such as surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immune therapy. Currently, novel techniques merged that revealed advancements in detection and curing of lung cancer in which mainly includes: microarray analysis, gene expression profiling.Conclusion:Consequently, the purpose of the current analysis is to specify and epitomize the novel literature pertaining to the development of cancerous cells in different parts of the lung, various preeminent approaches of prevention, efficient diagnostic procedure, and treatments along with novel technologies for inhibition of cancerous cell growth in advance stages.

The Role of Cytokines in Interactions of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Breast Cancer Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hariharan Jayaraman ◽  
Nalinkanth V. Ghone ◽  
Ranjith Kumaran R ◽  
Himanshu Dashora
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Extra Cellular Matrix ◽  
Cytokine Signaling ◽  
Cellular Matrix

: Mesenchymal stem cells because of its high proliferation, differentiation, regenerative capacity, and ease of availability have been a popular choice in cytotherapy. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have a natural tendency to home in a tumor microenvironment and acts against it, owing to the similarity of the latter to an injured tissue environment. Several studies have confirmed the recruitment of MSCs by tumor through various cytokine signaling that brings about phenotypic changes to cancer cells, thereby promoting migration, invasion, and adhesion of cancer cells. The contrasting results on MSCs as a tool for cancer cytotherapy may be due to the complex cell to cell interaction in the tumor microenvironment, which involves various cell types such as cancer cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, and cancer stem cells. Cell to cell communication can be simple or complex and it is transmitted through various cytokines among multiple cell phenotypes, mechano-elasticity of the extra-cellular matrix surrounding the cancer cells, and hypoxic environments. In this article, the role of the extra-cellular matrix proteins and soluble mediators that acts as communicators between mesenchymal stem cells and cancer cells has been reviewed specifically for breast cancer, as it is the leading member of cancer malignancies. The comprehensive information may be beneficial in finding a new combinatorial cytotherapeutic strategy using MSCs by exploiting the cross-talk between mesenchymal stem cells and cancer cells for treating breast cancer.

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