Effects of Microbiota Imbalance in Anxiety and Eating Disorders: Probiotics as Novel Therapeutic Approaches

Anxiety and eating disorders produce a physiological imbalance that triggers alterations in the abundance and composition of gut microbiota. Moreover, the gut–brain axis can be altered by several factors such as diet, lifestyle, infections, and antibiotic treatment. Diet alterations generate gut dysbiosis, which affects immune system responses, inflammation mechanisms, the intestinal permeability, as well as the production of short chain fatty acids and neurotransmitters by gut microbiota, which are essential to the correct function of neurological processes. Recent studies indicated that patients with generalized anxiety or eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorders) show a specific profile of gut microbiota, and this imbalance can be partially restored after a single or multi-strain probiotic supplementation. Following the PRISMA methodology, the current review addresses the main microbial signatures observed in patients with generalized anxiety and/or eating disorders as well as the importance of probiotics as a preventive or a therapeutic tool in these pathologies.

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Probiotic Supplementation during the Perinatal and Infant Period: Effects on gut Dysbiosis and Disease

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12082243 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 2243 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Elisabet Navarro-Tapia ◽

Giorgia Sebastiani ◽

Sebastian Sailer ◽

Laura Almeida Toledano ◽

Mariona Serra-Delgado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Perinatal Period ◽

Preterm Neonates ◽

Atopic Diseases ◽

Therapeutic Tool ◽

Probiotic Supplementation ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Gut Dysbiosis ◽

Period Effects ◽

Food Sensitization

The perinatal period is crucial to the establishment of lifelong gut microbiota. The abundance and composition of microbiota can be altered by several factors such as preterm delivery, formula feeding, infections, antibiotic treatment, and lifestyle during pregnancy. Gut dysbiosis affects the development of innate and adaptive immune responses and resistance to pathogens, promoting atopic diseases, food sensitization, and infections such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Recent studies have indicated that the gut microbiota imbalance can be restored after a single or multi-strain probiotic supplementation, especially mixtures of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains. Following the systematic search methodology, the current review addresses the importance of probiotics as a preventive or therapeutic tool for dysbiosis produced during the perinatal and infant period. We also discuss the safety of the use of probiotics in pregnant women, preterm neonates, or infants for the treatment of atopic diseases and infections.

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Exploring the Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo11080493 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 493

Author(s):

Kiera Murphy ◽

Aoife N. O’Donovan ◽

Noel M. Caplice ◽

R. Paul Ross ◽

Catherine Stanton

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Disease States ◽

Increased Risk

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been classified as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. CVD risk factors include smoking, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, inflammation and diabetes. The gut microbiota can influence human health through multiple interactions and community changes are associated with the development and progression of numerous disease states, including CVD. The gut microbiota are involved in the production of several metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). These products of microbial metabolism are important modulatory factors and have been associated with an increased risk of CVD. Due to its association with CVD development, the gut microbiota has emerged as a target for therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the role of the gut microbiome in CVD development, and associated microbial communities, functions, and metabolic profiles. We also discuss CVD therapeutic interventions that target the gut microbiota such as probiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation.

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The GABAergic control of the hungry. Topiramate in the treatment of obesity without binge eating disorders (BED). Preliminary data

Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes ◽

10.1055/s-2003-817591 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 111 (06) ◽

Author(s):

G Messina ◽

R Proietti ◽

JV Faroni

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Binge Eating ◽

Preliminary Data ◽

Binge Eating Disorders ◽

Treatment Of Obesity

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Alterations of immune function and gut microbiota with ageing. Can probiotic supplementation counteract these changes?

Food Science & Technology Bulletin Functional Foods ◽

10.1616/1476-2137.15773 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 51-59

Author(s):

Alberto Finamore ◽

Marianna Roselli ◽

Elena Mengheri

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Immune Function ◽

Probiotic Supplementation

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Gut microbiota-derived short-chain Fatty acids, T cells, and inflammation.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.725300895.793509795 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Jonathan Kaunitz

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

T Cells ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Short Chain ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

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The Consumption of Galactomannan Effervescent Drinks made from Coconut Pulp Waste and Colonic Microbiota in Wistar Rats

International Journal of Probiotics and Prebiotics ◽

10.37290/ijpp2641-7197.15:52-56 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 52-56

Author(s):

Sri Winarti ◽

Agung Pasetyo

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Short Chain ◽

E Coli ◽

Colonic Microbiota ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Lactobacillus Spp ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

The consumption of prebiotics is known to affect the balance of gut microbiota. The purpose of this study was to explore how a galactomannan-rich effervescent drink can affect the population of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, E. coli, and the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the cecum of rats. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats (aged 2 months) were divided equally into 7 groups and treated orally each day for 15 days with 2 mL effervescent drinks with increasing levels of prebiotic galactomannan. The dosage of 500 mg galactomannan increased the growth of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. with inhibition of the growth of E.coli with increased formation of short-chain fatty acids such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate in the cecum of rats.

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The Food-gut Human Axis: The Effects of Diet on Gut Microbiota and Metabolome

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867324666170428103848 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (19) ◽

pp. 3567-3583 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Maria De Angelis ◽

Gabriella Garruti ◽

Fabio Minervini ◽

Leonilde Bonfrate ◽

Piero Portincasa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Human Health ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Human Organism ◽

Immune Functions ◽

Intestinal Microbes ◽

Dietary Components ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

The Relationship

Gut microbiota, the largest symbiont community hosted in human organism, is emerging as a pivotal player in the relationship between dietary habits and health. Oral and, especially, intestinal microbes metabolize dietary components, affecting human health by producing harmful or beneficial metabolites, which are involved in the incidence and progression of several intestinal related and non-related diseases. Habitual diet (Western, Agrarian and Mediterranean omnivore diets, vegetarian, vegan and gluten-free diets) drives the composition of the gut microbiota and metabolome. Within the dietary components, polymers (mainly fibers, proteins, fat and polyphenols) that are not hydrolyzed by human enzymes seem to be the main leads of the metabolic pathways of gut microbiota, which in turn directly influence the human metabolome. Specific relationships between diet and microbes, microbes and metabolites, microbes and immune functions and microbes and/or their metabolites and some human diseases are being established. Dietary treatments with fibers are the most effective to benefit the metabolome profile, by improving the synthesis of short chain fatty acids and decreasing the level of molecules, such as p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate and trimethylamine N-oxide, involved in disease state. Based on the axis diet-microbiota-health, this review aims at describing the most recent knowledge oriented towards a profitable use of diet to provide benefits to human health, both directly and indirectly, through the activity of gut microbiota.

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Gastrointestinal Interaction between Dietary Amino Acids and Gut Microbiota: With Special Emphasis on Host Nutrition

Current Protein and Peptide Science ◽

10.2174/1389203721666200212095503 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (8) ◽

pp. 785-798 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Abedin Abdallah ◽

Evera Elemba ◽

Qingzhen Zhong ◽

Zewei Sun

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Nutrition And Health ◽

Nitrogenous Compounds ◽

Dietary Amino Acids ◽

Host Nutrition ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of humans and animals is host to a complex community of different microorganisms whose activities significantly influence host nutrition and health through enhanced metabolic capabilities, protection against pathogens, and regulation of the gastrointestinal development and immune system. New molecular technologies and concepts have revealed distinct interactions between the gut microbiota and dietary amino acids (AAs) especially in relation to AA metabolism and utilization in resident bacteria in the digestive tract, and these interactions may play significant roles in host nutrition and health as well as the efficiency of dietary AA supplementation. After the protein is digested and AAs and peptides are absorbed in the small intestine, significant levels of endogenous and exogenous nitrogenous compounds enter the large intestine through the ileocaecal junction. Once they move in the colonic lumen, these compounds are not markedly absorbed by the large intestinal mucosa, but undergo intense proteolysis by colonic microbiota leading to the release of peptides and AAs and result in the production of numerous bacterial metabolites such as ammonia, amines, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs), hydrogen sulfide, organic acids, and phenols. These metabolites influence various signaling pathways in epithelial cells, regulate the mucosal immune system in the host, and modulate gene expression of bacteria which results in the synthesis of enzymes associated with AA metabolism. This review aims to summarize the current literature relating to how the interactions between dietary amino acids and gut microbiota may promote host nutrition and health.

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Healthy Gut, Healthy Brain: The Gut Microbiome in Neurodegenerative Disorders

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1568026620666200413091101 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (13) ◽

pp. 1142-1153 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sreyashi Chandra ◽

Md. Tanjim Alam ◽

Jhilik Dey ◽

Baby C. Pulikkaparambil Sasidharan ◽

Upasana Ray ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽

The Body ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Cns Disorders ◽

Physiological Conditions ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Present Understanding ◽

Lateral Sclerosis

Background: The central nervous system (CNS) known to regulate the physiological conditions of human body, also itself gets dynamically regulated by both the physiological as well as pathological conditions of the body. These conditions get changed quite often, and often involve changes introduced into the gut microbiota which, as studies are revealing, directly modulate the CNS via a crosstalk. This cross-talk between the gut microbiota and CNS, i.e., the gut-brain axis (GBA), plays a major role in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS) and Huntington’s disease (HD). Objective: We aim to discuss how gut microbiota, through GBA, regulate neurodegenerative disorders such as PD, AD, ALS, MS and HD. Methods: In this review, we have discussed the present understanding of the role played by the gut microbiota in neurodegenerative disorders and emphasized the probable therapeutic approaches being explored to treat them. Results: In the first part, we introduce the GBA and its relevance, followed by the changes occurring in the GBA during neurodegenerative disorders and then further discuss its role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Finally, we discuss its applications in possible therapeutics of these diseases and the current research improvements being made to better investigate this interaction. Conclusion: We concluded that alterations in the intestinal microbiota modulate various activities that could potentially lead to CNS disorders through interactions via the GBA.

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