scholarly journals Integrating Comprehensive Human Oversight in Drone Deployment: A Conceptual Framework Applied to the Case of Military Surveillance Drones

Information ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Ilse Verdiesen ◽  
Andrea Aler Tubella ◽  
Virginia Dignum
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Critical Gap ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
A Value ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Human Responsibility ◽  
Technical Framework

Accountability is a value often mentioned in the debate on intelligent systems and their increased pervasiveness in our society. When focusing specifically on autonomous systems, a critical gap emerges: although there is much work on governance and attribution of accountability, there is a significant lack of methods for the operationalisation of accountability within the socio-technical layer of autonomous systems. In the case of autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles or drones—the critical question of how to maintain accountability as they undertake fully autonomous flights becomes increasingly important as their uses multiply in both the commercial and military fields. In this paper, we aim to fill the operationalisation gap by proposing a socio-technical framework to guarantee human oversight and accountability in drone deployments, showing its enforceability in the real case of military surveillance drones. By keeping a focus on accountability and human oversight as values, we align with the emphasis placed on human responsibility, while requiring a concretisation of what these principles mean for each specific application, connecting them with concrete socio-technical requirements. In addition, by constraining the framework to observable elements of pre- and post-deployment, we do not rely on assumptions made on the internal workings of the drone nor the technical fluency of the operator.

Development of thickened semi-synthetic engine oil M-5z / 20 AERO for four-stroke gasoline engines aircraft piston of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)

2020 ◽  
Vol 06 ◽  
pp. 44-47
Author(s):  
A.A. Moykin ◽  
◽  
A.S. Medzhibovsky ◽  
S.A. Kriushin ◽  
M.V. Seleznev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Motor Oil ◽  
Gasoline Engines ◽  
State Research Institute ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
State Research ◽  
Industrial Batch ◽  
The Russian Federation

Nowadays, the creation of remotely-piloted aerial vehicles for various purposes is regarded as one of the most relevant and promising trends of aircraft development. FAU "25 State Research Institute of Chemmotology of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation" have studied the operation features of aircraft piston engines and developed technical requirements for motor oil for piston four-stroke UAV engines, as well as a new engine oil M-5z/20 AERO in cooperation with NPP KVALITET, LLC. Based on the complex of qualification tests, the stated operational properties of the experimental-industrial batch of M-5z/20 AERO oil are generally confirmed.

scholarly journals A Semi-Physical Platform for Guidance and Formations of Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Yang ◽  
Arun Geo Thomas ◽  
Satish Singh ◽  
Simone Baldi ◽  
Ximan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Formation Control ◽  
Physical Simulation ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Control Laws ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Control Loops ◽  
Aerial Vehicles

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have multi-domain applications, fixed-wing UAVs being a widely used class. Despite the ongoing research on the topics of guidance and formation control of fixed-wing UAVs, little progress is known on implementation of semi-physical validation platforms (software-in-the-loop or hardware-in-the-loop) for such complex autonomous systems. A semi-physical simulation platform should capture not only the physical aspects of UAV dynamics, but also the cybernetics aspects such as the autopilot and the communication layers connecting the different components. Such a cyber-physical integration would allow validation of guidance and formation control algorithms in the presence of uncertainties, unmodelled dynamics, low-level control loops, communication protocols and unreliable communication: These aspects are often neglected in the design of guidance and formation control laws for fixed-wing UAVs. This paper describes the development of a semi-physical platform for multi-fixed wing UAVs where all the aforementioned points are carefully integrated. The environment adopts Raspberry Pi’s programmed in C++, which can be interfaced to standard autopilots (PX4) as a companion computer. Simulations are done in a distributed setting with a server program designed for the purpose of routing data between nodes, handling the user inputs and configurations of the UAVs. Gazebo-ROS is used as a 3D visualization tool.

scholarly journals METHODS AND MEANS OF COUNTERACTION OF ACOUSTIC AND OPTICAL RECONNAISSANCE UAV

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-154
Author(s):  
Nikita V. Ignatenko ◽  
Alexey N. Polikanin
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Multiple Objects ◽  
Multiple Sensors ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Main Computer ◽  
Computer Attacks ◽  
Control Technologies ◽  
Combining Information

For the last few years, the ease of purchasing and using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), their affordable cost has increased the demand for them both by companies and individuals. However, these devices might carry out illegal actions, starting with smuggling of illegal goods, unauthorized intelligence and computer attacks. As a result, this led to the urgency of developing effective and available countermeasures to detect and neutralize drones that perform reconnaissance of objects with confidential information. The most successful are autonomous systems for detecting and suppressing drones, which include optoelectronic, acoustic radar and radio frequency sensors, information from which is combined on the main computer to identify the threat and make further decisions. However, real-time monitoring is a rather difficult process that requires timely detection of adverse events or conditions. This creates many complex tasks such as object detection, classification, tracking multiple objects, and combining information from multiple sensors. In recent years, researchers have used various techniques to solve these problems and made notable progress. Applying deep learning to detect and classify UAVs is considered a new concept. In this regard, it became necessary to provide a generalized overview of UAV control technologies used for reconnaissance.

scholarly journals A Psychoacoustic Approach to Building Knowledge about Human Response to Noise of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 682
Author(s):  
Antonio J. Torija ◽  
Charlotte Clark
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Human Response ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Significant Public Health

We are on the cusp of a revolution in the aviation sector, driven by the significant progress in electric power and battery technologies, and autonomous systems. Several industry leaders and governmental agencies are currently investigating the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or “drones” as commonly known, for an ever-growing number of applications—from blue light services to parcel delivery and urban mobility. Undoubtedly, the operation of UAVs will lead to noise exposure, which has the potential to become a significant public health issue. This paper first describes the main acoustic and operational characteristics of UAVs, as an unconventional noise source compared to conventional civil aircraft. Gaps in the literature and the regulations on the noise metrics and acceptable noise levels are identified and discussed. The state-of-the-art evidence on human response to aircraft and other environmental noise sources is reviewed and its application for UAVs discussed. A methodological framework is proposed for building psychoacoustic knowledge, to inform systems and operations development to limit the noise impact on communities.

scholarly journals АЛГОРИТМ ОЦЕНКИ ПРОПУСКНОЙ СПОСОБНОСТИ ПРИ УПРАВЛЕНИИ ТРАФИКОМ БЕСПИЛОТНЫХ ЛЕТАТЕЛЬНЫХ АППАРАТОВ

2018 ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Ольга Константиновна Погудина ◽  
Ирина Васильевна Вайленко
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Process ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Graph Model ◽  
Geometric Graph ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Random Geometric Graph ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
The Law

The subject of the study in the article is the processes of assessing the airship throughput in controlling the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) traffic management. The goal is to improve the quality of air traffic control, taking into account the avoidance of conflicts involving three or more UAV. Problems: to develop a mathematical model of the probabilistic traffic map, as well as to formalize the construction of a random geometric graph model for the estimation of alleged UAVs conflicts and collisions; To implement algorithms given models construction for airship throughput automation. The models used: Poisson process whose intensity model is used for building a probabilistic traffic map, random geometric graph model is used for calculate the number of possible conflicts involving the UAV. The following results are obtained. A formalized model of the UAV location map has been created taking into account: the given region with the specified population density and the expected number of operations during the specified time interval. This model was used in the construction of a random geometric graph, in which, taking into account the minimum distance possible for the approximation of two UAVs, an estimation of the probability of conflicts and collisions was conducted. The model is the basis for obtaining an algorithm for estimating the factors limiting the capacity of the airspace, as a result of the occurrence of difficult solvable conflicts. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is as follows: The random geometric graph model is improved by formalizing the position of the vertices. The vertices, taking into account the law of the Poisson process, are placed in the cells of a given region. This allows us to obtain an objective picture of the location of the UAV in the city's airspace. Two-dimensional models of probabilistic traffic maps (Dutch model "Metropolis", model Cal) have been further developed, due to the formalization of the initial UAV placement, taking into account the law of the Poisson process. This will help to determine the technical requirements for ensuring uninterrupted operation of small unmanned aerial vehicles in the urban airspace

scholarly journals Generic Component-Based Mission-Centric Energy Model for Micro-Scale Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Drones ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Christoph Steup ◽  
Simon Parlow ◽  
Sebastian Mai ◽  
Sanaz Mostaghim
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Energy Model ◽  
Generic Model ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Generic Models ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Typical Behaviour ◽  
Set Up

The trend towards the usage of battery-electric unmanned aerial vehicles needs new strategies in mission planning and in the design of the systems themselves. To create an optimal mission plan and take appropriate decisions during the mission, a reliable, accurate and adaptive energy model is of utmost importance. However, most existing approaches either use very generic models or ones that are especially tailored towards a specific UAV. We present a generic energy model that is based on decomposing a robotic system into multiple observable components. The generic model is applied to a swarm of quadcopters and evaluated in multiple flights with different manoeuvres. We additionally use the data from practical experiments to learn and generate a mission-agnostic energy model which can match the typical behaviour of our quadcopters such as hovering; movement in x, y and z directions; landing; communication; and illumination. The learned energy model concurs with the overall energy consumption with an accuracy over 95% compared to the training flights for the indoor use case. An extended model reduces the error to less than 1.4%. Consequently, the proposed model enables an estimation of the energy used in flight and on the ground, which can be easily incorporated in autonomous systems and enhance decision-making with reliable input. The used learning mechanism allows to deploy the approach with minimal effort to new platforms needing only some representative test missions, which was shown using additional outdoor validation flights with a different quadcopter of the same build and the originally trained models. This set-up increased the prediction error of our model to 4.46%.

scholarly journals Trends and prospects for the development and implementation of artificial intelligence in the military sphere in South Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Ksenia Michailovna Belikova
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
Operations Control ◽  
The Right ◽  
The University ◽  
The Military

The subject of this research is the trends and prospects for the development and implementation of artificial intelligence in the military sphere of one of the BRICS member-states – South Africa in the context of national acts (for example, the Law of 2008 “On the Right of Intellectual Property for State-Funded Research and Development”), the potential and needs of this country, as well as achievements in design and manufacturing of unmanned aerial vehicles by the competitor companies (Seeker 400, MA 380, etc.). The relevance of this topic is substantiated by timely consideration of the legal perspective of the approaches of South Africa towards the implementation of artificial intelligence. The scientific novelty of this article is defined by the focus of research and the acquired results. It is determined that South Africa takes the path of institutional, legal and practical consolidation of the development of artificial intelligence in form of creation of designated infrastructure (on the premises of the universities, for example, Intelligent Systems Group at the University of Pretoria), as startups, scientific network structures (Center for Artificial Intelligence Research), etc. It is demonstrated that South Africa is the manufacturer and seller of the line of unmanned aerial vehicles that are controlled by the artificial intelligence and capable of performing various civil or military tasks –  from moving cargo (including laser-guided bombs) to monitoring the territory (search and rescue or reconnaissance operations, damage assessment from natural disasters or combat operations, control conduct of fire at enemy positions, etc.).

scholarly journals Application of UAVs for assessment of bridge infrastructure

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 1095-1106
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Life Estimation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Bridge Inspections ◽  
Service Life Estimation ◽  
Structural Inspection

The shortcomings of classical methods for inspection of transport infrastructure objects have led to the development of more efficient, more reliable, faster and cheaper procedures for condition assessment and load-bearing capacity and service life estimation of objects. In this context, different autonomous systems developed in the last decade have the most notable role and their development is continuously speeding up. This paper provides a state of the art review of the unmanned aerial vehicles application for structural inspection with a focus on bridges. The paper comprises the following: a review of the current regulations prescribing the types and frequency of inspections; a review of the current classical inspection methods with their advantages and disadvantages; analysis of advantages and disadvantages in application of unmanned aerial vehicles for bridge inspections and a review of the equipment commonly used in their development.

THE CONCEPT OF AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS IN INDUSTRY 4.0

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
György Kovács ◽  
Rabab Benotsmane ◽  
László Dudás
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Multi Agent Systems ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Intelligent Machines ◽  
Digital Network

Recent tendencies – such as the life-cycles of products are shorter while consumers require more complex and more unique final products – poses many challenges to the production. The industrial sector is going through a paradigm shift. The traditional centrally controlled production processes will be replaced by decentralized control, which is built on the self-regulating ability of intelligent machines, products and workpieces that communicate with each other continuously. This new paradigm known as Industry 4.0. This conception is the introduction of digital network-linked intelligent systems, in which machines and products will communicate to one another in order to establish smart factories in which self-regulating production will be established. In this article, at first the essence, main goals and basic elements of Industry 4.0 conception is described. After it the autonomous systems are introduced which are based on multi agent systems. These systems include the collaborating robots via artificial intelligence which is an essential element of Industry 4.0.

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