Insecticidal and Histopathological Effects of Ageratum conyzoides Weed Extracts against Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti

Crude extracts and essential oils of A. conyzoides were tested with larva and adult stages of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to determine their insecticidal properties. The crude extracts and essential oils came from three varieties of A. conyzoides (with white flowers, purple flowers, or white-purple flowers) and from two places on each plant (leaves and flowers), giving six types overall: leaf-white (LW); leaf-purple (LP); leaf white-purple (LW-P); flower-white (FW); flower-purple (FP); and flower white-purple (FW-P). Chemical constituents and components of the essential oils were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Electron microscopic and histopathological studies were performed to determine the toxicological effects on mosquitoes in terms of morphological alterations. The six types of crude extracts exhibited no activity against individuals in the larval stages. However, six types of essential oils were effective against adult Ae. aegypti females. The mortality of adult Ae. aegypti females was higher from leaf extracts, particularly LP (median lethal dose, LD50 = 0.84%). The number of chemical constituents identified by GC-MS was high in flowers, especially W-P. Precocene I was the most abundant chemical component among the five types of essential oils, except in LP, in which precocene II was the most abundant. Histopathological alterations in adult Ae. aegypti females included compound eye degeneration, muscular damage with cellular infiltration, gut epithelial degeneration and necrosis, pyknotic nuclei in the malpighian epithelium and ovarian cell degeneration. FW and FP plant types exhibited the highest severity of histopathological alterations in mosquitoes compared with other plants, probably owing to the presence of monoterpene compounds in their tissues. The present study demonstrated LP plant extracts from A. conyzoides could be effective adulticides against adult Ae. aegypti. As natural products are biodegradable and exhibit low toxicity to mammalian and non-target organisms, they are suitable candidates for use in vector control programmes.

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Chemical constituents of essential oils of Tephrosia purpurea and Ipomoea carnea and their repellent activity against Odoiporus longicollis

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society ◽

10.2298/jsc140425082s ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 80 (4) ◽

pp. 465-473 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Kitherian Sahayaraj ◽

Poolpandi Kombiah ◽

Anand Dikshit ◽

Martin Rathi

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Oil Content ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Repellent Activity ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Hexadecanoic Acid ◽

Ipomoea Carnea ◽

Tephrosia Purpurea

Chemical constituents of essential oils (EOs) obtained from stem and root of Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. and Ipomoea carnea Jacq. were investigated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Total lipid and oil content was high in the stem than the root of T. purpurea and I. carnea. Essential oils extracted from the stem and root of T. purpurea and I. carnea showed 9 and 8 compounds respectively. Hexadecanoic acid was found to be the principal constituent of stem (69.61%) and root (46.97%) of T. purpurea while 70.61and 88.89% for stem and root, respectively in the case of I. carnea. The findings of the present study suggest that T. purpurea and I. carnea EOs can be used as a source of hexadecanoic acid which could be used for industrial purposes. The essential oils of T. purpurea and I. carnea showed strong repellent activity for males (-0.73 and -0.70 for T. purpurea and I. carnea stem EO respectively) than females (-0.63 and -0.59 for T. purpurea and I. carnea stem EO respectively) against banana pseudostem weevil Odoiporus longicollis. The results indicated that the active compounds of essential oils from stems of T. purpurea and I. carnea can be explored as natural repellents for control of Odoiporus longicollis.

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Chemical composition of essential oils from Bambusa vulgaris Leaf (Fresh and Dried) Schrad. Ex J.C. Wendl. [Poaceae] obtained in Nigeria

JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND REVIEW IN SCIENCE ◽

10.36108/jrrslasu/8102/50(0120) ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Odunayo Atewolara-odule ◽

Oseyemi Olubomehin ◽

Enitan Adesanya ◽

Adejumoke Hashimi ◽

Abdulrazaq Ogunmoye

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Fresh Sample ◽

Bambusa Vulgaris ◽

Volatile Aroma ◽

First Time ◽

Sulfur Pentafluoride

Essential oil is a hydrophobic concentrated liquid which contains volatile aroma compounds from plants. Bambusa vulgaris grows widely in the tropical and subtropical regions and has been reported to have different ethnomedicinal values such as antimalaria and antioxidant. It is also known to be an ornamental plant. The essential oil was extracted from both the fresh and dried leaves of Bambusa vulgaris by hydrodistillation method using a Clevenger apparatus. The chemical constituents of the essential oils were characterized using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The essential oils obtained are colourless with an herbal odour giving a yield of 0.64 w/w for the fresh sample and 1.08 w/w for the dried sample. A total of thirty-nine (39) compounds were identified from the essential oils of both samples. The major constituents in the fresh leaves were 3-aminodibenzofuran (19.2%), ?-ocimene (11.1%), undecane (9.6%), tridecane (8.6%), [3,2-b] pyridin-6-octahydropyrano (7.1%), 2-mono laurin (6.9%) and vinyl decanoate (5.9%). Prominent compounds of the essential oil in the dried leaves were chlorophenoxymethylenimino sulfur pentafluoride (74.5%) and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione (17.3%). Undecane, tridecane, hexadecane and octadecane were found both in the fresh and dried leaves. The chemical constituents of the essential oils from Nigeria Bambusa vulgaris were reported in this study for the first time to the best our knowledge and this could be useful in aromatherapy.

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Adulticidal Activity of Hyptis suaveolens, Chenopodium ambrosioides and Lippia adoensis Leaf Extracts and Essential Oils against Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae)

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology ◽

10.9734/cjast/2021/v40i231249 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 18-32

Author(s):

Kary Mallam Oumarou ◽

Lame Younoussa ◽

Jacob Dogbaga Langsi ◽

Pierre Saotoing ◽

Elias Nchiwan Nukenine

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Anopheles Gambiae ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Fats And Oils ◽

Chenopodium Ambrosioides ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Hyptis Suaveolens ◽

Lippia Adoensis

The study was undertaken to evaluate the adulticidal efficacy of the methanolic leaf extracts and essential oils of Chenopodium ambrosioides, Hyptis suaveolens and Lippia adoensis against adults of Anopheles gambiae. A chemical profile of each plant extracts (qualitative phytochemical screening) and essential oil (GC/MS analysis) was also determined. Doses of 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/bottle of plant extracts and 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/bottle of essential oils were prepared and tested using CDC bottles. In each plant extract, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenolic groups, terpenoids, fats and oils were presents. Major chemical constituents of essential oils were thymol (27.09%), sabinene (18.93%) and 4-carene (52.88%) in L. adoensis, H. suaveolens and C. ambrosioides, respectively. L. adoensis extract (at 1000 mg/bottle) and essential oil of H. suaveolens (at 200 mg/bottle) were the most potent causing 100% mortality of An. gambiae adults, 24 h post-exposure. Methanolic extract of L. adoensis (LC50= 20.20 mg/bottle) was the most effective compared to other extracts. Similarly, essential oil of H. suaveolens (LC50= 5.27 mg/bottle) was revealed as the most toxic on An. gambiae adults compared to other oils. Therefore, the extracts of L. adoensis and essential oil of H. suaveolens showed a high activity and should be recommended to be promoting as natural bioinsecticides to control mosquito adults.

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Foliar Application of Bio-Stimulants Enhancing the Production and the Toxicity of Origanum majorana Essential Oils Against Four Rice Seed-Borne Fungi

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25102363 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (10) ◽

pp. 2363

Author(s):

Abeer A. Mohamed ◽

Mervat El-Hefny ◽

Nader A. El-Shanhorey ◽

Hayssam M. Ali

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Curvularia Lunata ◽

Rice Seed ◽

Treated Plant ◽

Oryzae Sativa ◽

Origanum Majorana

In the present study, the enhancement of the production of Origanum majorana essential oils (EOs) was studied by treating plants with ascorbic acid (AA) and tryptophan (Trp) at concentrations of 100, 200 and 300 mg/L and Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE) at 2.5%, 5% and 10% as foliar applications during the seasons 2018–2019. The toxicities of the EOs were assayed against four seed-borne fungi (Bipolaris orzyae, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium verticilliodies and F. graminearum) isolated from rice grains (Oryzae sativa). Vegetative growth parameters and EO production were enhanced by the application of AA, Trp and MLE in both seasons. Analysis of the EOs by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that the main chemical constituents were terpineol (cis-β-(1-terpinenol)), terpinen-4-ol, 4-thujanol (sabinene hydrate), α-terpineol, cymene and sabinene. The highest fungal mycelial growth inhibition (FMGI) percentages against F. verticilliodies were 94.57% and 92.63% as MLE at 5% and 10%, respectively, was applied to plants and 85.60% and 82.19% against F. graminearum as Trp was applied to plants at 300 and 200 mg/L, respectively. EOs from the treated plant with MLE (10%) observed the highest FMGI (84.46%) against B. oryzae, and EOs from plants treated with AA as foliar application at 300 and 200 mg/L showed the highest FMGI values of 81.11% and 81.85%, respectively, against the growth of C. lunata. Application of EOs extracted from plants treated with Trp, AA and MLE at 300 mg/L, 300 mg/L and 10%, respectively, or untreated plants to rice seeds inhibited or decreased the fungal infection percentage from 82.5% (naturally infected grains) to 1.75%, 10.5%, 17.5% and 18.5%, respectively. In conclusion, the extracted EOs affected by the foliar application of O. majorana plants with Trp, AA, and MLE could be useful as a biofungicide against rice seed-borne fungi.

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CHEMOTYPIC OF ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS L. ESSENTIAL OILS FROM EASTERN SIDE OF IRAQ

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i3.36635 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 64-67

Author(s):

SARAH ALI HAMID

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Bornyl Acetate ◽

Eastern Side ◽

Oxygenated Monoterpenes ◽

Rosmarinus Officinalis L

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize chemical constituents of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oils from Diyala Province, an eastern side of Iraq. Methods: Following hydrodistillation extraction of the leaves, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (MS) was performed. Eighteen peaks were identified and compared to known compounds and MS patterns. Results: The two major components identified were eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) and L-camphor, and they represent 59% and 29%, respectively. In addition, α-terpineol, bornyl acetate, borneol, linalool, and β-terpineol were detected in 3.75, 2.83, 1.96, 1.22, and 0.65%, respectively. Conclusion: The present study showed that rosemary essential oils from Diyala Province of Iraq consisted mostly of oxygenated monoterpenes (>96%) and hydrocarbon monoterpenes are less than 1%. The latter suggest that hydrocarbon monoterpenes may undergo transformation due to atmospheric as well as microbiological metabolism which more studies are needed to confirm such suggestion.

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QUALITY CONTROL OF ZINGIBER OFFICINALE OILS IN PRODUCT FORMULATIONS

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v77.6002 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 77 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Nurhazwani Mohd Hirmizi ◽

Saidatul Husni Saidin ◽

Nor Azah Mohamad Ali ◽

Azrina Aziz ◽

Mailina Jamil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Ph Value ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Skin Irritation ◽

Zingiber Officinale ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Limit Test ◽

Main Components

Zingiber officinale (ginger) is one of the most commonly used flavouring ingredients in food and culinary dishes. The essential oils are known for its unique aroma and characteristic and widely used as therapy. In this study, the essential oil was formulated as massage oil and the quality of massage oil was evaluated on its physicochemical properties, i.e. colour, odour, density, viscosity, refractive index and pH value. The efficacy of the product was determined by the value of the melanin (coloured pigment) and erythema (redness of skin) as well skin irritation analysis (Finn Chamber Patch). The massage oil was also tested using Head Space-Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GCMS) to determine the presence of ginger’s essential oils important chemical constituents in the massage oil. Analysis revealed the presence of a-zingiberene, neral and geranial which are the main components found in ginger massage oil. For safety use, the finished product was tested for microbial enumeration test and heavy metal analysis. Result showed that there was no microbial contamination and meets the British Pharmacopoeia 2011 specifications in topical use. Meanwhile the results of limit test for heavy metals were found to be below detectable levels of National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau specifications.

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Chemical Composition and Anti-inflammation Activity of Essential Oils from Citrus unshiu Flower

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1400900538 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 1934578X1400900 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Min-Jin Kim ◽

Kyong-Wol Yang ◽

Sang Suk Kim ◽

Suk Man Park ◽

Kyung Jin Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Prostaglandin E ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Though many essential oils from citrus peels are claimed to have several medicinal functions, the chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils of Citrus flowers have not been well described. Therefore, this study intended to investigate the chemical composition and anti-inflammatory potential of essential oils from C. unshiu flower (CEO) to support its purported beneficial health effects. The chemical constituents of the CEO, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), included γ-terpinene (24.7%), 2-β-pinene (16.6%), 1-methyl-2-isopropylbenzene (11.5%), L-limonene (5.7%), β-ocimene (5.6%), and α-pinene (4.7%). The effects of the CEO on nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages were also examined. The results indicate that the CEO is an effective inhibitor of LPS-induced NO and PGE2 production in RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, CEO was shown to suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-6. Based on these results, CEO may be considered a potential anti-inflammatory candidate with human health benefits.

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Sedative and hypnotic effects of compound Anshen essential oil inhalation for insomnia

BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12906-019-2732-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Yu Zhong ◽

Qin Zheng ◽

Pengyi Hu ◽

Xiaoying Huang ◽

Ming Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Mouse Brain ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Sleep Time ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Sleeping Time ◽

Psychotropic Substances

Abstract Backgrounds The chemical composition of many essential oils indicates that they have sedative and hypnotic effects, but there is still a lack of systematic studies on the sedative and hypnotic effects of essential oils. In addition, aromatherapy does not seem to have the side effects of many traditional psychotropic substances, which is clearly worthwhile for further clinical and scientific research. The clinical application of essential oils in aromatherapy has received increasing attention, and detailed studies on the pharmacological activities of inhaled essential oils are increasingly needed. Hypothesis/purpose As insomniacs are usually accompanied by symptoms of depression and anxiety of varying degrees, based on the theory of aromatherapy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, this experiment is to study a Compound Anshen essential oil that is compatible with Lavender essential oil, Sweet Orange essential oil, Sandalwood essential oil and other aromatic medicine essential oils with sedative and hypnotic effects, anti-anxiety and anti-depression effects. To study the sedative and hypnotic effects of Compound Anshen essential oil inhaled and the main chemical components of Compound Anshen essential oil, and to compare and analyze the pharmacodynamics of diazepam, a commonly used drug for insomnia. Methods The Open field test and Pentobarbital-induced sleep latency and sleep time experiments were used to analyze and compare the sedative and hypnotic effects of inhaling Compound Anshen essential oil and the administration of diazepam on mice. The changes of 5-HT and GABA in mouse brain were analyzed by Elisa. The main volatile constituents of Compound Anshen essential oil were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results Inhalation of Compound Anshen essential oil can significantly reduce the spontaneous activity of mice, reduce latency of sleeping time and prolong duration of sleeping time. The results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that Compound Anshen essential oil can increase the content of 5-HT and GABA in mouse brain. The main volatile chemical constituents of the Compound Anshen essential oil are D-limonene (24.07%), Linalool (21.98%), Linalyl acetate (15.37%), α-Pinene (5.39%), and α-Santalol (4.8%). Conclusion The study found that the inhalation of Compound Anshen essential oil has sedative and hypnotic effect. This study provides a theoretical basis for further research and development of the sedative and hypnotic effects of Compound Anshen essential oil based on the theory of aromatherapy.

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Anti-hyperglyceamic Effects of Psidium guajava LINN Crude Leaf Extracts and Fractions in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Mice

Journal of Chemistry and Nutritional Biochemistry ◽

10.48185/jcnb.v2i2.283 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 1-27

Author(s):

Uchenna Nwabunwanne Eze ◽

Ugwu Chukwuebuka V ◽

Onuoha Maxwell ◽

Ubenyi Stanley M

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Psidium Guajava ◽

Diabetic Mice ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Crude Extracts ◽

Crude Leaf Extract ◽

The Mean ◽

Sugar Levels

In Nigeria, rural inhabitants often resort to herbal remedies and dietary control for the treatment and management of various forms of diabetes mellitus. This study was conducted to provide the rationale for the use of Psidium guajava leaves as a potent traditional anti-diabetic remedy. The crude leaf extracts of n-hexane, methanol, and ethyl acetate of Psidium guajava were separately prepared by cold maceration. Then, ethyl acetate crude extract of Psidium guajava leaves was fractionated by column chromatography to yield ethyl acetate bulked fractions: EF-I (1-75), EF-II (76-150), and EF-III (151-250). The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol crude leaf extracts and ethyl acetate bulked fractions (EF-I, EF-II and EF-III) were evaluated for anti-diabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The blood sugar levels of treated and untreated alloxan-induced diabetic mice were assayed as indices of anti-diabetic effect. The phytochemical constituents of both crude extracts and ethyl acetate fractions of Psidium guajava leaves and the mean lethal dose (LD50) of ethyl acetate crude leaf extract of Psidium guajava were determined. The mean lethal dose (LD50) of ethyl acetate crude leaf extract was calculated to be 1500mg/kg b.w. The results indicated that oral administration of ethyl acetate, n-hexane, methanol crude extracts, and ethyl acetate bulked fractions of Psidium guajava leaves at a dose of 100mg/kg b.w on treated groups exhibited much significant[p<0.001, p<0.01and p<0.05]anti-hyperglyceamic effect by ameliorating high blood sugar levels of alloxan-induced diabetic treated mice, while EF-II and EF-III showed non-significant[p>0.05] anti-hyperglyceamic activity for the reduction in blood sugar levels compared with the negative and positive control groups. The anti-diabetic potency of the crude leaf extracts and ethyl acetate fractions were in the order; EC>HC>MC>EF-I>EF-II>EF-III. The results of phytochemical screening of the crude extracts and ethyl acetate bulked fractions showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, and steroids while reducing sugar was absent. The results from this study gives credence to the use of Psidium guajava as an anti-diabetic agent in the management of diabetes mellitus.

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