scholarly journals Anti-hyperglyceamic Effects of Psidium guajava LINN Crude Leaf Extracts and Fractions in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Uchenna Nwabunwanne Eze ◽  
Ugwu Chukwuebuka V ◽  
Onuoha Maxwell ◽  
Ubenyi Stanley M
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Diabetic Mice ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Crude Leaf Extract ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sugar Levels

In Nigeria, rural inhabitants often resort to herbal remedies and dietary control for the treatment and management of various forms of diabetes mellitus. This study was conducted to provide the rationale for the use of Psidium guajava leaves as a potent traditional anti-diabetic remedy. The crude leaf extracts of n-hexane, methanol, and ethyl acetate of Psidium guajava were separately prepared by cold maceration. Then, ethyl acetate crude extract of Psidium guajava leaves was fractionated by column chromatography to yield ethyl acetate bulked fractions: EF-I (1-75), EF-II (76-150), and EF-III (151-250). The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol crude leaf extracts and ethyl acetate bulked fractions (EF-I, EF-II and EF-III) were evaluated for anti-diabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The blood sugar levels of treated and untreated alloxan-induced diabetic mice were assayed as indices of anti-diabetic effect. The phytochemical constituents of both crude extracts and ethyl acetate fractions of Psidium guajava leaves and the mean lethal dose (LD50) of ethyl acetate crude leaf extract of Psidium guajava were determined. The mean lethal dose (LD50) of ethyl acetate crude leaf extract was calculated to be 1500mg/kg b.w. The results indicated that oral administration of ethyl acetate, n-hexane, methanol crude extracts, and ethyl acetate bulked fractions of Psidium guajava leaves at a dose of 100mg/kg b.w on treated groups exhibited much significant[p<0.001, p<0.01and p<0.05]anti-hyperglyceamic effect by ameliorating high blood sugar levels of alloxan-induced diabetic treated mice, while EF-II and EF-III showed non-significant[p>0.05] anti-hyperglyceamic activity  for the reduction in blood sugar levels compared with the negative and positive control groups. The anti-diabetic potency of the crude leaf extracts and ethyl acetate fractions were in the order; EC>HC>MC>EF-I>EF-II>EF-III. The results of phytochemical screening of the crude extracts and ethyl acetate bulked fractions showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, and steroids while reducing sugar was absent. The results from this study gives credence to the use of Psidium guajava as an anti-diabetic agent in the management of diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals Anti-hyperglyceamic Effects of Psidium guajava LINN Crude Leaf Extracts and Fractions in Alloxan- induced Diabetic Mice.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eze Uchenna Nwabunwanne ◽  
Eze Anthonius Anayaochukwu ◽  
Ugwu Chukwuebuka Victor ◽  
Onuoha Maxwell ◽  
Ubenyi Stanley Mary
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Diabetic Mice ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Crude Leaf Extract ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sugar Levels

Abstract In Nigeria, rural inhabitants often resort to herbal remedies and dietary control for the treatment and management of various forms of diabetes mellitus. This study was conducted to provide the rationale for the use of Psidium guajava leaves as a potent traditional antidiabetic remedy. The crude leaf extracts of n-hexane, methanol, and ethyl acetate of Psidium guajava were separately prepared by cold maceration. Then, the ethyl acetate crude extract of Psidium guajava leaves was fractionated by column chromatography to yield ethyl acetate bulked fractions: EF-I (1-75), EF-II (76-150), and EF- III (151-250). The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol crude leaf extracts and ethyl acetate bulked fractions (EF-I, EF-II, and EF-III) were evaluated for antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The blood sugar levels of treated and untreated alloxan-induced diabetic mice were assayed as indices of antidiabetic effect. The phytochemical constituents of both crude extracts and ethyl acetate fractions of Psidium guajava leaves and the mean lethal dose (LD50) of ethyl acetate crude leaf extract of Psidium guajava were determined. The mean lethal dose (LD50) of ethyl acetate crude leaf extract was calculated to be 1500mg/kg b.w. The results indicated that oral administration of ethyl acetate, n-hexane, methanol crude extract, and ethyl acetate bulked fractions of Psidium guajava leaves at a dose of 100mg/kg b.w on treated groups exhibited much significant[p<0.001, p<0.01and p<0.05]anti- hyperglyceamic effect by ameliorating high blood sugar levels of alloxan-induced diabetic treated mice, while EF-II and EF-III showed non-significant[p>0.05] anti-hyperglyceamic activity for the reduction in blood sugar levels compared with the negative and positive control groups. The anti- diabetic potency of the crude leaf extracts and ethyl acetate fractions were in the order; EC>HC>MC>EF-I>EF-II>EF-III. The results of phytochemical screening of the crude extracts and ethyl acetate bulked fractions showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, and steroids while reducing sugar was absent. The results from this study give credence to the use of Psidium guajava as an antidiabetic agent in the management of diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals Anti-hyperglyceamic Effects of Psidium guajava LINN Crude Leaf Extracts and Fractions in Alloxan- induced Diabetic Mice.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eze Uchenna Nwabunwanne ◽  
Eze Anthonius Anayaochukwu ◽  
Ugwu Chukwuebuka Victor ◽  
Onuoha Maxwell ◽  
Ubenyi Stanley Mary
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Diabetic Mice ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Crude Leaf Extract ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sugar Levels

Abstract In Nigeria, rural inhabitants often resort to herbal remedies and dietary control for the treatment and management of various forms of diabetes mellitus. This study was conducted to provide the rationale for the use of Psidium guajava leaves as a potent traditional antidiabetic remedy. The crude leaf extracts of n-hexane, methanol, and ethyl acetate of Psidium guajava were separately prepared by cold maceration. Then, the ethyl acetate crude extract of Psidium guajava leaves was fractionated by column chromatography to yield ethyl acetate bulked fractions: EF-I (1–75), EF-II (76–150), and EF- III (151–250). The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol crude leaf extracts and ethyl acetate bulked fractions (EF-I, EF-II, and EF-III) were evaluated for antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The blood sugar levels of treated and untreated alloxan-induced diabetic mice were assayed as indices of antidiabetic effect. The phytochemical constituents of both crude extracts and ethyl acetate fractions of Psidium guajava leaves and the mean lethal dose (LD50) of ethyl acetate crude leaf extract of Psidium guajava were determined. The mean lethal dose (LD50) of ethyl acetate crude leaf extract was calculated to be 1500mg/kg b.w. The results indicated that oral administration of ethyl acetate, n-hexane, methanol crude extract, and ethyl acetate bulked fractions of Psidium guajava leaves at a dose of 100mg/kg b.w on treated groups exhibited much significant[p < 0.001, p < 0.01and p < 0.05]anti- hyperglyceamic effect by ameliorating high blood sugar levels of alloxan-induced diabetic treated mice, while EF-II and EF-III showed non-significant[p > 0.05] anti-hyperglyceamic activity for the reduction in blood sugar levels compared with the negative and positive control groups. The anti- diabetic potency of the crude leaf extracts and ethyl acetate fractions were in the order; EC > HC > MC > EF-I > EF-II > EF-III. The results of phytochemical screening of the crude extracts and ethyl acetate bulked fractions showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, and steroids while reducing sugar was absent. The results from this study give credence to the use of Psidium guajava as an antidiabetic agent in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Effects of Myrtus communis leaf extracts on CdCl2-induced metabolic disturbance in male wistar rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 185-192
Author(s):  
Hafsa Dellaoui ◽  
Abdelkrim Berroukche ◽  
Bakhta Bouzouira ◽  
Narimen Taibi ◽  
Mohamed Zouidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Cadmium Accumulation ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Myrtus Communis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Preventive Effects

Cadmium (Cd) is widespread in the environment. Cd toxicity targets liver and renal tissues and generates oxidative stress. Medicinal plants produce antioxidants scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chelate heavy metals. This study aimed to investigate the preventive effects of Myrtus communis leaves hydro-methanol extract (HME) and aqueous extract (AE) on Cdinduced toxicity. The experiments were carried out, during 30 days, on male rats; GR1 (controls), GR2 treated with CdCl2 (18 mg/kg), GR3 co-treated with HME (1 g/kg) and Cd (18 mg/kg), GR4 co-treated with AE (1 g/kg) and Cd (18 mg/kg), GR5 with HME and GR6 with AE. Cd induced changes in biochemical parameters (transaminases, urea, creatinine and blood sugar)related to hepato renal function, increased tissue mortification and decreased animals’ body weight. While the treatment animals, with M. communis leaves (HME) or (AE), regulated blood sugar levels. Hepatic steatosis and loss of glomeruli were particularly induced either by Cd or a co-treatment with Cd and plant extracts. M. communis extracts (HME and EA) can regulate blood sugar levels and prevent cadmium accumulation.

PLASMA FREE FATTY ACID AND BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS IN NEWBORN INFANTS AND THEIR MOTHERS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-604
Author(s):  
Doman K. Keele ◽  
Jacob L. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Blood Sugar Level ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Diabetic Mothers

Simultaneous plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and blood sugar levels were determined for fasting newborn infants during the first 24 hours of life, for their cord bloods, and for their mothers at delivery. The following observations were made. In control infants the mean FFA level rose about three times the cord level after birth and was accompanied by a 25% drop in the mean blood sugar level. Thereafter, the mean blood sugar level remained relatively constant, but the mean FFA level varied from 2½ to 3 times the cord level. There was no significant correlation between the length of maternal fasting prior to delivery and the infant FFA level; there was, however a significant negative correlation between the length of maternal fasting prior to delivery and the infant blood sugar level at 24 hours of age. High FFA levels occurred in the infants of obese mothers and low levels were observed in infants with delayed respirations, in infants of preeclamptic mothers, and in infants of diabetic mothers.

Studies on the carbohydrate metabolism of sheep. I. The range of blood-sugar values under several conditions

1950 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 182 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Reid
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Fasting Level ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Bodily Condition

The considerable volume of literature dealing with the normal range of blood-sugar values in ruminants and with the effect of varying nutritive conditions upon it is reviewed in some detail. Attention is drawn to differences between ruminant and non-ruminant mammals, and an attempt is made to explain them in the light of present knowledge of digestive processes in the ruminant. Data are presented on the normal range of blood-sugar values in sheep, both in Australia and in England, and on the effect of nutritive factors and of pregnancy on these values. The mean blood-sugar values determined by the author in non-pregnant ewes in Australia and in England were 34.8 ± 3.06 and 39.1 ± 3.37 mg. per cent. respectively. The observed range in both pregnant and non-pregnant ewes was 18-57 mg. per cent., but 94 per cent. of values fell between 25 and 46 mg. per cent. This range was obtained in sheep bled usually in the morning, before feeding. A delayed rise, which is slight and always below hyperglycaemic levels, was observed after feeding; the afternoon samples showed higher values than the morning samples. Thus, the normal range of blood-sugar values in fed sheep, at any time of day, is considered to be 25-50 mg. per cent. The level of blood sugar was affected neither by the plane of nutrition nor by the bodily condition of non-pregnant ewes. Gestation in ewes in good condition was observed not to affect the level, although evidence was obtained of lowered blood-sugar levels during the last two months of gestation in ewes in poor condition. Expressed as a percentage of the pre-fasting level, the decrease in blood sugar observed during a four-day fast was similar to that observed in non-ruminants, but the response was delayed. Fasting for a period of 24 hours had little effect on the blood-sugar level in non-pregnant sheep in good condition; in many cases there was little change after the period had been extended to 46 hours. On the other hand, a fast of 24 hours' duration produced a marked hypoglycaemia in ewes in poor bodily condition during the last two months of gestation, blood-sugar levels as low as 8.6 mg. per cent. being recorded.

scholarly journals Effect of Single Clove Garlic Extract (Allium Sativum Linn) on Blood Sugar Levels, Malondialdehyde, Insulin Levels and Insulin Resistance (Experiments in Rats (Rattus Novergicus) Induced by Streptozotocin

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 954-963
Author(s):  
Yeni Susanti ◽  
Merryana Adriani ◽  
Annis Catur Adi
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Oral Antidiabetic Drugs ◽  
Traditional Treatment ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Oral Antidiabetic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sugar Levels

Oral antidiabetic drugs mostly give unwanted side effects, so it is necessary to develop a traditional treatment system for diabetes mellitus which is relatively safe. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of single clove garlic on decreasing blood sugar levels, decreasing malondialdehyde levels, increasing insulin levels, and decreasing insulin resistance in experimental rats induced by streptozotocin 50 mg / KgBB. (P1) therapy of single clove garlic 50 mg/kgBB, (P2) therapy of single clove of garlic 75 mg/KgBB, (P3) therapy of single clove of garlic 125 mg/KgBB. The most effective dose in this study was 125 mg/KgBB. Comparison test the mean of each group with the Manova test. The flavonoids in single clove garlic have been shown to be powerful agents to reduce the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications.

scholarly journals Insecticidal and Histopathological Effects of Ageratum conyzoides Weed Extracts against Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai-rada Pintong ◽  
Sumate Ampawong ◽  
Narumon Komalamisra ◽  
Patchara Sriwichai ◽  
Supaluk Popruk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Compound Eye ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ageratum Conyzoides ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Cell Degeneration ◽  
Histopathological Alterations ◽  
Crude Extracts

Crude extracts and essential oils of A. conyzoides were tested with larva and adult stages of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to determine their insecticidal properties. The crude extracts and essential oils came from three varieties of A. conyzoides (with white flowers, purple flowers, or white-purple flowers) and from two places on each plant (leaves and flowers), giving six types overall: leaf-white (LW); leaf-purple (LP); leaf white-purple (LW-P); flower-white (FW); flower-purple (FP); and flower white-purple (FW-P). Chemical constituents and components of the essential oils were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Electron microscopic and histopathological studies were performed to determine the toxicological effects on mosquitoes in terms of morphological alterations. The six types of crude extracts exhibited no activity against individuals in the larval stages. However, six types of essential oils were effective against adult Ae. aegypti females. The mortality of adult Ae. aegypti females was higher from leaf extracts, particularly LP (median lethal dose, LD50 = 0.84%). The number of chemical constituents identified by GC-MS was high in flowers, especially W-P. Precocene I was the most abundant chemical component among the five types of essential oils, except in LP, in which precocene II was the most abundant. Histopathological alterations in adult Ae. aegypti females included compound eye degeneration, muscular damage with cellular infiltration, gut epithelial degeneration and necrosis, pyknotic nuclei in the malpighian epithelium and ovarian cell degeneration. FW and FP plant types exhibited the highest severity of histopathological alterations in mosquitoes compared with other plants, probably owing to the presence of monoterpene compounds in their tissues. The present study demonstrated LP plant extracts from A. conyzoides could be effective adulticides against adult Ae. aegypti. As natural products are biodegradable and exhibit low toxicity to mammalian and non-target organisms, they are suitable candidates for use in vector control programmes.

scholarly journals UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIDIABETES DARI EKSTRAK DAUN SESEWANUA (Clerodendron squamatum Vahl.) TERHADAP TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN GALUR WISTAR (Rattus norvegicus L.)

PHARMACON ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 774
Author(s):  
Billy N. Nangoy ◽  
Edwin De Queljoe ◽  
Adithya Yudistira
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cells ◽  
Blood Sugar Level ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cell ◽  
Antidiabetic Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Sugar Levels

ABSTRACTSesewanua leaves contain flavonoids which can be potentially as antidiabetic. Flavonoids reduce blood sugar levels by capturing free radicals that cause damage to pancreatic beta cells and inhibit pancreatic beta cell damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of antidiabetic activity on the administration of Sesewanua (Clerodendron squamatum Vahl.) Leaf extracts in wistar white rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by Aloxan. This type of research is a laboratory experiment using a completely randomized design. Test animals are grouped into 5 groups each consisting of 3 test animals. The negative control group (K-) was not treated, the positive control group (K +) was given metformin, groups 2, 3, and 4 were treated with different extract concentration of 200, 400, and 800 mg. Before the treatment was done the rats were examined the initial blood sugar level, then induced alloxan monohydrate 120 mg / kg BW intraperitonially (ip), and checked the blood sugar level on the 3rd day and continued with the administration of the leaf extracts of the animal every two days until the 14th day. The results showed that sesewanua leaf extracts with a concentration of 200, 400, and 800mg had a decreased activity in blood sugar levels from day 4 to day 14 with a decrease of 13.66 mg / dL in the concentration group 1, 43 mg / dL in the dose concentration 2, and 103 mg / dL in the concentration group 3. Keywords: Blood Glucose, Clerodendron squamatum Vahl., Flavonoids,  Rattus norvegicus ABSTRAKDaun sesewanua mengandung flavonoid yang dapat berpotensi sebagai antidiabetes. Flavonoid menurunkan kadar gula darah dengan cara menangkap radikal bebas penyebab kerusakan sel beta pankreas dan menghambat kerusakan sel beta pankreas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui efek aktivitas antidiabetes terhadap pemberian ekstrak Daun Sesewanua (Clerodendron squamatum Vahl.) pada Tikus Putih Galur Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) yang telah diinduksi Aloksan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimen laboratorium menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap. Hewan uji dikelompokan dalam 5 kelompok masing-masing terdiri dari 3 ekor hewan uji. Kelompok kontrol negatif (K-) tidak diberi perlakuan, kelompok kontrol positif (K+) diberikan metformin, Kelompok 2, 3, dan 4 diberi perlakuan dengan konsentras ekstrak yang berbeda-beda yaitu 200, 400, dan 800 mg. Sebelum perlakuan dilakukan tikus diperiksa kadar gula darah awal, kemudian diinduksi aloksan monohidrat 120 mg/kgBB secara intraperitonial (ip), dan diperiksa kadar gula darah pada hari ke-3 dan dilanjutkan dengan pemberian ekstrak daun sesewanua setiap dua hari sekali sampai hari ke-14. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun sesewanua dengan konsentrasi 200, 400 , dan 800mg memiliki aktivitas penurunan kadar gula darah dari hari ke-4 sampai hari ke-14 dengan penurunan sebesar 13.66 mg/dL pada kelompok konsentrasi 1, 43 mg/dL pada kelompok konsentrasi 2, dan 103 mg/dL pada kelompok konsentrasi 3. Kata Kunci: Clerodendron squamatum Vahl., Flavonoid, Glukosa Darah, Rattus norvegicus

scholarly journals A STUDY ON DRUG-DRUG INTERACTION BETWEEN GLIPIZIDE AND CIMETIDINE IN RABBITS

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-18
Author(s):  
RANJEETA GHOLVE ◽  
DHANESHWAR SHEP ◽  
PRAKASHCHANDRA GADE ◽  
MANISH RAMAVAT
Keyword(s):  
Drug Interaction ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Blood Sugar Level ◽  
H2 Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Single Drug ◽  
Single Drug Therapy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sugar Levels

Objective: To study the effect of Cimetidine (H2 receptor antagonist) in combination with Glipizide (Sulfonylurea) on the blood sugar level in rabbits. Methods: Six albino rabbits were taken for the study. Glipizide was administrated to each rabbit as a single drug therapy on day 1 and it was co-administrated with Cimetidine to each rabbit as a combinational drug therapy on day 7. Cimetidine was administrated to each rabbit from day 2 to day 6 as single drug therapy. Blood sugar levels were estimated on day 1 and on day 7 at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h. Results: The mean blood sugar level readings at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h on day 1 were 90.4, 69.4, 62.9 and 65.7 mg% and on day 7 were 89.4, 74.8, 65.5, 56.4 and 61.2 mg % respectively. When mean blood sugar level on day 1 and day 7 was considered, there was a significant reduction in blood sugar level at 1, 2, 4 and 6 h and there was no significant fall in blood sugar level at 0 hour after co-administration of Glipizide and Cimetidine. Conclusion: Cimetidine, when co-administered with Glipizide, significantly increases the hypoglycaemic action of Glipizide.

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