Experimental Analysis Of Generic Antibiotics Along With Honey Sensitivity Against Microbial Flora Obtained From Frozen Hilsa Fish (Tenualosa ilisha)

This study deals with the in-vitro experimental analysis of different generic antibiotics and season based honey, sensitivity against isolated bacteria. The characterization of bacteria isolated from the frozen hilsa is done through various biochemical reactions The antibacterial sensitivity of honey and antibiotics are evaluated through zone of inhibition analysis of bacterial colony. So, it is obvious that this experiment provides providential values for future research including food value analysis.

Anti-hyperglyceamic Effects of Psidium guajava LINN Crude Leaf Extracts and Fractions in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Mice

In Nigeria, rural inhabitants often resort to herbal remedies and dietary control for the treatment and management of various forms of diabetes mellitus. This study was conducted to provide the rationale for the use of Psidium guajava leaves as a potent traditional anti-diabetic remedy. The crude leaf extracts of n-hexane, methanol, and ethyl acetate of Psidium guajava were separately prepared by cold maceration. Then, ethyl acetate crude extract of Psidium guajava leaves was fractionated by column chromatography to yield ethyl acetate bulked fractions: EF-I (1-75), EF-II (76-150), and EF-III (151-250). The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol crude leaf extracts and ethyl acetate bulked fractions (EF-I, EF-II and EF-III) were evaluated for anti-diabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The blood sugar levels of treated and untreated alloxan-induced diabetic mice were assayed as indices of anti-diabetic effect. The phytochemical constituents of both crude extracts and ethyl acetate fractions of Psidium guajava leaves and the mean lethal dose (LD50) of ethyl acetate crude leaf extract of Psidium guajava were determined. The mean lethal dose (LD50) of ethyl acetate crude leaf extract was calculated to be 1500mg/kg b.w. The results indicated that oral administration of ethyl acetate, n-hexane, methanol crude extracts, and ethyl acetate bulked fractions of Psidium guajava leaves at a dose of 100mg/kg b.w on treated groups exhibited much significant[p<0.001, p<0.01and p<0.05]anti-hyperglyceamic effect by ameliorating high blood sugar levels of alloxan-induced diabetic treated mice, while EF-II and EF-III showed non-significant[p>0.05] anti-hyperglyceamic activity for the reduction in blood sugar levels compared with the negative and positive control groups. The anti-diabetic potency of the crude leaf extracts and ethyl acetate fractions were in the order; EC>HC>MC>EF-I>EF-II>EF-III. The results of phytochemical screening of the crude extracts and ethyl acetate bulked fractions showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, and steroids while reducing sugar was absent. The results from this study gives credence to the use of Psidium guajava as an anti-diabetic agent in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Water Extract of Dragon Fruit Peel Catalyzed Synthesis of Dihydropyridines By Hantzsch Condensation

Nowadays, natural substances are increasingly used in organic synthesis for their safety aspects towards the environment. That is why we identified a natural substance through which it promoted the organic reaction, and it could be sustainable and from plant sources obtained, and through this natural substance, it promotes the synthesis of dihydropyridine and its derivatives under solvent-free conditions. We have resorted to this method, being economical, free of minerals and solvents, to create highly functional dihydropyridine derivatives. It is promoted by the water extract of dragon Fruit (WED) at a temperature of (800C) . these (WED) promoted reactions are found to afford high yield for the desired products and this method is Protocol an alternative to the current procedures.

Insights into COVID-19 Chemotherapies: Potential and Challenges

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a newly emerged infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, has recently become pandemic. Although several therapeutic options are currently available for the treatment of COVID-19, no effective antiviral agents have been developed yet. Many countries follow the strategy of keeping the patient in good state and count on his own immune system to develop an effective immune response. Since the beginning of the pandemic, many previous therapeutic options have been used in COVID-19 treatment including antiviral, non-antiviral drugs and convalescent plasma-based therapies. This review delivers comprehensive illustration of the current therapeutic drugs that have been used for COVID-19 treatment all over the world since the pandemic starts.

Aluminum Chloride-Induced Oxidative Damage to Serum and Combined Intervention of Ascorbic Acids and Massularia Acuminata On Selected Markers Of In Vivo Antioxidant Enzymes in Wistar Rats

This study evaluates the synergistic antioxidants effects of extracts of Massularia acuminata and ascorbic acid in aluminum chloride-treated oxidative stress in wistar albino rats with a view to investigate the preventive potential of co-administration of Massularia acuminata and ascorbic acids. The in vivo antioxidant properties of the extract were evaluated using in vivo catalase activity, superoxide dismutase activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay by standard methods via spectrophotometry. The in vivo studies were carried out on rats, grouped majorly into positive control, negative control and the treated groups. The positive control group was administered with normal saline (distilled water) orally, while the negative control group was orally induced with the toxicant (aluminium chloride). The treated group was orally administered with the extract after toxicant administration. Ascorbic acid was used as standard antioxidant in the study. The effects on enzymatic antioxidants and lipid indices were evaluated. Forty healthy Wistar rats sub-grouped into ten (10) groups were induced with aluminum chloride. Some rats were treated with ascorbic acid which is a well-known antioxidant, while others were treated with various extracts of Massularia acuminata (Pako Ijebu) at various doses. The experiment is designed as follows: in Group 1, animals were used as control group. Animals in Group 2 were the toxicant-treated groups administered with AlCl3 (34 mg/kg body weight). Ascorbic acid treated groups are the standard control (group 3) administered with 200 mg/kg body weight. Animals in Group 4 were co-treated with AlCl3 and Ascorbic acid (34 mg/kg aluminum chloride and 200 mg/kg body weight of ascorbic acid). Animals in group 5 were co-administered with ethanolic extract (50 mg/kg body weight) of Massularia acuminata and AlCl3 (34 mg/kg body weight), respectively. Animals in group 6 were also co-treated and administered with ethanolic extract of Massularia acuminate (100 mg/kg body weight) and AlCl3, respectively. Experimental animals in group 7 were equally co-administered with methanolic extract of Massularia acuminate (50 mg/kg body weight) and AlCl3, respectively. Animals in group 8 were co-administered with methanolic extract of Massularia acuminate (100 mg/kg body weight) and AlCl3, respectively. Group 9 animals were co-administered with butanolic extracts of Massularia acuminata (50 mg/kg body weight) and AlCl3, respectively. Group 10 experimental animals were also co-administered with butanolic extract of Massularia acuminate (100 mg/kg body weight) and AlCl3, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the animal was sacrificed after three weeks by cervical dislocation after they were immobilized using chloroform. Results show that ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Massularia acuminata contain antioxidant properties. Both doses of ethanolic extract dose (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight) group of methanol extract also reduced the level of MDA but not as ascorbic acid group. Both doses of methanolic extract of Masssularia acuminata act contrariwise from other extracts in that they show the highest level of malonaldehyde even more than AlCl3. The results of superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay test in this study show that the control group, ascorbic acid combined with AlCl3 group, 50 mg/kg body weight of ethanolic extract. Both doses of methanolic extract groups have the same comparative value of SOD. The group treated with toxicant (aluminum chloride) and ascorbic group has similar relative value. The group treated with 50 mg/kg body weight of butanolic extract shows the highest value of superoxide dismutase activity that follow closely by 100 mg/kg of ethanolic extract group. The study concluded that Massularia acuminata, like ascorbic acids, can induced antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and CAT in aluminium chloride-induced oxidative stressed rats. It may therefore be used to protect the body against any pathological attacks from free radical and oxidative insults.

Phytochemical Analysis and Anticancer Activity of Ethanolic Extract Against A549 Human Lung Cancer Cell Line Azadirachta Indica

Azadirachta indica phytochemicals are found to be effective against malignant growth and hostile to bacterial properties. In the specific examination, the coupling proficiency of five mixes that are available in the Azadirachta indica with all the eleven proteins through in silico techniques was completed. Plant removes harmful compound instigated injury by expanding the body's degrees of cell reinforcement particles. For example, they affect the glutathione, and improving the action of cancer prevention agent chemicals. About 549 cells treated with Azadirachta indica ethanolic separated in various hours (6, 12, 24 and 36 hours). After 36 hours, the cells development was controlled. There are re-established interests in home grown based meds to hinder the results of manufactured medications, Azadirachta Indica L. A leaf contains phytochemical intensifies that has all freer revolutionary rummaging just as anticancer exercises.

Evaluation the Effect of Microwave Radiation on Gram Positive and Negative Bacteria

Using microwave oven nowadays has become necessary due to the need for speed in our daily activities. It is widely used in hating, thawing, and even cooking of food. It has been also used in sterilization and decontamination of food from microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate thermal and non-thermal effect of a regular house holding microwave oven on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Bacterial suspension is exposed to microwave radiations in different strength and durations and compared to unexposed cultures. During microwave treatment, non-thermal effect is evaluated by putting the suspension crushed ice. The results indicate that the viability of both gram positive and negative was highly reduced with thermal effect of microwave radiations, leading to complete inactivation at three minutes. Non-thermal microwave radiations were also able to cause change in the microbial viability of both tested organisms on at least two-exposure occasion. The evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility before and after microwave radiations treatment indicate that antibiotic resistance was highly increased to tested antibiotics specially after three-minute exposure, except for Staphylococcus aureus to Amoxicillin, which became more sensitive. Microwave radiations reported to have a strong activity in eliminating the number of microbes but, it may have an important role in development of antibiotic resistance that should not be ignored.

The Effect of Nutrition in Promoting the Immune System Against Diseases as (COVID 19)

A new virus strain spreading from person to person is the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Before you get sick, the diet's role in fostering a healthy immune system starts. Promoting a healthy immune system by eating a regular high-quality diet would make it quicker and easier to fend off disease. Immune function plays an important role in micronutrients and antioxidants, such as iron, zinc, vitamin D, vitamins A, E and C, and phytochemicals, including beta-carotene. A well-working immune system against diseases as COVID 19.

Minireview of drug safety and pharmacovigilance

Pharmacovigilance or drug safety is defined as science and actions related to diagnosis, evaluation, understanding and avoidance of harmful effects or any other problems related to drugs. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) may be caused by intrinsic factors, extrinsic factors, underlying medical conditions, interactions and wrong usage. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) may be caused by intrinsic factors, extrinsic factors, underlying medical conditions, interactions and wrong usage. ADR causing intrinsic factors include the active ingredients in the drug itself. In Saudi Arabia, the National Pharmacovigilance Center (NPC) was established in March, 2009 as a semi-autonomous department of Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA). The purpose of NPC was to perform early detection of ADR and safe use of drugs. We need pharmacovigilance because animal experiments and clinical trials performed before marketing are insufficient evidence of drug safety.

Vaccination status and Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B surface Antigen among Health Care Workers in Taiz, Yemen Republic

Background: Exposure to Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most common occupational diseases among the providers of the health care services. During the course of their clinical work; Health Care Workers (HCWs) are at risk of acquitting HBV infection or transmitting it to their patients. Vaccination for medical personnel against HBV in Yemen Republic is recommended but not strictly enforced. Detection of the viral hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg) is one of the accurate and cheap methods to assess HBV prevalence. This method is used in this study to assess HBV prevalence among HCWs in Taiz; to in order to improve on methods of interventions to control this infection among them. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the vaccination status and the seroprevalence of HBsAg among HCWs in Taiz; Yemen republic. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted through the period between January and March, 2018, and from April and July, 2019, in the part of Taiz City; Yemen Republic belonging to legitimate authorities. 362 HCWs were included in this study and are selected through repeated casual visits to hospitals and medical centers. A questioner was made to get information on the participants’ characteristics and their vaccination status, medical hestory and risk factors for HBV transmission. Five ml venous blood was then collected from every participant to assess HBsAg. Results: the overall vaccination percentage was 21.54% (27.5% in male and 17.9% of female). The seroprevalence of HBsAg was 2.76%, all vaccinated participants were HBsAg negative. Needle stick and sharp object injury was an important risk factor of HBV infection.