scholarly journals Aspects, Including Pitfalls, of Temporal Sampling of Flying Insects, with Special Reference to Aphids

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Loxdale
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
Temporal Sampling ◽  
Flying Insects ◽  
Rare And Endangered ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Similar Vein

Since the advent and widespread use of high-resolution molecular markers in the late 1970s, it is now well established that natural populations of insects are not necessarily homogeneous genetically and show variations at different spatial scales due to a variety of reasons, including hybridization/introgression events. In a similar vein, populations of insects are not necessarily homogenous in time, either over the course of seasons or even within a single season. This of course has profound consequences for surveys examining, for whatever reason/s, the temporal population patterns of insects, especially flying insects as mostly discussed here. In the present article, the topics covered include climate and climate change; changes in ecological niches due to changes in available hosts, i.e., essentially, adaptation events; hybridization influencing behaviour–host shifts; infection by pathogens and parasites/parasitoids; habituation to light, sound and pheromone lures; chromosomal/genetic changes affecting physiology and behaviour; and insecticide resistance. If such phenomena—i.e., aspects and pitfalls—are not considered during spatio-temporal study programmes, which is even more true in the light of the recent discovery of morphologically similar/identical cryptic species, then the conclusions drawn in terms of the efforts to combat pest insects or conserve rare and endangered species may be in error and hence end in failure.

scholarly journals Some features of rare and endangered plant species introduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 00008
Author(s):  
Tatyana Elisafenko ◽  
Olga Dorogina
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Endangered Plant ◽  
Species Introduction ◽  
Endangered Plant Species ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
Rare And Endangered

The article discusses the features and main stages of rare and endangered plant species introduction. It is necessary to be guided by the principles of priority and expediency in the preparatory stage, which includes the analysis of literary data and preliminary studies in nature. The first stage is the primary introduction; it involves a detailed study of natural populations and organizing an introduction site. Based on the obtained results, the acclimatization assessment is determined. The study of biological features including reproduction is carried out at the second stage. The third stage includes investigations of the introduced populations. The phenorhythm stability, limiting factors determining dates of phenophase onset, the introduction population optimal size and number, seed longevity and conditions of their storage, self-maintenance ability are revealed. As a result, it is given the adaptation assessment, and recommendations are developed to save rare and endangered species in nature and under introduction conditions. Additional studies include applying karyological, molecular-genetic, biotechnological techniques, and possibilities to reconstruct natural populations.

scholarly journals Variability of morphometric characteristics of the leaves of European white elm from the area of Great War Island

2013 ◽  
pp. 57-69
Author(s):  
Jovana Devetakovic ◽  
Mirjana Sijacic-Nikolic
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Great War ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
Interpopulation Variability ◽  
Rare And Endangered ◽  
The Republic

The European White Elm (Ulmus effusa Willd.) is indicated as a rare and endangered species in the growing stock of the Republic of Serbia. In the area of Great War Island, its natural populations were reduced to 56 registered trees, which occur in three spatially isolated subpopulations. On the basis of the research conducted on the level of variability of adaptible morphometric characteristics of leaves from 14 selected test trees of European White Elm, it can be concluded that the degree of interpopulation variability is satisfactory, which is a good basis for the conservation of the available gene pool.

scholarly journals Insect biomass decline scaled to species diversity: General patterns derived from a hoverfly community

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. e2002554117
Author(s):  
Caspar A. Hallmann ◽  
Axel Ssymank ◽  
Martin Sorg ◽  
Hans de Kroon ◽  
Eelke Jongejans
Keyword(s):  
Null Model ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
Flying Insects ◽  
Random Expectation ◽  
Rare And Endangered ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Insect Biomass

Reports of declines in biomass of flying insects have alarmed the world in recent years. However, how biomass declines reflect biodiversity loss is still an open question. Here, we analyze the abundance (19,604 individuals) of 162 hoverfly species (Diptera: Syrphidae), at six locations in German nature reserves in 1989 and 2014, and generalize the results with a model varying decline rates of common vs. rare species. We show isometric decline rates between total insect biomass and total hoverfly abundance and a scale-dependent decline in hoverfly species richness, ranging between −23% over the season to −82% at the daily level. We constructed a theoretical null model to explore how strong declines in total abundance translate to changing rank-abundance curves, species persistence, and diversity measures. Observed persistence rates were disproportionately lower than expected for species of intermediate abundance, while the rarest species showed decline and appearance rates consistent with random expectation. Our results suggest that large insect biomass declines are predictive of insect diversity declines. Under current threats, even the more common species are in peril, calling for a reevaluation of hazards and conservation strategies that traditionally target already rare and endangered species only.

scholarly journals The European hamster (Cricetus cricetus) in captivity: keeping and breeding experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (21) ◽  
pp. 152-164
Author(s):  
Halyna Stanytsina ◽  
◽  
Igor Zagorodniuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Cricetus Cricetus ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Rare And Endangered ◽  
At Home

Hamsters have long been considered agricultural pests and their abundance has been controlled. Now in many countries they are recognized as rare and endangered species that are at a risk of extinction. Among conservation measures to preserve and restore the population of many species is to gain experience in their keeping and reproduction in captivity. The experiments were carried out with hamsters obtained from the Crimea at different times. The keeping experience of hamsters in an ordinary residential apartment and the specifics of domestication of the animals caught in the nature are described. Their captivity, cage arrangement, nutrition, reproduction, specifics of communication, seasonal and circadian rhythms, territorial behaviour, threats and factors influencing their well-being are described in detail. Practice has shown that these are friendly and interacting animals to keep at home, and their breeding as pets is promising. Even adults caught in a trap get used to people in 2–4 weeks, take food from hands, go to the cage door when they are called, remember their nickname, calmly walk on the hands and do not bite at all, even when their babies are taken to the hands. Although hamsters are nocturnal in the nature, they are often active during the day at home. They do not hibernate and are active all-year-round, and even breed in winter. Hamsters are highly sensitive to overheating and draft; both are harmful to them and lead to death. In the evenings, while walking around the room hamsters do not run away and do not hide; the cage is considered their territory, safe, and cosy. Therefore, after walks, they go to the cages themselves or ask to be placed in the cage. Quickly master the treadmill and run in it for hours. Hamsters are very different by their individual behaviour and preferences. The purpose of keeping hamsters in captivity is to introduce the species as pets and to form so-called ‘reserve populations’ to restore populations of the species in the wild. Being among the pets, this species will be preserved in the culture and will be able to be released in places where their existence would be desirable. Based on the experience gained from keeping hamsters in captivity, steps to form "wild" behaviour are recommended. The formation of artificial breeding groups, which together form a reserve population, is an important measure in restoration programmes of natural populations of Cricetus cricetus.

scholarly journals Morpho-biological features of rosewort(rhodiola rosea l.) under the conditions of introduction

2020 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 03009
Author(s):  
M. Y. Karpukhin ◽  
A. V. Abramchuk
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Single Vertex ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
Polar Urals ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
Rare And Endangered

The uncontrolled harvesting of rosewort has led to a sharp decline in its natural populations in the Nether-Polar Urals, and in a number of places in Altai and Sayany - to almost complete extermination of the plant. Nowadays rosewort is classified as rare and endangered species, in many regions - as a protected plant. One reliable way to preserve this plant is to introduce it into culture. The article presents the results obtained during the experiment (during 2010-2014) on the study of morpho-biological features of rosewort(Rhodiolarosea) L.) under the conditions of introduction. Theexperimental design included 3 options, differing in the area of nutrition: 1 var. — 50 x 50 cm (4 plants/m2), taken for control; 2 var. — 33 x 50 cm (6 plants/m) 2. ); 3 var. - 25x50 cm (8 plants/ m2). During the study, the optimal growing space was established - 50x50 cm, at which, during all years of observation, there was a more active growth of rosewort plants. Seasonal development process in all variants is represented by a single-vertex curve, with a pronounced maximum, the magnitude of which depended on the average daily growth of plants. The highest average daily increase in the experiment was observed in different terms: in the 1st var. — in the second decade of June; in the 2nd var. — in the third decade of June; in the 3rd var. — in the first decade of July; it varied from 1.28 cm (3 var.) to 1.71 cm (1 var.).

scholarly journals Physiology modulates social flexibility and collective behaviour in equids and other large ungulates

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1727) ◽  
pp. 20160241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Gersick ◽  
Daniel I. Rubenstein
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Collective Behaviour ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Behavioural Plasticity ◽  
Structural Flexibility ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Extant Species

Though morphologically very similar, equids across the extant species occupy ecological niches that are surprisingly non-overlapping. Occupancy of these distinct niches appears related to subtle physiological and behavioural adaptations which, in turn, correspond to significant differences in the social behaviours and emergent social systems characterizing the different species. Although instances of intraspecific behavioural variation in equids demonstrate that the same body plan can support a range of social structures, each of these morphologically similar species generally shows robust fidelity to its evolved social system. The pattern suggests a subtle relationship between physiological phenotypes and behavioural flexibility. While environmental conditions can vary widely within relatively short temporal or spatial scales, physiological changes and changes to the behaviours that regulate physiological processes, are constrained to longer cycles of adaptation. Physiology is then the limiting variable in the interaction between ecological variation and behavioural and socio-structural flexibility. Behavioural and socio-structural flexibility, in turn, will generate important feedbacks that will govern physiological function, thus creating a coupled web of interactions that can lead to changes in individual and collective behaviour. Longitudinal studies of equid and other large-bodied ungulate populations under environmental stress, such as those discussed here, may offer the best opportunities for researchers to examine, in real time, the interplay between individual behavioural plasticity, socio-structural flexibility, and the physiological and genetic changes that together produce adaptive change. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.

Cryobanking of Amphibian Genetic Recourses in Russia: Past and Future

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 319-324
Author(s):  
Victor K. Uteshev ◽  
Edith N. Gakhova ◽  
Ludmila I. Kramarova ◽  
Natalia V. Shishova ◽  
Svetlana A. Kaurova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Cell Biophysics ◽  
Amphibian Species ◽  
Modern Biology ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Current State ◽  
Rare And Endangered ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

In modern biology, a search for efficient and safe ways of long-term storage of animal genomes is vital for the survival of rare and endangered species. To date, the only reliable method of prolonging the preservation of genome is deep freezing of somatic and reproductive cells, including spermatozoa. Here we overview the current state of reproductive technologies and present the cryopresevation strategies of genetic material of selected amphibian species. These strategies were developed at the Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia. Cryopreservation could help managing the threatened populations of amphibian species through genome storage and mediate the production of healthy animals from the stored material.

ЗУБРЫ НА СЕВЕРЕ РОССИИ — НАСТОЯЩЕЕ И БУДУЩЕЕ

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-44
Author(s):  
I.V. GUSAROV ◽  
V.A. OSTAPENKO ◽  
T.V. NOVIKOVА
Keyword(s):  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
European Bison ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Rare And Endangered ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

Впервые в мире создана популяция зубров на территории 60 градусов северной широты. В новых климатических условиях разведения и сохранения зубров определены и проанализированы факторы существования вида на севере Европейской части РФ. Выявлены признаки, динамика численности, которые являются составной частью системы, предназначенной для управления биоразнообразием. Интродукция, являясь процессом введения в экосистему нехарактерных для нее видов, может усиливать изменения биоценозов как положительно, так и отрицательно. Насколько быстро и успешно проходит процесс адаптации заселенного вида, и усматривается его влияние на окружающую среду зависит дальнейшее существование зубров и в целом биоразнообразия. В статье обсуждаются вопросы взаимоотношения зубров с другими видами копытных и хозяйственной деятельностью человека, а также дальнейшим использованием зубров в сельскохозяйственном производстве. Пластичность зубров, выявление изменений и их анализ при вселении видов в новые условия обитания необходимы не только для определения развития или деградации биоценозов и в целом экосистемы, но и прогноза социально-экономических последствий интродукции как одного из методов сохранения редких и исчезающих видов фауны.For the first time in the world, a bison population has been created in an area of 60 degrees north latitude. In the new climatic conditions of breeding and preservation of bison, the factors of the species existence in the north of the European part of the Russian Federation are identified and analyzed. The signs, dynamics of abundance, which are an integral part of the system designed to manage biodiversity are identified, since the preservation of biological diversity on the planet is one of the main problems of our time. Introduction, being the process of introducing non-typical species into an ecosystem, can enhance changes in biocenoses, both positively and negatively. The question posing sounds especially when it comes to such a large hoofed animal as the European bison. How quickly and successfully the process of adaptation of the universe takes place and its environmental impact is seen depends on the continued existence of bison and biodiversity in general. The article discusses the relationship of bison with other types of ungulates and human activities, as well as the further use of bison in agricultural production. How these issues will be resolved positively depends on the future of these animals. Thus, the plasticity of bison, the identification of changes and their analysis, with the introduction of species into new habitat conditions is necessary not only to determine the development or degradation of biocenoses and the ecosystem as a whole, but also to predict the socio-economic consequences due to the introduction as one of the methods of preserving rare and endangered species of fauna.

Genetic diversity and genetic structure of the rare and endangered species, Primula ranunculoides

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 601-609
Author(s):  
Wang Deyun ◽  
Peng Jie ◽  
Chen Yajing ◽  
Lü Guosheng ◽  
Zhang Xiaoping ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Endangered Species ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
Rare And Endangered

Geoecological analysis of the Russian Federation regions representation in the state program “Environmental Protection”

2020 ◽  
Vol 957 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
E.A. Kravets
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
Volga River ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
State Program ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
Rare And Endangered ◽  
The Russian Federation

The author offers mapping and geoecological analysis of the Russian Federation regions presence in the state program “Environmental Protection”. The unequal distribution of the program’s targets and activities in different regions is revealed. A considerable number of relevant environmental problems for several mentioned regions have not been reflected in the program. It is important to increase the area of specially protected natural areas for a significant number of subjects of the Russian Federation. The status “part of the territory occupied by specially protected natural territories of Federal value in the total area of the subject of the Russian Federation” is recommended to be assigned all regions of Russia. Identification and elimination of objects of accumulated environmental damage that threat to the Volga river is relevant, at least for all the regions in which the Volga flows. Not all regions with a high level of air pollution and/or large masses of air pollutants have the indicator “reduction of total emissions for the reporting year”. It is necessary to increase the Program of measures for the protection of rare and endangered species of plants and to expand the list of regions in which it is planned to protect rare and endangered species of animals.

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