scholarly journals Comparison of the Economic Performances of Three Sulphur Oxides Emissions Abatement Solutions for a Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Hongjun Fan ◽  
Huan Tu ◽  
Hossein Enshaei ◽  
Xiangyang Xu ◽  
Ying Wei
Keyword(s):  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Three Solutions ◽  
Ship Owner ◽  
Sulphur Oxides ◽  
Initial Target

Ship-source air pollutants, especially sulphur oxides (SOx), have a major impact on human health, the marine environment and the natural resources. Therefore, control of SOx emissions has become a main concern in the maritime industry. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set a global limit on sulphur content of 0.50% m/m (mass by mass) in marine fuels which has entered into effect on 1 January 2020.To comply with the sulphur limits, ship owners are facing the need to select suitable abatement solutions. The choice of a suitable solution is a compromise among many issues, but the economic performance offers the basis for which ones are attractive to ship owners. Currently, there are three technologically feasible SOx abatement solutions that could be used by ships, namely, liquified natural gas (LNG) as a fuel (Solution A), scrubbers (Solution B) and low-sulphur fuel oil (LSFO) (Solution C). To compare the economic performances of the mentioned three solutions for a newbuilding very large crude carrier (VLCC), this paper proposes a voyage expenses-based method (VEM). It was found that, within the initial target payback period of 6 years, Solution A and C are more expensive than Solution B, while Solution C is more competitive than Solution A. Five scenarios of target payback years were assumed to compare the trends of the three proposed solutions. The results show that Solution B maintains its comparative advantage. As the assumed target payback years becomes longer, the economy of Solution A gradually improves and the economics of Solution B and C gradually decline. A comparison between Solution A and C shows 6.5 years is a turning point. The advantage of Solution A is prominent after this payback period. In addition, the performance of a certain solution in terms of adaptability to the IMO greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions regulations is also a factor that ship owner need to consider when making decisions. In conclusion, when the IMO air pollutant regulations and GHG regulations are considered simultaneously, the advantages of using LNG are obvious.

scholarly journals A Preliminary Study on an Alternative Ship Propulsion System Fueled by Ammonia: Environmental and Economic Assessments

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyunghwa Kim ◽  
Gilltae Roh ◽  
Wook Kim ◽  
Kangwoo Chun
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Propulsion System ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Main Engine

The shipping industry is becoming increasingly aware of its environmental responsibilities in the long-term. In 2018, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) pledged to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 50% by the year 2050 as compared with a baseline value from 2008. Ammonia has been regarded as one of the potential carbon-free fuels for ships based on these environmental issues. In this paper, we propose four propulsion systems for a 2500 Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit (TEU) container feeder ship. All of the proposed systems are fueled by ammonia; however, different power systems are used: main engine, generators, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Further, these systems are compared to the conventional main engine propulsion system that is fueled by heavy fuel oil, with a focus on the economic and environmental perspectives. By comparing the conventional and proposed systems, it is shown that ammonia can be a carbon-free fuel for ships. Moreover, among the proposed systems, the SOFC power system is the most eco-friendly alternative (up to 92.1%), even though it requires a high lifecycle cost than the others. Although this study has some limitations and assumptions, the results indicate a meaningful approach toward solving GHG problems in the maritime industry.

scholarly journals Analysis for Shore Power Economy in Preventing Air Pollution of Vessels are Docked at the Berth

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 04020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibo Li
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Service Charge ◽  
Investment Income ◽  
Economic Indexes

Shore power can be used to effectively reduce air pollutant emission of vessels at ports when the vessels are docked at the berth. However, at present, due to investment income imbalance, enthusiasm for the construction of port and vessel enterprises and to utilize shore power is low, which causes that use proportion for shore power is low. Economy for shore power is one of the most important factors to affect the construction proportion and use of shore power. In the Paper, the influence of service charge, power price and maintenance cost of shore power on shore power economy were systematically analyzed, and investment and income of shore power were analyzed and compared. Economic indexes for payback period etc. were calculated and analyzed, and relation and influence for related factors of shore power economy were deeply analyzed. Finally, related suggestions for promoting shore power use of vessels are docked at berth were proposed from the perspective of economy.

Effects of combustion temperature on air emissions and support fuel consumption in full scale fluidized bed sludge incineration: with particular focus on nitrogen oxides and total organic carbon

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-350
Author(s):  
Margit Löschau
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Combustion Temperature ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Incineration Plant ◽  
Sludge Incineration

This article describes a pilot test at a sewage sludge incineration plant and shows its results considering the impacts of reducing the minimum combustion temperature from 850°C to 800°C. The lowering leads to an actual reduction of the average combustion temperature by 25 K and a significant reduction in the fuel oil consumption for support firing. The test shall be used for providing evidence that the changed combustion conditions do not result in higher air pollutant emissions. The analysis focusses on the effects of the combustion temperature on nitrogen oxides (NOx) and total organic carbon emissions. The evaluation of all continuously monitored emissions shows reduced emission levels compared to the previous years, especially for NOx.

The Cost to Quality Ratio in Terms of Voyage Energy Efficiency

2014 ◽  
Vol 1036 ◽  
pp. 1060-1065
Author(s):  
Nicoleta Acomi ◽  
Ovidiu Cristian Acomi ◽  
Alina Lucia Bostina ◽  
Aurel Bostina
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Monitoring Tool ◽  
Gas Generator ◽  
Ship Owner ◽  
Operational Index ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Index Value ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Main Engine

Shipping is permanently engaged in efforts to regulate the voyage energy efficiency and to control the marine GHG emissions. In order to achieve this, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has developed a series of technical and operational measures. The Energy Efficiency Operational Index is one of the operational measures that can be used as a monitoring tool for the voyage optimization and represents the mass of CO2 emitted per unit of transport work. The purpose of this study is to analyze the competitiveness of using different types of marine fuels during the voyage and also to emphasize their influence over the Energy Efficiency Operational Index. The emissions from ships are directly proportional to the bunker consumption and with its quality, and this paper presents the Energy Efficiency Operational Index value for one complete voyage, varying the type of fuel for different legs for the main consumers: main engine, diesel generators, boiler and inert gas generator. The results consist in the cost to quality ratio, where the cost is the sum of money spent for different types of fuel and the quality is the ships Energy Efficiency Operational Index. The cost-to-quality ratio is presented in graphs in order to allow the ship-owner to choose the solution of protecting the marine environment, acting over the EEOI, based on the cost involved.

scholarly journals Brazilian Road Freight Transportation Sector: The Challenge of Sustainability

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Duarte Soliani ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Role ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Freight Transportation ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
The Road ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Road Freight ◽  
Cargo Transportation ◽  
Road Freight Transportation

The road cargo transportation system has significant representativeness in the Brazilian economic scenario. Companies depend on transportation to receive inputs from their suppliers and take their products to consumers. This modal is also the major consumer of fuel oil products in the transportation sector. Thus, it is necessary to act with a focus on sustainability, considering the economic, social and environmental aspects. From this perspective, this study aims to present aspects of the concept of sustainability in the Brazilian road freight transportation sector, with emphasis on the environmental, social and economic dimensions. A qualitative research approach was used with the literature research technique in order to build the theoretical basis for discussion on the dimensions of sustainability in Brazilian road freight transportation. The results show that the road cargo transportation sector is relevant for the country and seeks to fulfill its social role and be economically viable; requires attention to environmental awareness and eco-efficiency; should make efforts to use alternatives to avoid damage to the environment, applying technologies to reduce noise pollution, GHG emissions; and seek to comply with environmental legislation acting in a sustainable manner.

scholarly journals Efficiency of Installation of an Additional Gas-Air Heat Exchanger When Operating a Steam Boiler on Gas and Liquid Fuel

2021 ◽  
Vol 2096 (1) ◽  
pp. 012011
Author(s):  
F Bakirov ◽  
E Ibragimov
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Operating Mode ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Steam Boiler ◽  
Gas Temperature

Abstract The article presents the results of calculating the efficiency of reconstruction of the gas and air paths of a steam boiler when working on gas and liquid fuel due to the installation of additional gas-air heat exchangers. Due to the utilization of the thermal energy of the flue gases in the newly installed heat exchangers, the air is heated in front of the boiler air heaters and the fuel efficiency is increased by increasing the boiler efficiency. The increase in the efficiency of the "gross" boiler during the operation of the considered TGM-84 boiler on fuel oil with an average annual operating mode was 2.81 %. The flue gas temperature after the boiler air heaters was 178 °C, and the air temperature at the inlet to the air heaters was 99 °C at the average annual load of the boiler, which ensures an almost corrosion-free operation of the air heater packing. It is revealed that when the liquid fuel boilers, installation of new heat exchangers and their strapping on the side of the air and flue gas has a shorter payback period than the boiler gas fired. The simple payback period of the considered technical solution was 6,82 years when working on gas fuel and 1,35 years when working on liquid fuel.

scholarly journals Climate Change Impacts on Livestock Production Systems: A Review

2014 ◽  
pp. 148-189
Author(s):  
Angie Poliquit
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Indirect Impacts ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The socio-economic contribution of livestock production to global livelihood and food security offsets its negative effects on the environment through greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Livestocks are emitters of GHGs, carbon dioxide (CO2) from land conversion and deforestation, nitrous oxide (N2O) from manure and slurry, and methane (CH4) from animal digestion which significantly contribute to climate change. Climate change has both direct and indirect impacts on animal farming. Thus, the main concern nowadays is toward the development of programs for adaptation and mitigation of GHG emissions. This review provides knowledge about climate change impacts on livestock production systems with the identification of strategies for livestock adaptation to climate change and mitigation of GHG emissions.

scholarly journals NSR and NSTC projects: environmental and economic efficiency assessment of the goods’ overseas transportation

2021 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 00025
Author(s):  
Sergey Nikonorov ◽  
Alexander Krivichev ◽  
Vladimir Sidorenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Investment Project ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Efficiency Assessment ◽  
Digital Format ◽  
State Corporation ◽  
Cargo Transportation

The authors attempt to assess the environmental and economic efficiency of investment projects for the goods transportation by the northern seas of Russia taking into account the relevance of the topic of cargo transportation by means of the “Northern Sea Route” (NSR) and new concept of the digital format of the “Northern Sea Transit Corridor” (NSTC) implemented by the “Rosatom” State Corporation. The structure of import-export and transit traffic by the NSR in 2020 is considered. The goal of the article is to evaluate the efficiency of investment project for the goods transportation forwards and backwards by the NSR from Murmansk city to PetropavlovskKamchatsky city using the example of the “Andrey Osipov” shipping facility. Some indicators were assessed: planned revenue, payback period; NPV, environmental damage. The following results are obtained: the payback period is 10 years; by using the naval fuel oil over a ten-year period, 1101.6 tons of SOx, 143.1 tons of CO2, 288.9 tons of NOx will be emitted. In addition, the authors propose an innovative approach to creation of ships from new materials and technologies based on the modern paradigm of “Accelerated Digital Certification”.

scholarly journals Management tools for implementation and monitoring of requirements for enforcement of reducing sulphur oxides on ships: Latvia and Lithuania cases

2021 ◽  
Vol XXIV (1) ◽  
pp. 225-239
Author(s):  
INOZEMCEVA Anastasia
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Main Type ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Sulphur Oxides ◽  
Bunker Oil ◽  
Crude Oil Distillation

The main type of bunker oil for ships is heavy fuel oil, derived as а residue from crude oil distillation. Crude oil contains sulphur which, following combustion in the engine, ends up in ship emissions. Sulphur oxides (SOx) are known to be harmful to human health, causing respiratory symptoms and lung diseases. Limiting SOx emissions from ships will improve air quality and protect the environment. From 1 January 2020, the limit for sulphur in fuel oil used on board ships operating outside designated emission control areas is reduced to 0,50% m/m. However, there are varying degrees of readiness among port and flag states for implementation and monitoring of requirements for enforcement of reducing Sulphur oxides on ships. In this paper are described management tools of states for implementing the inspection on Sulphur in ships fuel, analysed the states institutions activities for the enforcement of reducing Sulphur oxides on ships, and indicated the possibilities of increasing effectiveness of the management tools in Latvia and Lithuania.

Life Cycle Analysis of Emissions from Electric and Gasoline Vehicles in Different Regions

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Romejko ◽  
◽  
Masaru Nakano
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Analysis ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Gasoline Vehicles

Electric vehicles (EVs) are considered a promising technology to mitigate air pollution and resource depletion problems. The emissions from the manufacturing process can cause severe health problems like chronic asthma and even death. Automakers and policy makers need to investigate the lifecycle emissions of EVs in different regions and then governments should decide if it is safe to establish EV production facilities in their country or whether it is more appropriate to import finished products. The objective of this study is to evaluate the air pollutant emissions produced by EVs and gasoline vehicles (GVs) during their life cycles under two technology scenarios. Life cycle analysis (LCA) was applied to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) and non-GHG emissions. We assessed air pollution from vehicles in Japan, China, and the United Kingdom (UK). Results indicate that EVs do not necessarily decrease pollutant emissions. EVs can improve air quality and reduce emissions in countries where electricity is derived from clean energy resources.

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