scholarly journals Research on Grain Refinement Mechanism of 6061 Aluminum Alloy Processed by Combined SPD Methods of ECAP and MAC

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenwei Zhang ◽  
Junli Wang ◽  
Qinglong Zhang ◽  
Supeng Zhang ◽  
Qingnan Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Secondary Phase ◽  
Processing Route ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
Electron Backscattered Diffraction ◽  
6061 Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Average Grain Size

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and multi-axial compression deformation (MAC) are severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes that produce bulk nanostructured materials with ultrafine grains. The grains could be observably refined by multi-pass of ECAP and MAC. This research proposed new routes of cyclic equal channel compression (CECC), which combines ECAP and MAC to increase the mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy. The tests, which are conducted through electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), were performed on the grain size, recrystallization distribution, misorientation distributions, dislocations, and secondary phase distributions of CECC-processed 6061 aluminum alloys on the purpose of exploring the mechanism of grain refinement. MEM is the short form for the CECC processing route of MAC + ECAP + MAC, which is one ECAP pass between two MAC passes. The tests results showed that the average grain size could reach to as much as 1.1 μm after two MEM deformation circles named MEM-MEM, with the non-annealing average grain size being 21 μm and recrystallization annealed average grain size being 28 μm. The dislocation cells, which could be transformed into sub-grains with the increase of the strain, were formed by the slip and the accumulation of dislocations. The secondary phase was Mg2Si, which could prevent the refined grains from growing up again by pinning at the grain boundaries. Above all, the dislocation proliferation and secondary phases will both lead to the grain refinement.

scholarly journals Crystallography of grain refinement in cast zinc–copper alloys

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 890-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhilin Liu ◽  
Dong Qiu ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
John A. Taylor ◽  
Mingxing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Copper Alloys ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Electron Backscattered Diffraction ◽  
Grain Coarsening ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Edge Matching ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Cast Alloys

Adding the peritectic forming element Cu effectively reduced the average grain size of cast Zn by over 85%. At a specified cast condition, the smallest grain size was obtained at 2 wt% Cu addition. A further increase in Cu content led to grain coarsening in the cast Zn–Cu alloys. Although the solute effect of Cu was predominately responsible for the grain refinement through restriction of the grain growth, it was found that the variation of grain size is also closely related to the formation of the pro-peritectic phase, ∊-CuZn4. Crystallographic calculations using the edge-to-edge matching model showed low interatomic misfit and interplanar mismatch between Zn and the ∊-CuZn4phase. In addition, a reproducible h.c.p.–h.c.p. (h.c.p. denotes hexagonal close-packed) orientation relationship between Zn and the ∊-CuZn4particles (located within the Zn grain centres) was also experimentally determined using the electron backscattered diffraction method. This indicated the high potency of the pro-peritectic ∊-CuZn4particles as effective heterogeneous nucleation sites for η-Zn, which further refined the Zn grains. However, when the Cu content was over 2.0 wt%, formation of large ∊-CuZn4particles resulted in grain coarsening of the cast alloys.

scholarly journals Synergistic Effect of La and TiB2 Particles on Grain Refinement in Aluminum Alloy

Materials ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 600
Author(s):  
Lili Zhang ◽  
Yan Song ◽  
Linjie Yang ◽  
Jiuzhou Zhao ◽  
Jie He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Grain Refining ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
La Addition ◽  
Tib2 Particles ◽  
Addition Level

Synergistic effect of TiB2 (in form of Al-5Ti-1B) and La on grain refining results in Al-2Cu alloy was investigated. α-Al grains are significantly refined by Al-5Ti-1B. When trace La is added to the melt, further refinement is exhibited. Average grain size and nucleation undercooling of α-Al reduce first and then almost remain unchanged with La addition. Satisfactory grain refining result achieves when La addition level reaches 600 ppm. When more than 600 ppm La is added to the melt, La-rich particles form and the effect of solute La left in matrix on the microstructure almost no longer changes. Theoretical calculation results demonstrate that solute La segregates to Al melt/TiB2 particles interface along with Ti and Cu prior to α-Al nucleation and the synergistic effect of La and TiB2 particles on grain refinement mainly attributes to the enhancement in the potency of TiB2 particles to heterogeneously nucleate α-Al by trace La addition.

scholarly journals Effect of Vanadium Reinforcement on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Matrix Composites

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 806
Author(s):  
Liqing Sun ◽  
Shuai Sun ◽  
Haiping Zhou ◽  
Hongbin Zhang ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Mg Alloy ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Magnesium Matrix Composites ◽  
Pinning Effect ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Hot Press Sintering

In this work, vanadium particles (VP) were utilized as a novel reinforcement of AZ31 magnesium (Mg) alloy. The nanocrystalline (NC) AZ31–VP composites were prepared via mechanical milling (MM) and vacuum hot-press sintering. During the milling process, the presence of VP contributed to the cold welding and fracture mechanism, resulting in the acceleration of the milling process. Additionally, increasing the VP content accelerated the grain refinement of the matrix during the milling process. After milling for 90 h, the average grain size of AZ31-X wt % Vp (X = 5, 7.5, 10) was refined to only about 23 nm, 19 nm and 16 nm, respectively. In the meantime, VP was refined to sub-micron scale and distributed uniformly in the matrix, exhibiting excellent interfacial bonding with the matrix. After the sintering process, the average grain size of AZ31-X wt % VP (X = 5, 7.5, 10) composites still remained at the NC scale, which was mainly caused by the pinning effect of VP. Besides that, the porosity of the sintered composites was no more than 7.8%, indicating a good densification effect. As a result, there was little difference between the theoretical and real density. Compared to as-cast AZ31 Mg alloy, the microhardness of sintered AZ31-X wt % VP (X = 5, 7.5, 10) composites increased by 65%, 87% and 96%, respectively, owing to the strengthening mechanisms of grain refinement strengthening, Orowan strengthening and load-bearing effects.

scholarly journals A Physical-Based Plane Stress Constitutive Model for High Strength AA7075 under Hot Forming Conditions

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 314
Author(s):  
Fulong Chen ◽  
Haitao Qu ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
Jing-Hua Zheng ◽  
Shuguang Qu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Plane Stress ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Hot Forming ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Average Grain Size

Physicallybased constitutive equations are increasingly used for finite element simulations of metal forming processes due to the robust capability of modelling of underlying microstructure evolutions. However, one of thelimitations of current models is the lack of practical validation using real microstructure data due to the difficulties in achieving statistically meaningful data at a sufficiently large microstructure scale. Particularly, dislocation density and grain size governing the hardening in sheet deformation are of vital importance and need to be precisely quantified. In this paper, a set of dislocation mechanics-based plane stress material model is constructed for hot forming aluminum alloy. This material model is applied to high strength 7075 aluminum alloy for the prediction of the flow behaviorsconditioned at 300–400 °C with various strain rates. Additionally, an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique was applied to examine the average grain size and geometrical necessary dislocation (GND) density evolutions, enabling both macro- and micro- characteristics to be successfully predicted. In addition, to simulate the experienced plane stress states in sheet metal forming, the calibrated model is further extended to a plane stress stateto accuratelypredict the forming limits under hot conditions.The comprehensively calibrated material model could be used for guidinga better selection of industrial processing parameters and designing process windows, taking into account both the formed shape as well as post formed microstructure and, hence, properties.

Modeling and Numerical Simulation Research on Hollow Steel Ingot Forging Process of Heavy Cylinder Forging

2013 ◽  
Vol 712-715 ◽  
pp. 627-632
Author(s):  
Min Liu ◽  
Qing Xian Ma
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Shear Zone ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Steel Ingot ◽  
Effective Strain ◽  
Meridian Plane ◽  
Forging Process ◽  
Forming Load ◽  
Average Grain Size

Aiming at the disadvantages of low utilization ratio of steel ingot, uneven microstructure properties and long production period in the solid steel ingot forging process of heavy cylinder forgings such as reactor pressure vessel, a new shortened process using hollow steel ingot was proposed. By means of modeling of lead sample and DEFORM-3D numerical simulation, the deformation law and grain refinement behavior for 162 ton hollow steel ingot upsetting at different reduction ratios, pressing speeds and friction factors were investigated, and the formation rule of inner-wall defects in upsetting of hollow steel ingots with different shape factors was further analyzed. Simulation results show that the severest deformation occurs in the shear zone of meridian plane in the upsetting process of hollow steel ingot, and the average grain size in the shear zone is the smallest. As pressing speed increases, the forming load gradually increases and the deformation uniformity gets worse, while the average grain size decreases. An increase in friction factor can increase the peak value of effective strain, but it significantly reduces the deformation uniformity, increases the forming load and goes against grain refinement. Moreover, the four kinds of defects on the inner wall of steel ingot can be eliminated effectively by referring to the plotted defect control curve for hollow steel ingot during high temperature upsetting.

scholarly journals Grain Refinement of a Powder Nickel-Base Superalloy Using Hot Deformation and Slow-Cooling

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianqiang Fan ◽  
Zhipeng Guo ◽  
Xiaofeng Wang ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
Jinwen Zou
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Hot Deformation ◽  
Nickel Base Superalloy ◽  
Polycrystalline Nickel ◽  
Slow Cooling ◽  
Homogeneous Microstructure ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Nickel Base ◽  
Base Superalloy

A pre-hot-deformation process was applied for a polycrystalline nickel-base superalloy to active deformation twins and dislocations, and subsequent slow cooling treatment was used to achieve grain refinement and microstructure homogenization. The microstructural evolution of the alloy was investigated, and the corresponding underlying mechanism was discussed. It was found that twinning mainly occurred in large grains during pre-hot-deformation owing to the stress concentration surrounding the large grains. High density dislocations were found in large grains, and the dislocation density increased approaching the grain boundary. The average grain size was refined from 30 μm to 13 μm after slow cooling with a standard deviation of grain size decreasing from 10.8 to 2.8, indicating a homogeneous microstructure. The grain refinement and microstructure homogenization during cooling process could be achieved via (i) static recrystallization (SRX), (ii) interaction of twin tips and γ’ precipitates, and (iii) grain coarsening hindered by γ’ precipitates in grain boundaries.

Structure and Electrical Properties of BNKT-Based Ceramics

2018 ◽  
Vol 283 ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supalak Manotham ◽  
Pichitchai Butnoi ◽  
Pharatree Jaita ◽  
Tawee Tunkasiri
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Perovskite Phase ◽  
Ferroelectric Properties ◽  
Tetragonal Symmetry ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Polarization Electric Field ◽  
Xrd Patterns

In this work, the properties of lead-free 0.92(Bi0.5Na0.42K0.08)TiO3-0.08(BaNb0.01Ti0.99)O3 or 92BNKT-8BNbT ceramic has been investigated. The sample was fabricated by a solid-state reaction technique. The 92BNKT-8BNbT sample was well sintered and dense with high density value of 5.86 g/cm3. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed a single perovskite phase with tetragonal symmetry and no impurity or secondary phases. The microstructure was analysed using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Average grain size was measured and calculated based on a mean linear intercept method. The ceramics had a cubic-like grain shape with an average grain size of 0.39 µm. The influence of temperature on the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the ceramic was investigated. The dielectric curves exhibited broad transition peaks at Td and Tm, which were the characteristics of a diffuse phase transition. The polarization-electric field (P-E) hysteresis loop changed from well-saturated at room temperature (RT) to pinched-type loop at high temperature (HT) and the remanent polarization decreased from 21.25 µC/cm2 (at RT) to 5.96 µC/cm2 (at 150 °C).

scholarly journals Strengthening of AA5754 Aluminum Alloy by DRECE Process Followed by Annealing Response Investigation

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemysław Snopiński ◽  
Tomasz Tański ◽  
Klaudiusz Gołombek ◽  
Stanislav Rusz ◽  
Ondřej Hilser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Dislocation Density ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Strength Reduction ◽  
Electron Backscattered Diffraction

In this study, a dual rolls equal channel extrusion (DRECE) process has been applied for improving the mechanical properties of the 5754 alloy. Supplementary experiments involving metallography, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and XRD tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of the DRECE process. XRD analysis showed that the maximum dislocation density was achieved after six DRECE passes, which were accompanied by the formation that is typical for low-strain structures. The increasing dislocation density, as well as grain refinement throughout DRECE deformation, resulted in an increase in the mechanical properties. Annealing of the as-deformed sample resulted in grain growth and strength reduction.

Evaluation on Microstructure of Aluminum Alloys Dedicated to Plasma Etcher

2011 ◽  
Vol 689 ◽  
pp. 343-349
Author(s):  
Zhi Hui Zhang ◽  
Shu Feng Liu ◽  
Ze Ming Sun ◽  
Xiao Dong Yan
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Aluminum Alloys ◽  
Anodic Oxidation ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
6061 Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Hole Defects

The relationship between microstructure and anodic oxidation film on 6061 aluminum alloy dedicated to plasma etcher were mainly studied by OM, SEM and TEM. The results show that the quality of anodic oxidation film has close relationship with the microstructure of materials, the distribution of element and the morphology of secondary phases. The microstructure of foreign 6061 aluminum alloy is uniform, and there are not obviously segregation and cavity. Two kinds of secondary phases disperse over the grain, one is rich-Fe phase, and the other is Mg2Si. Certainly there are also few secondary phases distributing along the grain boundary. The sizes of all secondary phases are almost below 5mm. The size of rich-Fe phases in homemade aluminum alloys are about from 2mm to 15mm, these big-size phases will bring pin-hole defects, which form some channels sending F+ etc. into the matrix of aluminum alloy, then not only the equipment will be destroyed at last, but also products will be polluted. The evaluation on microstructure of aluminum alloy will provide scientific basis for nationalization of plasma etcher.

Fabrication and Characterization of Nanostructured Surface Layer of 38CrSi Steel

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-Ning Ma ◽  
De-Ma Ba ◽  
Chang-Qing Li ◽  
Fan-Jun Meng
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Nanostructured Surface ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Strain And Strain Rate ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Average Grain Size

A nanocrystalline surface layer was fabricated on a 38CrSi Steel with tempered sorbite structure by using Supersonic Fine Particles Bombarding (SFPB). The microstructural evolution of SFPB-treated specimens under different processing conditions was characterized by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Experimental evidence showed severe plastic deformation and obvious grains refinement were observed and a nanocrystalline surface layer (grain size < 100nm) was found after SFPB treatment. The thickness of nanostructured surface layer varies from a few to about 25μm as treated time increasing from 80s to 240s, but the grain size varies slightly. For the sample treated for 240s, the average grain size of equiaxed nanocrystallites with random crystallographic orientations on the top surface layer is about 16nm. The indexing of diffraction rings indicates nanostructured surface layer consists of ferrite and cementite phases without any evidence of a new phase. The structure size increases gradually from nano-scale to original-scale with an increase of the distance from the top surface layer. In the region about 20–30μm deep from the top surface, the microstructures are mainly composed of 60–100nm roughly equiaxed grains and subgrains. Some subbounsaries are composed of dense dislocation walls (DDWs). In this regime some cell structures are also seen, which are separated by dislocation lines (DTs) and some DDWs. Experimental analysis indicate coarse-grains are gradually refined into nano-sized grains by dislocations activity with gradual increase of strain and strain rate from matrix to treated surface. Both ferrite and cementite phases occur grain refinement. Grain refinement of 38CrSi sample is mainly attributed to the movement of dislocation.

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