Catalysts for the Conversion of CO2 to Low Molecular Weight Olefins—A Review

There is a large worldwide demand for light olefins (C2=–C4=), which are needed for the production of high value-added chemicals and plastics. Light olefins can be produced by petroleum processing, direct/indirect conversion of synthesis gas (CO + H2) and hydrogenation of CO2. Among these methods, catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 is the most recently studied because it could contribute to alleviating CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. However, due to thermodynamic reasons, the design of catalysts for the selective production of light olefins from CO2 presents different challenges. In this regard, the recent progress in the synthesis of nanomaterials with well-controlled morphologies and active phase dispersion has opened new perspectives for the production of light olefins. In this review, recent advances in catalyst design are presented, with emphasis on catalysts operating through the modified Fischer–Tropsch pathway. The advantages and disadvantages of olefin production from CO2 via CO or methanol-mediated reaction routes were analyzed, as well as the prospects for the design of a single catalyst for direct olefin production. Conclusions were drawn on the prospect of a new catalyst design for the production of light olefins from CO2.

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Comparison and assessment of zeolite catalysts performance dimethyl ether and light olefins production through methanol: a review

Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry ◽

10.1515/revic-2019-0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 157-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Ehsan Kianfar

Keyword(s):

Dimethyl Ether ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Value Added ◽

Zeolite Catalysts ◽

Present Review ◽

Light Olefins ◽

Light Olefin ◽

Production Methods ◽

Olefin Production

AbstractThe present review focuses on a comparison and assessment of zeolite catalyst performance of dimethyl ether and light olefin production through methanol. Dimethyl ether is a clean fuel which needs diverse processes to be produced. Methanol to dimethyl ether is a very novel process which offers considerable advantages versus additional processes for the production of dimethyl ether. The corresponding fixed-bed reactors compose the most important section of such a process. Production of dimethyl ether by the mentioned process is of high importance since it can be catalytically transferred to a substance with the value of propylene. Furthermore, in case of capability to transfer low-purity methanol into dimethyl ether, less expensive methanol can be consequently achieved with higher value added. In the petrochemical industry, light olefins, for example, ethylene and propylene, can be used as raw materials for the production of polyolefin. The present review aims to produce dimethyl ether in order to reach olefin substances, initially conducting a compressive assessment on production methods of olefin substances.

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Methanol Synthesis from CO2: A Review of the Latest Developments in Heterogeneous Catalysis

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12233902 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (23) ◽

pp. 3902 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

R. Guil-López ◽

N. Mota ◽

J. Llorente ◽

E. Millán ◽

B. Pawelec ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methanol Synthesis ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Value Added ◽

Active Phase ◽

Catalyst Design ◽

Transportation Fuel ◽

Catalytic Systems ◽

Effective Utilization ◽

Direct Hydrogenation

Technological approaches which enable the effective utilization of CO2 for manufacturing value-added chemicals and fuels can help to solve environmental problems derived from large CO2 emissions associated with the use of fossil fuels. One of the most interesting products that can be synthesized from CO2 is methanol, since it is an industrial commodity used in several chemical products and also an efficient transportation fuel. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in the development of heterogeneous catalysts and processes for the direct hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol. The main efforts focused on the improvement of conventional Cu/ZnO based catalysts and the development of new catalytic systems targeting the specific needs for CO2 to methanol reactions (unfavourable thermodynamics, production of high amount of water and high methanol selectivity under high or full CO2 conversion). Major studies on the development of active and selective catalysts based on thermodynamics, mechanisms, nano-synthesis and catalyst design (active phase, promoters, supports, etc.) are highlighted in this review. Finally, a summary concerning future perspectives on the research and development of efficient heterogeneous catalysts for methanol synthesis from CO2 will be presented.

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Unravelling the K-promotion effect in a highly active and stable Fe5C2 nanoparticle for catalytic linear alpha-olefin production

Materials Advances ◽

10.1039/d0ma00920b ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jin Hee Lee ◽

Hack-Keun Lee ◽

Kwangsoo Kim ◽

Geunbae Rhim ◽

Min Hye Youn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Value Added ◽

Tropsch Synthesis ◽

Fischer Tropsch ◽

Promotion Effect ◽

Fischer Tropsch Synthesis ◽

Highly Active ◽

Olefin Production ◽

Alpha Olefin ◽

K Promotion ◽

Alpha Olefins

C5−C13 linear alpha() olefins (LAOs) are high-value-added chemicals acknowledged by industry. However, using catalysts to elevate the activity and selectivity of LAOs remains a major challenge for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS)....

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Quasi-graphitic carbon shell-induced Cu confinement promotes electrocatalytic CO2 reduction toward C2+ products

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-24105-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ji-Yong Kim ◽

Deokgi Hong ◽

Jae-Chan Lee ◽

Hyoung Gyun Kim ◽

Sungwoo Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Efficiency ◽

Co2 Reduction ◽

Value Added ◽

Material Design ◽

Catalyst System ◽

Critical Issue ◽

Reduction Reaction ◽

Catalyst Design ◽

Design Strategies ◽

Faradaic Efficiency

AbstractFor steady electroconversion to value-added chemical products with high efficiency, electrocatalyst reconstruction during electrochemical reactions is a critical issue in catalyst design strategies. Here, we report a reconstruction-immunized catalyst system in which Cu nanoparticles are protected by a quasi-graphitic C shell. This C shell epitaxially grew on Cu with quasi-graphitic bonding via a gas–solid reaction governed by the CO (g) - CO2 (g) - C (s) equilibrium. The quasi-graphitic C shell-coated Cu was stable during the CO2 reduction reaction and provided a platform for rational material design. C2+ product selectivity could be additionally improved by doping p-block elements. These elements modulated the electronic structure of the Cu surface and its binding properties, which can affect the intermediate binding and CO dimerization barrier. B-modified Cu attained a 68.1% Faradaic efficiency for C2H4 at −0.55 V (vs RHE) and a C2H4 cathodic power conversion efficiency of 44.0%. In the case of N-modified Cu, an improved C2+ selectivity of 82.3% at a partial current density of 329.2 mA/cm2 was acquired. Quasi-graphitic C shells, which enable surface stabilization and inner element doping, can realize stable CO2-to-C2H4 conversion over 180 h and allow practical application of electrocatalysts for renewable energy conversion.

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Hydrogenation of CO2 to light olefins on CuZnZr@(Zn-)SAPO-34 catalysts: Strategy for product distribution

Fuel ◽

10.1016/j.fuel.2018.10.148 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 239 ◽

pp. 44-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Jingyu Chen ◽

Xu Wang ◽

Dakai Wu ◽

Jianli Zhang ◽

Qingxiang Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Product Distribution ◽

Light Olefins ◽

Hydrogenation Of Co2

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Cryptocurrencies: They´re really that lucrative?

SHS Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/shsconf/202112903002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 129 ◽

pp. 03002

Author(s):

Roman Blazek

Keyword(s):

Value Added ◽

Investment Activity ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Digital Currency ◽

Virtual Economy ◽

Online Trading ◽

Digital Money ◽

Basic Purpose ◽

Alternative Sources ◽

Analyze Data

Research background: Cryptocurrency is a digital currency that is intended for online trading. It uses and implements the principles of cryptography to create a distributed, decentralized and secure digital currency. Virtual money is a new and promising branch of the virtual economy that brings many advantages and disadvantages in a global sense. Many people have become involved in cryptocurrency hype because high investments in this digital money have been seized during the pandemic. The rise in revenues from this digital money has gripped the world globally. Purpose of the article: The basic purpose and chosen goal is to analyze the use of cryptomen trading during the global Covid-19 pandemic, as well as investing in these alternative sources of investment, which are gaining more attention every day precisely because of their freedom and detachment. Methods: The article will analyze data that will be compared based on the years before the Covid-19 pandemic and during the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on these data, the investment activity of people, companies, corporations is compared. Findings & Value added: Based on the results in the article, it was found that during the Covid-19 pandemic, the interest in investing in cryptocurrencies increased compared to the interest in investing in cryptocurrencies before the pandemic. The overall result is that people are moving to a new way of holding money, as cryptocurrencies are a new way to the future, as banks are unable to provide such returns from client deposits as cryptocurrencies, but they are associated with much greater risk.

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Surfactant-Free Colloidal Strategies for Highly Dispersed and Active Supported IrO2 Catalysts: Synthesis and Performance Evaluation for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

10.26434/chemrxiv.13643807.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Francesco Bizzotto ◽

Jonathan Quinson ◽

Johanna Schröder ◽

Alessandro Zana ◽

Matthias Arenz

Keyword(s):

Supported Catalysts ◽

Active Phase ◽

Carbon Support ◽

Colloidal Dispersions ◽

Catalyst Design ◽

Transition Electron Microscopy ◽

Highly Active ◽

X Ray Scattering ◽

And Performance ◽

Transition Electron

Supported Ir oxide catalysts obtained from surfactant-free colloidal Ir nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized in alkaline methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), and ethylene glycol (EG) are investigated and compared. The comparison of independent techniques such as transition electron microscopy (TEM), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and electrochemistry allows shedding light on the parameters that affect the dispersion of the active phase as well as the catalytic activity. The colloidal dispersions obtained are suitable to develop supported catalysts with little NP agglomeration on a carbon support leading to highly active catalysts with more than 400 A g-1Ir reached at 1.5 VRHE for the OER. While the more common surfactant-free alkaline EG synthesis requires flocculation and re-dispersion leading to Ir loss, the main difference between methanol and ethanol as solvent is related to the dispersibility of the support material. The choice of the suitable monoalcohol determines the maximum achieved Ir loading on the support without detrimental particle agglomeration. This simple consideration on catalyst design can readily lead to significantly improved catalysts.

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Synthesis of nanomaterials using various top-down and bottom-up approaches, influencing factors, advantages, and disadvantages: A review

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science ◽

10.1016/j.cis.2021.102597 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 102597

Author(s):

Namra Abid ◽

Aqib Muhammad Khan ◽

Sara Shujait ◽

Kainat Chaudhary ◽

Muhammad Ikram ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influencing Factors ◽

Top Down ◽

Bottom Up ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Synthesis Of Nanomaterials

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Microalgae: A Promising Source of Valuable Bioproducts

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom10081153 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1153 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Vyacheslav Dolganyuk ◽

Daria Belova ◽

Olga Babich ◽

Alexander Prosekov ◽

Svetlana Ivanova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Technologies ◽

Value Added ◽

Component Composition ◽

Biologically Active Substances ◽

Biologically Active ◽

High Productivity ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Valuable Compounds ◽

Promising Source ◽

Active Substances

Microalgae are a group of autotrophic microorganisms that live in marine, freshwater and soil ecosystems and produce organic substances in the process of photosynthesis. Due to their high metabolic flexibility, adaptation to various cultivation conditions as well as the possibility of rapid growth, the number of studies on their use as a source of biologically valuable products is growing rapidly. Currently, integrated technologies for the cultivation of microalgae aiming to isolate various biologically active substances from biomass to increase the profitability of algae production are being sought. To implement this kind of development, the high productivity of industrial cultivation systems must be accompanied by the ability to control the biosynthesis of biologically valuable compounds in conditions of intensive culture growth. The review considers the main factors (temperature, pH, component composition, etc.) that affect the biomass growth process and the biologically active substance synthesis in microalgae. The advantages and disadvantages of existing cultivation methods are outlined. An analysis of various methods for the isolation and overproduction of the main biologically active substances of microalgae (proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, pigments and vitamins) is presented and new technologies and approaches aimed at using microalgae as promising ingredients in value-added products are considered.

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