scholarly journals A Regulatory Roadmap to the Past, Present and Future of Geothermal Energy in Greece

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Effrosyni Varvitsioti ◽  
Georgios Tsifoutidis
Keyword(s):  
Geothermal Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
Energy Applications ◽  
Energy Product ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
New Policies

Greece is gifted with geologic features that promote geothermal heat flow. Geothermal energy exploration began in the late 60s, culminating in the first geothermal energy law in 1984 and the introduction of geothermal energy as a mineral resource under the amendment of the Greek Mining Code. Since then, low- and high-temperature geothermal activities followed their separate ways, with a modest utilization of the energy product in the primary sector (agriculture, aquaculture) and attempts for electricity production stalled since the mid-1990s. The adoption of green policies by both the EU and Greece, the acceptance of global warming as an existing threat, the adhesion to CO2 reduction goals, energy efficiency and the application on renewable energy solutions as means to combat the increase in global temperature have led to an increasing interest in the utilization of the geothermal energy applications. This paper presents the new legal framework for geothermal energy established by Law 4602/2019, as introduced by the Greek Ministry of Environment and Energy, Directorate-General for Mineral Raw Materials and discusses its scope and goals set by the implementation of its provisions. The paper offers a roadmap to successfully test those new policies and regulatory provisions and, finally, it maps the interfaces of stakeholders and geothermal industry in an attempt to highlight the steps of the necessary administrative procedures towards the facilitation of viable geothermal projects.

Numerical Analysis of Geothermal Heat Exchangers to be Implemented in a Geothermal-Solar Hybrid Power Plant for Electricity Production in Mexico

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge A. Rangel Arista ◽  
J. Jesús Pacheco Ibarra ◽  
Carlos Rubio-Maya ◽  
Oskar J. González Pedraza ◽  
Daniel Alcantar Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Geothermal Energy ◽  
Hybrid Plant ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Borehole Heat Exchanger ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
Mexican Government ◽  
Hybrid Power Plant

The Mexican government due to the need of developing and creating cutting-edge technology for application of renewable energy has created renewable energy centers to develop research projects related to solar, wind and geothermal energy. In particular, geothermal energy has been of great interest due to high geothermal energy potential reported for the country. Regarding the projects approved by the Mexican government, the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, has been granted with fundings to carry out the design and implementation of a geothermal-solar hybrid plant for electricity production. This project is being developed in the community of San Nicolás Simirao (Michoacan State) where geothermal energy is available and exploited from an existing geothermal well. Initially, the well ran through induction, but fluid flow was not constant for long periods and was not sufficient to obtain a full operation of the geothermal-solar hybrid power plant. Therefore, it was necessary to explore new techniques to extract geothermal energy effectively, meeting design conditions of power plant. One solution might be a geothermal heat exchanger to extract heat from the rock and carry it to the surface. Literature reports two basic configurations of geothermal heat exchangers: one of them is the Downhole Coaxial Heat Exchanger and the other one is Borehole Heat Exchanger. Before making a decision to implement one type or another, several studies were carried out by the authors of this work to determine what type of configuration was most suitable, considering in such studies technical and economic aspects that provided information to continue or not the project. Therefore, in this paper the numerical analysis of both configurations (Downhole Coaxial Heat Exchanger and Borehole Heat Exchanger) is presented. The study was conducted to determine what type of geothermal exchanger presents the best trade-off between maximum heat extraction rate and minimum length to minimize costs. A minimum temperature of 125°C was proposed to reach at the hot fluid heat exchanger outlet, allowing a normal operation of the geothermal-solar hybrid plant. Through numerical analysis was determined that the Borehole Heat Exchanger configuration did not present good heat extractions rates, obtaining that for 100 m length the outlet temperature of the hot fluid was even lower to that of entering into the well. This behavior was attributed to heat loss in the return pipe. For the same configuration, but using a length of 500 m, a temperature of 117.21°C was reached at the heat exchanger outlet. On the other hand, the Downhole Coaxial Heat Exchanger configuration reached a temperature of 118.35°C for a length of 100 m. For a length of 200 m a temperature of 131.25°C was obtained, whereby the facility can operate with the minimum necessary conditions. Finally, for a length of 500 m, a temperature of 134.67°C was reached, showing that this type of configuration is the most suitable to be installed in the geothermal well. Thus the Downhole Coaxial Heat Exchanger configuration has more advantages than the Borehole Heat Exchanger configuration from a technical and economic (by pipe cost) point of view.

scholarly journals Recent Status of Geothermal Energy Applications in Turkey

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Balat
Keyword(s):  
Geothermal Energy ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Energy Applications ◽  
Geothermal Potential ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Installed Capacity

This article considers recently status of geothermal energy in Turkey. Turkey is the 7th richest country in the world in geothermal potential. The overall geothermal potential in Turkey is about 38,000 MW. But only 2% of its potential is used. Geothermal electricity generation has a minor role in Turkey's electricity capacity as low as 0.09% but the projections foresee an improvement to 0.32% by the year of 2020. Most of the geothermal sites for electricity generation are located in Aydin–Germencik (505 K), Denizli–Kizildere (515 K), Aydin–Salavatli (444 K), Canakkale–Tuzla (446 K) and Kutahya–Simav (435 K). Turkey has increased their installed capacity over the past five years from 140 MWt to 820 MWt, most for district heating systems. This supplies heat to 51,600 equivalent residences and engineering design to supply a further 150,000 residences with geothermal heat is complete.

scholarly journals Role of Tourism in Promoting Geothermal Energy: Public Interest and Motivation for Geothermal Energy Tourism in Slovenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 10353
Author(s):  
Barbara Pavlakovič ◽  
Milica Rančić Demir ◽  
Nejc Pozvek ◽  
Maja Turnšek
Keyword(s):  
Geothermal Energy ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Public Image ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
The Public ◽  
Geothermal Heating

From household geothermal heat pumps to industrial geothermal heating and electricity production, geothermal energy is one of the most promising future climate change mitigation areas. This paper aims to analyse the potential role that the tourism industry has in the promotion of geothermal energy. Although general knowledge and understanding of geothermal energy is often relatively low, geothermal energy tourism has the potential to encourage the public to use and learn about geothermal energy and its applications. The paper first provides a theoretical conceptualisation of geothermal energy tourism at the energy production level and energy usage level. Empirical results from an online survey amongst a sample of the Slovenian population show that there is a reasonably strong interest in geothermal energy tourism, correlating with the public image of geothermal energy. The study furthermore identified three main motivational factors for energy tourism: the first is “Knowledge,” followed by “Having fun,” with the lowest level on the motivational factor being “Self-recognition.” The paper finally provides future recommendations on geothermal energy tourism as a tool for wider public acceptance but also knowledge on the potential risks of geothermal energy as a sustainable energy source.

scholarly journals Scaling in a Geothermal Heat Exchanger at Soultz-Sous-Forêts (Upper Rhine Graben, France): A XRD and SEM-EDS Characterization of Sulfide Precipitates

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 271
Author(s):  
Béatrice A. Ledésert ◽  
Ronan L. Hébert ◽  
Justine Mouchot ◽  
Clio Bosia ◽  
Guillaume Ravier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Upper Rhine Graben ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
Deep Wells ◽  
Upper Rhine ◽  
Management Issues

The Soultz-Sous-Forêts geothermal site (France) operates three deep wells for electricity production. During operation, scales precipitate within the surface installation as (Ba, Sr) sulfate and (Pb, As, Sb) sulfide types. Scales have an impact on lowering energy production and inducing specific waste management issues. Thus scaling needs to be reduced for which a thorough characterization of the scales has to be performed. The geothermal brine is produced at 160 °C and reinjected at 70 °C during normal operation. In the frame of the H2020 MEET project, a small heat exchanger was tested in order to allow higher energy production, by reinjecting the geothermal fluid at 40 °C. Samples of scales were analyzed by XRD and SEM-EDS, highlighting that mostly galena precipitates and shows various crystal shapes. These shapes can be related to the turbulence of the flow and the speed of crystal growth. Where the flow is turbulent (entrance, water box, exit), crystals grow quickly and mainly show dendritic shape. In the tubes, where the flow is laminar, crystals grow more slowly and some of them are characterized by well-developed faces leading to cubes and derived shapes. The major consequence of the temperature decrease is the increased scaling phenomenon.

A Policy Analysis Regarding Education, Career, and Governance of the Nurses in Bangladesh: A Qualitative Exploration

2021 ◽  
pp. 152715442098800
Author(s):  
Taufique Joarder ◽  
Md. Aslam Parvage ◽  
Lal B. Rawal ◽  
Syed Masud Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Education ◽  
Stakeholder Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Governance Challenges ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
The Government ◽  
New Policies ◽  
Lower Castes ◽  
Qualitative Exploration

Nurses, short in production and inequitable in the distribution in Bangladesh, require the government’s efforts to increase enrolment in nursing education and a smooth career progression. Given the importance of an assessment of the current nursing scenario to inform the decision makers and practitioners to implement the new policies successfully, we analyzed relevant policies on education, career, and governance of nurses in Bangladesh. We used documents review and qualitative methods such as key informant interviews ( n = 13) and stakeholder analysis. We found that nursing education faced several backlashes: resistance from diploma nurses while attempting to establish a graduate (bachelor) course in 1977, and the reluctance of politicians and entrepreneurs to establish nursing institutions. Many challenges with the implementation of nursing policies are attributable to social, cultural, religious, and historical factors. For example, Hindus considered touching the bodily excretions as the task of the lower castes, while Muslims considered women touching the body of the men immoral. Nurses also face governance challenges linked with their performance and reward. For example, nurses have little voice over the decisions related to their profession, and they are not allowed to perform clinical duties unsupervised. To improve the situation, the government has made new policies, including upliftment of nurses’ position in public service, the creation of an independent Directorate General, and improvement of nursing education and service. New policies often come with new apprehensions. Therefore, nurses should be included in the policy processes, and their capacity should be developed in nursing leadership and health system governance.

Regulatory and legal issues related to marking of child nutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 60-69
Author(s):  
T.L. Maleeva ◽  
◽  
S.V. Shilnikova ◽  
V.N. Tarasevich ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Product Information ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
World Health ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Children's Nutrition ◽  
Main Consumer

The quality and safety of food products, including those intended for children’s nutrition, are a priority for the World Health Organization. At present, in order to ensure the quality and safety of food products for child nutrition, there are numerous regulatory and legal acts in Russia. The article provides the systematization of the regulatory and legal framework, taking into account the requirements for food products intended for child nutrition (for the raw materials used, prepared food, its nutritional value, enrichment with vitamins and micronutrients, the use of appropriate packaging and marking) and for the processes that make up its circulation (manufacturing, storage, transportation, sale, advertising and product information). Information on marking of food products for children’s nutrition in accordance with Technical Regulations of the Customs Union 022/2011 was given. The information on the main consumer characteristics of food products specified in the legislation of the Russian Federation was considered. When comparing this information, its inconsistency was established, which can make it difficult for the consumer to choose the right food products for children’s nutrition and its further use. With regard to food products intended for child nutrition, marking serves as the way of communicating information to the consumer. As a result of comparing the information on marking of packaged food products with information on the main consumer characteristics of food products, their inconsistency was also revealed, which may complicate the observance of the consumer’s rights for safety of product and information about the product. It was noted that marking of food products for child nutrition is a relevant source of information for a doctor. The authors proposed ways to optimize the regulatory framework governing the quality and safety of food products intended for child nutrition. Key words: food products, child nutrition, safety and quality of child nutrition, technical regulation, marking of child nutrition, consumer protection

The circular arch viaduct: reduce, re-use & recycle in practice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joris Smits ◽  
Laurent Ney ◽  
Thijs van Roosbroeck ◽  
Tom Spaargaren
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Small Business ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Current Concept ◽  
Business Innovation ◽  
Innovation Research ◽  
Circular Arch ◽  
Directorate General

<p>This paper describes a proposal for a Circular Arch Viaduct. The proposal was submitted for a competition for innovation launched by Rijkswaterstaat, the Dutch Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management, under the title ‘SBIR (Small Business Innovation Research) Circular Viaducts and Bridges’. The authors of this paper are part of a consortium consisting of BESIX NL and Ney &amp; Partners. They have currently rounded up the first phase of the competition (Figure 1).</p><p>Our society has become accustomed to the permanent availability of raw materials; our economy has been running on them for decades. At the same time, the demand for mobility and reliable infrastructure continues to grow. How do we transform the construction industry to use 50% less primary raw materials in 2030 on the way to full 100% circularity in 2050? To answer this question the Circular Arch Viaduct was developed, based on three principles: (1) the reduction of raw materials, (2) the differentiation of materials in function of required strength, and (3) the reduction of waste through re-use and recycling<b>.</b></p><p><br clear="none"/></p><p>Figure 1. The current concept of the Circular Arch Viaduct.</p>

scholarly journals Social and Economic Potential of Reclamation Development of Agroindustrial Complex of the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 03018
Author(s):  
А.А. Ugryumova ◽  
М.P. Zamakhovsky ◽  
О.Yu. Grishaeva ◽  
L.Е. Pautova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Agroindustrial Complex

The article presents the modern legal framework for the restoration and development of the land reclamation industry in the Russian Federation; specifics of the implementation of the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and the regulation of markets for agricultural products, raw materials and food, considering the implementation of the departmental program "Development of the Land Reclamation Complex of the Russian Federation". The formulation and content of the concept of the socio-economic potential of amelioration of the country have been concretized, which made it possible to identify the target orientation of such private potentials of the industry as: resource, innovation and technical, investment and entrepreneurial, economic, regulatory, social and personnel and information and digital. The classification of factors influencing the social and economic potential of land reclamation in the Russian Federation was substantiated and the relationship between the leading groups of these factors, focused on the financial and investment potential of agricultural producers, government support and the level of demand for agricultural products, was visualized. The official documents are detailed, which allow to manage the personnel potential of the industry, as the most important component of its reclamation potential. Sectoral guidelines for the development and formation of ameliorative potential at the federal level and the importance of regional programs for the development of rural areas are outlined. In the course of the study, it was revealed that there was no relationship in the regulatory documents on the formation and development of the potential of the reclamation industry of the agroindustrial complex, and it was concluded that it was necessary to improve the mechanisms of regulatory and methodological tools.

scholarly journals GEOTHERMAL ENERGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA AND HYDROCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ITS EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrijana Stevanović ◽  
Boban Jolović
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Geothermal Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Geothermal Gradient ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Banja Luka

One of the most used renewable energy sources worldwide is geothermal energy. Itrepresents the heat, originated by natural processes happen in the Earth interior. The hot springsphenomena are the most frequent natural manifestation of geothermal activity.Geothermal potentiality of some area can be estimated based on geothermal gradient. Geothermalgradient is a conductive terrestrial parameter that represents the degree of increasing of the Earthtemperature vs. depth. It is usually expressed in ⁰C/m or ⁰C/km. Different areas have differentthermal gradients and thus different geothermal potential. Generally, higher geothermal gradientscorrespond to areas containing more geothermal energy.Geothermal characteristics of the territory of the Republic of Srpska are closely related to itscomplex geological setting. It is the reason why geothermal characteristics are different from areato area. Higher geothermal potentiality is recognised in the northern parts of the entity, in the firstorder in Semberija, Posavina and Banja Luka regions.The use of geothermal energy with different fluid temperatures can be considered throughthe Lindaldiagram, who firstly proposed acomprehensive scale with appropriate temperatures for differentuses. High temperature fluids are mostly used for electricity production and moderate and lowtemperature fluids for the direct use.Despite the fact that the territory of the Republic of Srpska hasfavourable geothermal properties, utilization of this kind of renewable energy resource isinadequate. Especially indicative are data about the use of geothermal energy by heat pumps (inbad sense) in comparison with praxis of developed countries.Chemical composition of thermal waters plays very important role and can be used in itsexploration stage, for analyses of possibility of its use and for prediction of exploitation effects, aswell. This kind of renewable energyresource, highly ecologically recommended, must be consideredmore seriously in the future in the Republic of Srpska. Furthermore, it must be put into the energystrategic documentsin appropriate manner.

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