scholarly journals Effect of Sample Storage Conditions on Measurements of Salivary Cotinine Levels

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
Fábio Renato Manzolli Leite ◽  
Vibeke Baelum ◽  
Julie Becker Pajaniaye ◽  
Lisbeth Ann Abildtrup ◽  
Rodrigo López
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Cotinine Level ◽  
Smoking Exposure ◽  
Salivary Cotinine ◽  
C 30 ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Immediate Analysis ◽  
Response Gradient ◽  
The Relationship

Information on smoking exposure obtained with self-reports may be inaccurate. Cotinine has a large half-life and its salivary levels correlate well with plasmatic levels. The influence of storage conditions on the validity and precision of salivary cotinine assessments has rarely been evaluated. Here, smokers donated saliva samples, which were sent for immediate analysis, mail posting, storage at 4 °C for 30 or 90 days, or storage at −20 °C for 30 or 90 days. Cotinine levels were determined using enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay. Agreement of cotinine level measurements was assessed using Bland-Altman analyses. Average age (years), duration of smoking (years) and number of cigarettes smoked (/day) were 55.4 (±SD 9.4), 35.1 (±SD 11.3), and 15.3 (±SD 7.6). The mean immediate cotinine level was 457 ng/mL (range 11.3 to 1318 ng/mL). Mean cotinine levels in samples analyzed after delay ranged between 433 ng/mL (−20 °C 30 days) and 468 ng/mL (4 °C 30 days). A dose-response gradient was observed in the relationship between salivary cotinine level and self-reported smoking status. A good agreement between cotinine levels for all storage conditions compared with immediate analysis was observed, with average differences ranging from −11 to 24 ng/mL. Cotinine levels remained stable regardless of the tested condition. The stability of salivary cotinine may enable samples to be obtained in difficult-to-reach areas, reduce study costs, and improve the validity of the information on exposure to smoking.

scholarly journals Stability of amino acids and related amines in human serum under different preprocessing and pre-storage conditions based on iTRAQ®-LC-MS/MS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuoling An ◽  
Chen Shi ◽  
Pengfei Li ◽  
Lihong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Treatment Measures ◽  
Isobaric Tagging ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Immediate Analysis

AbstractAmino acids analysis or metabonomics requires abundant serum/plasma samples collection and samples storage has become inevitable given the limited capacity for immediate analysis. Currently, most of the existing studies on metabolites stability during sample storage focused on long-term and short-term stability, while many functional amino acids might be ignored due to the poor sensitivity and detection of analysis methods. Here, we attempted to elucidate the stability of amino acids and related amines as comprehensive as possible in human serum following different preprocessing and pre-storage procedures. Pooled, fasting serum samples were collected and stored at 4 °C and 22 °C respectively after a delay in sample processing (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours) and underwent freeze-thaw cycles for three times at −80 °C. The concentration of amino acids and related amines were quantified using isobaric tagging reagent iTRAQ®-LC-MS/MS. Approximately 54.84 %, 58.06 % and 48.39 % of detectable and target analytes altered at 4 °C and 22 °C during pre-treatment and freeze-thaw cycles. Some amino acids which are not stable and relatively stable were found. Our study provided detailed profiles and suggestions for amino acids in human serum corresponding to diverse collection and pre-treatment measures.

scholarly journals Research Article. Relationship Between High Levels of Salivary Cotinine Test and Demographic Characteristics of Pregnant Smokers from Mures County

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
Ion Mihai Georgescu ◽  
Monica Tarcea ◽  
Claudiu Marginean ◽  
Florina Ruta ◽  
Victoria Rus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Pregnant Smokers ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Salivary Cotinine ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Salivary Test

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between the frequency of self-declared status regarding smoking in a group of pregnant women from Mures county, Romania and the high levels of Salivary Cotinine (SC) like biomarkers. Material and methods: It was conducted a retrospective study among 230 pregnant women presented for prenatal care at 50 General Practitioners cabinets in Mures county, Romania, in 2015. Data were collected with a validated questionnaire which included age, level of education, socioeconomic status and ethnicity, also the self-reported smoking status. The Salivary Cotinine level was evaluated using NicAlert Saliva test kits. Results: Using salivary test we identified a high prevalence of involuntary exposure to cigarette smoke among both non-smokers and those who quit smoking before pregnancy. Also we registered pregnant women that although declared smoking cessation before pregnancy their salivary Cotinine levels were high, almost like to an active smoker, probably because of second-hand exposure or because they didn’t say the truth about their habit. Conclusions: We underline the importance of implementing more efficient community interventions among this vulnerable group in order to reduce the frequency of smoking and sustain quitting.

FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FAST DISSOLVING TABLET OF METOCLOPRAMIDE: AN ANTI-EMETIC DRUG

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Avilash Carpenter ◽  
M.K. Gupta ◽  
Neetesh Kumar Jain ◽  
Urvashi Sharma ◽  
Rahul Sisodiya
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Flow Property ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Dissolution Time ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Powder Blend ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
The Stability

Aim: The main of the study is to formulate and develop orally disintegrating fast dissolving tablet of Metoclopramide hydrochloride. Material & Methods: Before formulation and development of selected drug, the standard curve in buffer was prepared and absorbance at selected maxima was taken. Then two different disintegrating agents were selected and drug was mixed with disintegrating agents in different ratio. Various Preformulation parameters and evaluation of tablet i.e. disintegration time, dissolution time, friability, hardness, thickness were measured by standard procedure. Result & Discussion: The angle of repose for all the batches prepared. The values were found to be in the range of 30.46 to 36.45, which indicates good flow property for the powder blend according to the USP. The bulk density and tapped density for all the batches varied from 0.49 to 0.54 g/mL and 0.66 to 0.73, respectively. Carr’s index values were found to be in the range of 23.33 to 25.88, which is satisfactory for the powders as well as implies that the blends have good compressibility. Hausner ratio values obtained were in the range of 1.22 to 1.36, which shows a passable flow property for the powder blend based on the USP. The results for tablet thickness and height for all batches was found to range from 4.45 to 4.72 mm and 3.67 to 3.69 mm, respectively. Hardness or breaking force of tablets for all batches was found to range from 32.8 to 36.2 N. Tablet formulations must show good mechanical strength with sufficient hardness in order to handle shipping and transportation. Friability values for all the formulations were found to be in the range of 0.22 % to 0.30 %. Conclusion: Orally disintegrating tablets were compressed in order to have sufficient mechanical strength and integrity to withstand handling, shipping and transportation. The formulation was shown to have a rapid disintegration time that complied with the USP (less than one minute). The data obtained from the stability studies indicated that the orally disintegrating mini-tablets of MTH were stable under different environmental storage conditions. Keywords: Formulation & Development, Fast Dissolving Tablet, Metoclopramide, Anti-Emetic Drug, Oral Disintegrating Tablet

An Experimental Investigation on Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Graphene doped CNTs /TiO2 Nanofluid

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Zetty Akhtar ◽  
M.M. Rahman ◽  
K. Kadirgama ◽  
M.A. Maleque
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Base Fluid ◽  
Minimum Quantity Lubrication ◽  
Cutting Fluid ◽  
Cutting Zone ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Zeta Potential Analysis

This paper presents the findings of the stability, thermal conductivity and viscosity of CNTs (doped with 10 wt% graphene)- TiO2 hybrid nanofluids under various concentrations. While the usage of cutting fluid in machining operation is necessary for removing the heat generated at the cutting zone, the excessive use of it could lead to environmental and health issue to the operators. Therefore, the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) to replace the conventional flooding was introduced. The MQL method minimises the usage of cutting fluid as a step to achieve a cleaner environment and sustainable machining. However, the low thermal conductivity of the base fluid in the MQL system caused the insufficient removal of heat generated in the cutting zone. Addition of nanoparticles to the base fluid was then introduced to enhance the performance of cutting fluids. The ethylene glycol used as the base fluid, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanoparticle mixed to produce nanofluids with concentrations of 0.02 to 0.1 wt.% with an interval of 0.02 wt%. The mixing ratio of TiO2: CNTs was 90:10 and ratio of SDBS (surfactant): CNTs was 10:1. The stability of nanofluid checked using observation method and zeta potential analysis. The thermal conductivity and viscosity of suspension were measured at a temperature range between 30˚C to 70˚C (with increment of 10˚C) to determine the relationship between concentration and temperature on nanofluid’s thermal physical properties. Based on the results obtained, zeta potential value for nanofluid range from -50 to -70 mV indicates a good stability of the suspension. Thermal conductivity of nanofluid increases as an increase of temperature and enhancement ratio is within the range of 1.51 to 4.53 compared to the base fluid. Meanwhile, the viscosity of nanofluid shows decrements with an increase of the temperature remarks significant advantage in pumping power. The developed nanofluid in this study found to be stable with enhanced thermal conductivity and decrease in viscosity, which at once make it possible to be use as nanolubricant in machining operation.

A FORECAST OF PRODUCTIVE LONGEVITY OF HOLSTEIN COWS BY INDIRECT SIGNS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
З.С. САНОВА
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Age At First Calving ◽  
Group I ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

В статье представлены материалы о взаимосвязи продолжительности продуктивного использования коров с характеристикой устойчивости к деградации, с возрастом отела и удоем. В исследованной, разнородной по происхождению, группе животных для прогноза продуктивного периода коров, обусловленного устойчивостью к деградации и возрастом первого отела, пригодно уравнение регрессии, аргументами в котором являются индекс устойчивости, возраст первого отела в первой и второй степенях. Коэффициент корреляции межу предсказанными значениями продуктивного периода и его фактическими величинами в I группе составляет 0,502, во II - 0,604. При этом крайние варианты прогнозируются со статистическими ошибками 5 мес при оценке индекса устойчивости по 2 лактациям и 4,1 мес по 3, а средние варианты, соответственно, 1,6 и 1,51 мес. Индекс устойчивости к процессу старения является важной характеристикой биологических особенностей коров, определяющий их продуктивное долголетие. Его оценка по первым 2 и 3 лактациям имеет прямолинейную связь с продуктивным периодом (r=0,4109 и r=0,5270), соответственно. Зависимость продуктивного периода от возраста первого отела криволинейная — с увеличением возраста первого отела сокращается срок продуктивного использования, при возрасте первого отела более 1400 дней срок продуктивного использования колеблется от 1,33 до 1,41 лактации. Коэффициент корреляции между этими характеристиками коров составляет - 0,2164 в I и - 0,2620 во II группах. The article presents materials about the relationship of the duration of productive use of cows with the characteristic of resistance to degradation, with the age of calving and milk yield. In the studied group of animals, which is heterogeneous in origin, the regression equation is suitable for predicting the productive period of cows due to resistance to degradation and the age of the first calving, the arguments of which are the stability index, the age of the first calving in the first and second degrees. The correlation coefficient between the predicted values of the productive period and its actual values in group I is 0.502, in group II - 0.604. At the same time, the extreme variants are predicted with statistical errors of 5 months when evaluating the stability index for 2 lactations and 4.1 months for 3, and the average variants, respectively, are 1.6 and 1.51 months. The index of resistance to the aging process is an important characteristic of the biological characteristics of cows, which determines their productive longevity. Its estimate for the first 2 and 3 lactations has a direct relationship with the productive period (r=0.4109 and r=0.5270), respectively. The dependence of the productive period age at first calving curvilinear with increasing age at first calving reduces the time to productive use, while age at first calving of more than 1400 days, the period of productive use ranges from 1.33 to 1.41 lactation. The correlation coefficient between these characteristics of cows is-0.2164 in I and-0.2620 in II groups.

Barley seed storage under controlled conditions

2019 ◽  
pp. 140-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Zadorozhna ◽  
T. P. Shyianova ◽  
M.Yu. Skorokhodov
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Storage

Seed longevity of 76 spring barley gene pool samples (Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. distichon, convar. distichon: 56 nutans Schubl., two deficience (Steud.) Koern., two erectum Rode ex Shuebl., two medicum Koern.; convar. nudum (L.) A.Trof.: one nudum L. та subsp. vulgare: convar. vulgare: nine pallidum Ser., three rikotense Regel.; convar. coeleste (L.) A.Trof.: one coeleste (L.) A.Trof.) from 26 countries, 11 years and four places of reproduction was analyzed. Seeds with 5–8% moisture content were stored in chamber with unregulated and 4oC temperature. The possibility of seed storage under these conditions for at least 10 years without significant changes in germination has been established. The importance of meteorological conditions in the formation and ripening of seeds for their longevity is confirmed. The relationship between the decrease of barley seeds longevity and storage conditions, amount of rainfall, temperature regime during the growing season of plants is discussed.

Substantiation the machine with a basket for the application of mineral fertilizers and other bulk materials with the upper arrangement of the feeding device

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
Fesenko, H.
Keyword(s):  
Fat Body ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Analytical Mechanics ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Working Bodies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stable Flow

Purpose. Increasing the uniformity of distribution of mineral fertilizers and other bulk materials due to the stability of their feed from the body to the spreading working bodies using the top feeder. Methods. The following methods are used to achieve this aim: the method of comparing the differences between individual groups of fertilizers, the method of analyzing the properties of a new technical system, the method of functional inventiveness, and the methods of theoretical and analytical mechanics. Results. The traction body of the conveyor of the upper feed of the body fat body machine for mineral fertilizers and other bulk materials was substantiated and the relationship between the height of its scrapers and the distance between them was established, as well as the nature of the mineral fertilizer pressure on the curvilinear wall of the body. In addition, the design of the advanced body fertilizer spreader is justified, which ensures a stable flow of fertilizers from the body due to the improvement of the top feeder. Conclusions. Because of the conducted researches, the advantages of machines equipped with top feeder are found. They create the conditions for the forced feeding mineral fertilizers and other loose materials from the container to the distribution bodies, which is a prerequisite for their evenness on the surface. With this, the imperfection of known machines with the top feeder constrains their introduction into agricultural production. On this account, a more thoroughly constructed solution of the body feeder of the top feed is substantiated, in which the conveyor provides a stable supply of fertilizers from the body with reduced energy consumption during operation. Keywords: analysis, feed, upper device, conveyor, stability, fertilizers, flow ability, body.

The Triad Nocturia, Smoking and Obstructive Sleep APnea

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 1839-1842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihaela Trenchea ◽  
Ioan Anton Arghir ◽  
Gilda Georgeta Popescu ◽  
Stefan Rascu ◽  
Edwin Sever Bechir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Sleep Breathing Disorders ◽  
Smoking Exposure ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Transversal Study

In patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), a consequence of the intermittent hypoxia is nocturia. The frequency of nocturia related OSA is increased because many pathological pathways are present simultaneously. The aim was to assess the prevalence of nocturia among OSA patients and to identify the relationship with OSA and its comorbidities. A transversal study determining the prevalence of OSA�s comorbidities and nocturia related OSA and smoking was assessed, from 2011 to 2015, in 2 Romanian centres of Somnology, in Constanta county. All patients suspected of sleep breathing disorders were investigated by polygraphy and all patients diagnosed with OSA were recruited. Demographic and clinical characteristics were assessed, including the onset of nocturia. The comparison between groups with and without nocturia was performed using SPSS software, using Anova for numerical outcomes and c2 test for the categorical ones. Nocturia was highly prevalent (62.75 %) among 204 OSA patients, especially in elderly (p [ 0.00001). High blood pressure (hypertension), obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), smoking exposure were more frequently reported in the OSA patients presenting nocturia (p[0.05). Type 2 diabetes and cardiac failure were also frequent, but did not reach a significant threshold of 95%. In conclusion, the nocturia is a frequent symptom and it is influenced by the OSA severity and comorbidities as hypertension and COPD. A further multidisciplinary approach in these patients is justified, especially in smokers.

FINANCIAL CRISES AND THE PUBLICATION OF THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF BANKS IN SPAIN, 1844–1868

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Bernal Lloréns
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Financial Crises ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Banking Regulations ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Relationship

Financial crises have had a decisive influence on banking regulations in Spain. During the mid-19th century the publication of the financial statements of banks was considered key to the stability of the financial system. All new joint stock banking companies were to publish their statements in the Madrid Gazette in return for the privilege of limited liability. Similar obligations were placed on issuing banks. The copious publication of financial statements coincided with a period of financial prosperity. However, the crises that followed from 1864 to 1868 led to a reduction in the official publication of statements. This paper is concerned with an early response to crises in financial reporting. The study focuses on the relationship between the publication of accounting statements by banks and the GDP in Spain during the mid-19th century. The results suggest that the frequency of publication of financial statements may be an indicator of economic performance.

scholarly journals Enhanced preservation of vacuum-packaged Atlantic salmon by hyperbaric storage at room temperature versus refrigeration

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana G. Fidalgo ◽  
Mário M. Q. Simões ◽  
Susana Casal ◽  
José A. Lopes-da-Silva ◽  
Ivonne Delgadillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Volatile Profile ◽  
Fragmentation Index ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Water Holding

AbstractHyperbaric storage at room temperature (HS/RT: 75 MPa/25 °C) of vacuum-packaged fresh Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) loins was studied for 30 days and compared to atmospheric pressure at refrigerated temperatures (AP/5 °C, 30 days) and RT (AP/25 °C, 5 days). Most of the fatty acids were not affected by storage conditions, with only a slight decrease of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content (n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid) for AP samples, reflected in the lower polyene index values obtained and higher oxidation extent. For HS, a lower lipid oxidation extension and a slower increase of myofibrillar fragmentation index values were observed, when compared to AP samples. The volatile profile was similar for the HS and fresh samples, with the HS samples retaining fresh-like alcohols and aldehydes components, which disappeared in AP samples, mainly in AP/25 °C samples. The volatile profile for AP samples (5 and 25 °C) revealed mostly spoilage-like compounds due to microbial activity. Drip loss increased progressively during the 30 days of storage under HS, while a slight decrease of water holding capacity after 5 days was observed, increasing further after 30 days. Regarding textural properties, only resilience was affected by HS, decreasing after 30 days. So, HS/RT could represent an interesting extended preservation methodology of fresh salmon loins, since allows retaining important physicochemical properties for at least 15 days, while refrigeration after 5 days showed already volatile spoilage-like compounds due to microbial activity. Furthermore, this methodology allows additional considerable energy savings when compared to refrigeration.

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