Effects of Soaking Tempe in Vinegar on Metabolome and Sensory Profiles

Tempe is a fermented soybean food that is globally renowned for its high protein content. Methods of preparing tempe vary worldwide, and include soaking in vinegar before fermentation. This study aimed to determine the effects of soaking in vinegar by metabolome analysis, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and sensory attribute evaluation. Vinegar affected metabolism during tempe fermentation, which led to altered metabolite profiles in the final product. We validated the metabolite profiles of two types of tempe using triangle tests and rate-all-that-apply (RATA) tests, which revealed that the sensory attributes of a golden-brown color, ammonia smell, pleasant smell, salty flavor, and acceptance significantly differed (p < 0.05) between the two types of tempe. A high concentration of specific amino acids in the control tempe explained a strong ammonia smell, saltiness, and darker golden-brown sensory attributes. Tempe soaked in vinegar contained high concentrations of metabolites associated with a roasted aroma and cooked meat. In conclusion, most RATA panelists who were being introduced to tempe preferred that soaked in vinegar to the control that was not.

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Distribution and Source of Sedimentary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) in River Sediment of Jakarta

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.22146/ijc.26837 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 394 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rinawati Rinawati ◽

Hideshige Takada

Keyword(s):

River Sediment ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

High Concentration ◽

Sediment Samples ◽

Sampling Locations ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

Alkylated Pahs ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Pressurized Fluid Extraction

In this study, the distribution and source identification of sedimentary PAHs from 13 rivers running through Jakarta City were investigated. Freeze-dried sediment samples were extracted by pressurized fluid extraction and purified by two-step of column chromatography. PAHs were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). High concentrations of PAHs, ranging from 1992 to 17635 ng/g-dw, were observed at all sampling locations. Ratios of alkylated PAHs to parent PAHs exhibited both petrogenic and pyrogenic signatures with predominantly petrogenic inputs. High hopanne concentrations (4238-40375 ng/g dry sediment) supported the petrogenic input to Jakarta’s rivers. The high concentration of PAHs is indicator for organic micropollutant in the aquatic urban environment in Jakarta that may have the potential to cause adverse effect to the environment.

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Volatile Composition and Sensory Profiles of a Shiraz Wine Product Made with Pre- and Post-Fermentation Additions of Ganoderma lucidum Extract

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods8110538 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 538 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nguyen ◽

Capone ◽

Johnson ◽

Jeffery ◽

Danner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ganoderma Lucidum ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Grape Juice ◽

Sensory Attributes ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Fermentation Kinetics ◽

Wine Composition ◽

Red Grape Juice ◽

Red Grape ◽

Sensory Profiles

Novel Shiraz red wine products enriched with Ganoderma lucidum (GL) extract, a traditional Asian medicinal mushroom, were developed and characterized. GL extract was added at different levels prior to and after primary fermentation to investigate its impact on the juice fermentation kinetics, and the chemical composition and sensory properties of the resulting wines. The fermentation kinetics of red grape juice were not significantly different between ferments. Basic chemical analyses plus headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME), gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and a rate-all-that-apply (RATA) (n = 65) sensory panel were used to investigate the influence of GL extract additions on wine composition and sensory characteristics. Of the 54 sensory attributes assessed, 39 significantly differentiated the wines. A clear separation between GL wine treatments was evident with PLS regression, where specific volatiles were correlated with relevant sensory attributes that dominated the wines. These products could be promising for emerging wine markets.

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Impact of Bottle Aging on the Composition and Sensory Properties of Flavored Chardonnay and Shiraz Wines

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9091208 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1208

Author(s):

Yaelle Saltman ◽

Julie A. Culbert ◽

Trent E. Johnson ◽

Renata Ristic ◽

Kerry L. Wilkinson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Volatile Compounds ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Sensory Attributes ◽

Sensory Properties ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Wine Aroma ◽

Bottle Aging ◽

Sensory Profiles

Natural flavorings could potentially be used to enhance the intensity of wine aroma and flavor; albeit since flavor additives are not legally permitted winemaking aids, flavored wines would need to be labeled as wine products. In this study, changes in the composition and sensory profiles of flavored Chardonnay (n = 2) and Shiraz (n = 2) wines were compared at bottling, and then again after 12 months of bottle aging. Flavorings and flavored wines were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the key constituents responsible for changes to aroma and flavor profiles. However, many of the volatile compounds identified in flavor additives were not detected at appreciably higher concentrations in flavored wines, which was attributed to the very small quantities of flavorings that were added to base wines. The sensory profiles of control and flavored wines were determined by descriptive analysis, and the addition of flavorings to base wines significantly influenced the perception of some sensory attributes. Flavored Chardonnay wines exhibited enhanced fruit aromas and flavors, while fruit and developed attributes were enhanced in flavored Shiraz wines. Differences in sensory profiles were less apparent in Chardonnay wines following bottle aging, but depending on the flavorings added, flavored Shiraz wines could still be discriminated from their corresponding control wines after bottle aging. Results from this study demonstrate the potential for flavor additives to be used to enhance desirable attributes and/or mitigate wine sensory deficiencies.

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The Toxicity of Castor Beans and its Treatment with Doxycycline in Local Rabbits

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance ◽

10.25258/ijpqa.v9i2.13649 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nael Mohammed Sarheed ◽

Osamah Faisal Kokas ◽

Doaa Abd Alabas Muhammed Ridh

Keyword(s):

Castor Bean ◽

The Body ◽

Control Group ◽

High Concentration ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Doxycycline Treatment ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Physiological Tests ◽

Animal House ◽

Physiological And Biochemical

The plant of castor is widely spread in the Iraqi land, and characterized with containing ricin toxin, which has a very serious effects, and because the seeds of this plant scattered in the agricultural soil and rivers water, which increases the exposure of humans and animals to these beans. Objective: This experiment was designed to study the effect of high concentration of castor bean powder in some physiological and biochemical parameters and changes in some tissues of the body, as well as trying to use doxycycline to reduce the effects of ingestion of these seeds. Materials and Methods: In the experiment, 24 local rabbits were raised and fed in the Animal House of the Faculty of Medicine / Al-Muthanna University, then divided into four groups and treated for three weeks (21 days), Control group: treated with normal saline solution (0.9) orally throughout the experiment, G1: was treated orally with a concentration of 25 mg / kg of castor bean powder daily during the experiment, G2 : orally treated 25 mg / kg of castor bean and 25 mg / kg of doxycycline, G3: orally treated 25 mg / kg of castor powder with 50 mg / kg of doxycycline daily throughout the trial period. Results: The results of the experiment showed significant changes (P less than 0.05) in all physiological and biochemical blood tests when compared with control group. There was a significant decrease in PCV, Hb, RBC, T.protein and body weights, while demonstrated a significant increase in WBC, Urea, Creatinine, ALT, AST and ALP, with distortions in liver and kidney of animals that treated with Castor beans. In contrast, the treatment with doxycycline and caster beans showed significant improvement reflected by a normal proportion in physiological tests and biochemical tests with improvement in the tissues when compared to control group. Conclusions: It can be concluded from this study that castor bean has high toxic and pathogenic effects that may be dangerous to the life of the organism. Therefore, it is advisable to be cautious of these pills and avoid exposure to them, also recommended to take high concentrations of doxycycline treatment when infected with castor bean poisoning.

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Aversive Textures and Their Role in Food Rejection

10.31234/osf.io/quk2f ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Robert Pellegrino ◽

Curtis Luckett

Keyword(s):

Cluster Analysis ◽

Psychological Factors ◽

Sensory Attributes ◽

Prominent Feature ◽

Large Vocabulary ◽

Common Food ◽

Sensory Attribute ◽

Touch Sensitivity

Texture is a prominent feature in foods and consequently can be the reason a food is accepted or rejected. However, other sensory attributes, such as flavor/taste, aroma, sound and appearance may also lead to the rejection of food and motivations other than unpleasantness exist in unacceptance. To date, these motivations for food rejection have been studied in isolation and their relationships with psychological factors have not been tested. This study measured reasons people reject a food and probed into the specifics of texture rejection. A large U.S. sample (N=473) was asked to rate their motivations for rejecting a food, list foods that were disliked due to unpleasant sensory attributes, specify the unpleasant sensory attribute(s), and complete an assessment of general touch sensitivity. Results showed 94% of individuals reject a food due to its texture, a rate comparable to flavor-based rejection. Looking at the number of foods being rejected, flavor was the most common food attribute, followed by texture and then aroma. From a linguistic standpoint, aversive textures encompass a large vocabulary, larger than liked textures, and the same food may be rejected due to a single or combination of texture terms. Viscosity (e.g. slimy) and hardness (e.g. mushy) are the most common aversive texture types, but through cluster analysis subsets of individuals were identified that are more aversive to other textures. This study emphasizes the role of aversive textures in food rejection and provides many avenues for future investigations.

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The Effects of Shock Vancomycin Concentrations on the Formation of Heteroresistance in Staphylococcus aureus

Antibiotics and Chemotherapy ◽

10.37489/0235-2990-2020-65-9-10-3-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 65 (9-10) ◽

pp. 3-7

Author(s):

V. V. Gostev ◽

Yu. V. Sopova ◽

O. S. Kalinogorskaya ◽

M. E. Velizhanina ◽

I. V. Lazareva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

In Vitro Selection ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

High Concentration ◽

Short Term ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Selection Of ◽

Selection Of Resistance ◽

Test Cultures

Glycopeptides are the basis of the treatment of infections caused by MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Previously, it was demonstrated that antibiotic tolerant phenotypes are formed during selection of resistance under the influence of high concentrations of antibiotics. The present study uses a similar in vitro selection model with vancomycin. Clinical isolates of MRSA belonging to genetic lines ST8 and ST239, as well as the MSSA (ATCC29213) strain, were included in the experiment. Test isolates were incubated for five hours in a medium with a high concentration of vancomycin (50 μg/ml). Test cultures were grown on the medium without antibiotic for 18 hours after each exposure. A total of ten exposure cycles were performed. Vancomycin was characterized by bacteriostatic action; the proportion of surviving cells after exposure was 70–100%. After selection, there was a slight increase in the MIC to vancomycin (MIC 2 μg/ml), teicoplanin (MIC 1.5–3 μg/ml) and daptomycin (MIC 0.25–2 μg/ml). According to the results of PAP analysis, all strains showed an increase in the area under curve depending on the concentration of vancomycin after selection, while a heteroresistant phenotype (with PAP/AUC 0.9) was detected in three isolates. All isolates showed walK mutations (T188S, D235N, E261V, V380I, and G223D). Exposure to short-term shock concentrations of vancomycin promotes the formation of heteroresistance in both MRSA and MSSA. Formation of VISA phenotypes is possible during therapy with vancomycin.

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Growth responses of periphyton and chironomids exposed to biologically treated bleached kraft pulp mill effluent

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1997.0553 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 35 (2-3) ◽

pp. 339-345 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. G. Dubé ◽

J. M. Culp

Keyword(s):

Kraft Pulp ◽

Pulp Mill ◽

Pulp Mill Effluent ◽

Growth Responses ◽

High Concentration ◽

Wood Extractives ◽

Kraft Pulp Mill ◽

Bleached Kraft Pulp ◽

Low Levels ◽

High Concentrations

Experiments were conducted in artificial streams to determine the effects of increasing concentrations of biologically treated bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKPME) on periphyton and chironomid growth in the Thompson River, British Columbia. Periphyton growth, as determined by increases in chlorophyll a, was significantly stimulated at all effluent concentrations tested (0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 5.0% and, 10.0%). Chironomid growth (individual weight) was also significantly stimulated at low effluent concentrations (≤1.0%). At higher concentrations (5.0% and 10.0%), chironomid growth was inhibited relative to the 1.0% treatment streams. Increases in growth were attributed to the effects of nutrient and organic enrichment from BKPME. The effluent contained high concentrations of phosphorus and appears to be an important source of carbon for benthic insects grazing on the biofilm. In high concentration effluent streams, chironomid growth decreased despite low levels of typical pulp mill contaminants. This suggests that other compounds in the effluent, such as wood extractives, may be inhibiting chironomid growth. These results support findings of field monitoring studies conducted in the Thompson River where changes in periphyton and chironomid abundance occurred downstream of the bleached kraft pulp mill.

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Spatial Analysis (Measurements at Heights of 10 m and 20 m above Ground Level) of the Concentrations of Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0) and Gaseous Pollutants (H2S) on the University Campus: A Case Study

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12010062 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 62

Author(s):

Robert Cichowicz ◽

Maciej Dobrzański

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Hydrogen Sulfide ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Air Quality ◽

Spatial Analysis ◽

Ground Level ◽

Leeward Side ◽

High Concentration ◽

Above Ground Level ◽

High Concentrations

Spatial analysis of the distribution of particulate matter PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas pollution was performed in the area around a university library building. The reasons for the subject matter were reports related to the perceptible odor characteristic of hydrogen sulfide and a general poor assessment of air quality by employees and students. Due to the area of analysis, it was decided to perform measurements at two heights, 10 m and 20 m above ground level, using measuring equipment attached to a DJI Matrice 600 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The aim of the measurements was air quality assessment and investigate the convergence of the theory of air flow around the building with the spatial distribution of air pollutants. Considerable differences of up to 63% were observed in the concentrations of pollutants measured around the building, especially between opposite sides, depending on the direction of the wind. To explain these differences, the theory of aerodynamics was applied to visualize the probable airflow in the direction of the wind. A strong convergence was observed between the aerodynamic model and the spatial distribution of pollutants. This was evidenced by the high concentrations of dust in the areas of strong turbulence at the edges of the building and on the leeward side. The accumulation of pollutants was also clearly noticeable in these locations. A high concentration of H2S was recorded around the library building on the side of the car park. On the other hand, the air turbulence around the building dispersed the gas pollution, causing the concentration of H2S to drop on the leeward side. It was confirmed that in some analyzed areas the permissible concentration of H2S was exceeded.

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Shock-tube study of the decomposition of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane

Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie ◽

10.1515/zpch-2020-0005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 234 (7-9) ◽

pp. 1395-1426 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Paul Sela ◽

Sebastian Peukert ◽

Jürgen Herzler ◽

Christof Schulz ◽

Mustapha Fikri

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Shock Tube ◽

High Repetition Rate ◽

Rate Coefficients ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

High Concentration ◽

Gas Phase Chemistry ◽

Reflected Shock ◽

Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽

Phase Chemistry

AbstractShock-tube experiments have been performed to investigate the thermal decomposition of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4, Si4O4C8H24) and hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3, Si3O3C6H18) behind reflected shock waves by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high-repetition-rate time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HRR-TOF-MS) in a temperature range of 1160–1600 K and a pressure range of 1.3–2.6 bar. The main observed stable products were methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), ethane (C2H6), acetylene (C2H2) and in the case of D4 pyrolysis, also D3 was measured as a product in high concentration. A kinetics sub-mechanism accounting for the D4 and D3 gas-phase chemistry was devised, which consists of 19 reactions and 15 Si-containing species. The D4/D3 submechanism was combined with the AramcoMech 2.0 (Li et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. 2017, 36, 403–411) to describe hydrocarbon chemistry. The unimolecular rate coefficients for D4 and D3 decomposition are represented by the Arrhenius expressions ktotal/D4(T) = 2.87 × 1013 exp(−273.2 kJ mol−1/RT) s−1 and ktotal/D3(T) = 9.19 × 1014 exp(−332.0 kJ mol−1/RT) s−1, respectively.

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Heterogeneous Photo-Fenton Catalytic Degradation of Practical Pharmaceutical Wastewater by Modified Attapulgite Supported Multi-Metal Oxides

Water ◽

10.3390/w13020156 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 156

Author(s):

Manjing Lu ◽

Jiaqi Wang ◽

Yuzhong Wang ◽

Zhengguang He

Keyword(s):

Photocatalytic Oxidation ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Catalytic Degradation ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Pharmaceutical Wastewater ◽

High Concentration ◽

Modified Attapulgite ◽

Cod Removal Rate ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Almost All

Chemical synthetic pharmaceutical wastewater has characteristics of high concentration, high toxicity and poor biodegradability, so it is difficult to directly biodegrade. We used acid modified attapulgite (ATP) supported Fe-Mn-Cu polymetallic oxide as catalyst for multi-phase Fenton-like ultraviolet photocatalytic oxidation (photo-Fenton) treatment with actual chemical synthetic pharmaceutical wastewater as the treatment object. The results showed that at the initial pH of 2.0, light distance of 20 cm, and catalyst dosage and hydrogen peroxide concentration of 10.0 g/L and 0.5 mol/L respectively, the COD removal rate of wastewater reached 65% and BOD5/COD increased to 0.387 when the reaction lasted for 180 min. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) indicated that Fenton-like reaction with Fe-Mn-Cu@ATP had good catalytic potential and significant synergistic effect, and could remove almost all heterocycle compounds well. 3D-EEM (3D electron microscope) fluorescence spectra showed that the fluorescence intensity decreased significantly during catalytic degradation, and the UV humus-like and fulvic acid were effectively removed. The degradation efficiency of the nanocomposite only decreased by 5.8% after repeated use for 6 cycles. It seems appropriate to use this process as a pre-treatment for actual pharmaceutical wastewater to facilitate further biological treatment.

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