Can Gut Microbiota and Lifestyle Help Us in the Handling of Anorexia Nervosa Patients?

Gut microbiota is composed of different microorganisms that play an important role in the host. New research shows that bidirectional communications happen between intestinal microbiota and the brain, which is known as the gut–brain axis. This communication is significant and could have a negative or positive effect depending on the state of the gut microbiota. Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a mental illness associated with metabolic, immunologic, biochemical, sensory abnormalities, and extremely low body weight. Different studies have shown a dysbiosis in patients with AN. Due to the gut–brain axis, it was observed that some of the symptoms could be improved in these patients by boosting their gut microbiota. This paper highlights some evidence connecting the role of microbiota in the AN onset and disease progress. Finally, a proposal is done to include the microbiota analysis as part of the recovery protocol used to treat AN patients. When conducting clinical studies of gut microbiota in AN patients, dysbiosis is expected to be found. Then the prescription of a personalized treatment rich in prebiotics and probiotics could be proposed to reverse the dysbiosis.

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Gut microbiome dysbiosis in anorexia nervosa

Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.8601 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 75 ◽

pp. 283-291

Author(s):

Agata Janczy ◽

Magdalena Landowska ◽

Zdzisław Kochan

Keyword(s):

Anorexia Nervosa ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Body Mass ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is described as an eating disorder, which is characterized by malnutrition, a fear of gaining body mass, and a disturbed self-body image. This disease is dependent on biological, psychological and socio-cultural factors. Among the various biological factors, the importance of intestinal microbiota has recently attracted much attention. Identification of the gut microbiota dysbiosis in patients with AN has opened new and promising research directions. Recent observations focus in particular on the association between intestinal microorganisms and the occurrence of functional gastrointestinal disorders associated with anorexia, anxiety and depression, as well as the regulation of eating habits. The composition of the gut microbiota differs between patients with AN and individuals with normal body mass. This is due to the incorrect diet of patients; on the other hand, there is growing interest in the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of AN, its changes through re-nutrition practices, and in particular the modulation of intestinal microbiological composition by means of nutritional interventions or the use of preand probiotics as standard supplements therapy of eating disorders. There is a need for further research about the microbiome - intestine - brain axis. Furthermore, consequences of changes in dietary habits as part of AN treatment are also unknown. However, better knowledge about the relationship between the gut microbiome and the brain can help improve the treatment of this disorder. This review aims to present the current knowledge about the potential role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis, course and treatment of AN.

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The Role of Gut Microbiota in Tumor Immunotherapy

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2021/5061570 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Miao Wu ◽

Jiawei Bai ◽

Chengtai Ma ◽

Jie Wei ◽

Xianjin Du

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Adverse Reactions ◽

Tumor Development ◽

Tumor Immunotherapy ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Hematological Tumors ◽

New Research

Tumor immunotherapy is the fourth therapy after surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. It has made great breakthroughs in the treatment of some epithelial tumors and hematological tumors. However, its adverse reactions are common or even more serious, and the response rate in some solid tumors is not satisfactory. With the maturity of genomics and metabolomics technologies, the effect of intestinal microbiota in tumor development and treatment has gradually been recognized. The microbiota may affect tumor immunity by regulating the host immune system and tumor microenvironment. Some bacteria help fight tumors by activating immunity, while some bacteria mediate immunosuppression to help cancer cells escape from the immune system. More and more studies have revealed that the effects and complications of tumor immunotherapy are related to the composition of the gut microbiota. The composition of the intestinal microbiota that is sensitive to treatment or prone to adverse reactions has certain characteristics. These characteristics may be used as biomarkers to predict the prognosis of immunotherapy and may also be developed as “immune potentiators” to assist immunotherapy. Some clinical and preclinical studies have proved that microbial intervention, including microbial transplantation, can improve the sensitivity of immunotherapy or reduce adverse reactions to a certain extent. With the development of gene editing technology and nanotechnology, the design and development of engineered bacteria that contribute to immunotherapy has become a new research hotspot. Based on the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and immunotherapy, the correct mining of microbial information and the development of reasonable and feasible microbial intervention methods are expected to optimize tumor immunotherapy to a large extent and bring new breakthroughs in tumor treatment.

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You are what you eat: relative importance of diet, gut microbiota and nestmates for honey bee, Apis mellifera, worker health

Apidologie ◽

10.1007/s13592-021-00851-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gina Retschnig ◽

Johannes Rich ◽

Karl Crailsheim ◽

Judith Pfister ◽

Vincent Perreten ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Apis Mellifera ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Honey Bee ◽

Exposure Period ◽

Short Exposure ◽

Relative Importance ◽

Worker Health ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Positive Effect

AbstractIn eusocial honey bees, Apis mellifera, diet, gut microbiota and nestmates can all contribute to the health of freshly emerged individual workers, but their relative importance for longevity and body weight is currently unknown. Here, we show that diet is most relevant, followed by gut microbiota and the presence of nestmates. Freshly emerged workers were randomly assigned to eight treatments (with or without honey/pollen, protein-substitute lactalbumin, antibiotic tetracycline and nestmates for 24 h) and maintained under standardised laboratory conditions. Longevity and food consumption were measured daily and fresh body weight was assessed at day 7. The data show a significantly better survival and a higher body weight in workers supplied with honey/pollen. Survival was higher in the lactalbumin treatments compared to the ones restricted to sucrose only, but lower compared to those with honey/pollen, highlighting the importance of micronutrients. In contrast, antibiotic treatment had a significant negative effect on longevity and body weight, which may be explained by inactivated gut microbiota and/or toxicity of the antibiotics. There was no positive effect of nestmates, probably due to the short exposure period. In contrast, nestmates showed a negative effect on survival in antibiotic-treated workers, possibly by transmitting pathogens and antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis. In conclusion, a macro- and micronutrient-rich diet appears to be the key to individual honey bee worker health. Providing an optimal diet and possibly gut microbiota appears to be a promising way to promote managed A. mellifera health.

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Leptin Functioning in Eating Disorders

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852900009615 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 523-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Palmiero Monteleone ◽

Antonio DiLieto ◽

Eloisa Castaldo ◽

Mario Maj

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Eating Disorders ◽

Body Weight ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Immune Functions ◽

Abnormal Eating ◽

The Brain

AbstractLeptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone, which is involved predominantly in the long-term regulation of body weight and energy balance by acting as a hunger suppressant signal to the brain. Leptin is also involved in the modulation of reproduction, immune function, physical activity, and some endogenous endocrine axes. Since anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are characterized by abnormal eating behaviors, dysregulation of endogenous endocrine axes, alterations of reproductive and immune functions, and increased physical activity, extensive research has been carried out in the last decade in order to ascertain a role of this hormone in the pathophysiology of these syndromes. In this article, we review the available data on leptin physiology in patients with eating disorders. These data support the idea that leptin is not directly involved in the etiology of AN or BN. However, malnutrition-induced alterations in its physiology may contribute to the genesis and/or the maintenance of some clinical manifestations of AN and BN and may have an impact on the prognosis of AN.

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The Gut Microbiome Derived From Anorexia Nervosa Patients Impairs Weight Gain and Behavioral Performance in Female Mice

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/en.2019-00408 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 160 (10) ◽

pp. 2441-2452 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Tomokazu Hata ◽

Noriyuki Miyata ◽

Shu Takakura ◽

Kazufumi Yoshihara ◽

Yasunari Asano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Anorexia Nervosa ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Food Intake ◽

Brain Stem ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Field Tests ◽

Compulsive Behavior ◽

The Brain ◽

Poor Weight Gain

Abstract Anorexia nervosa (AN) results in gut dysbiosis, but whether the dysbiosis contributes to AN-specific pathologies such as poor weight gain and neuropsychiatric abnormalities remains unclear. To address this, germ-free mice were reconstituted with the microbiota of four patients with restricting-type AN (gAN mice) and four healthy control individuals (gHC mice). The effects of gut microbes on weight gain and behavioral characteristics were examined. Fecal microbial profiles in recipient gnotobiotic mice were clustered with those of the human donors. Compared with gHC mice, gAN mice showed a decrease in body weight gain, concomitant with reduced food intake. Food efficiency ratio (body weight gain/food intake) was also significantly lower in gAN mice than in gHC mice, suggesting that decreased appetite as well as the capacity to convert ingested food to unit of body substance may contribute to poor weight gain. Both anxiety-related behavior measured by open-field tests and compulsive behavior measured by a marble-burying test were increased only in gAN mice but not in gHC mice. Serotonin levels in the brain stem of gAN mice were lower than those in the brain stem of gHC mice. Moreover, the genus Bacteroides showed the highest correlation with the number of buried marbles among all genera identified. Administration of Bacteroides vulgatus reversed compulsive behavior but failed to exert any substantial effect on body weight. Collectively, these results indicate that AN-specific dysbiosis may contribute to both poor weight gain and mental disorders in patients with AN.

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Intestinal microbiota, obesity and prebiotics

Polish Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.33073/pjm-2015-014 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 93-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

R. BARCZYNSKA ◽

K. BANDURSKA ◽

K. SLIZEWSKA ◽

M. LITWIN ◽

M. SZALECKI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Global Scale ◽

Weight One ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity ◽

Normal Body Weight ◽

Healthy Body Weight ◽

Treatment Of Obesity

Over the past few decades there has been a significant increase in the prevalence of obesity in both children and adults. Obesity is a disease that has reached epidemic levels on a global scale. The development of obesity is associated with both environmental and genetic factors. Recent studies indicate that intestinal microorganisms play an important function in maintaining normal body weight. One of the objectives in the gut microbiota research is to determine the role it plays and can it be a reliable biomarker of disease risk, including the predisposition to obesity. This article discusses (1) the role of prebiotics and gut microbiota in maintaining a healthy body weight and (2) potential influence on the gut microbiota in the prevention and treatment of obesity.

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ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTA IN LIPID METABOLISM

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i4.23953 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 4 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Khrystyna Kvit ◽

Viacheslav Kharchenko

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Blood Lipids ◽

Published Data ◽

Long Time ◽

Lipid Balance ◽

The Relationship

Researchers have studied the connection between cholesterol and microbiota for a long time. The results of widely published data demonstrate that the relationship between the lipid balance of the blood and the composition of the intestinal microbiota is apparent. The oblective of this study was, we tried to find the path through which this connection is carried out. Furthermore, the aim was to analyze the studies, which demonstrate the decrease of blood lipids as the result of different prebiotics and probiotics prescribtion. Also, the screening of different data from previous years was done for comparing the changes in the pathogenesis.

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SUPER-SYNERGY IN THE BRAIN: THE GRANDMOTHER PERCEPT IS MANIFESTED BY MULTIPLE OSCILLATIONS

International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos ◽

10.1142/s0218127404009272 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 14 (02) ◽

pp. 453-491 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

EROL BAŞAR ◽

MURAT ÖZGÖREN ◽

SIREL KARAKAŞ ◽

CANAN BAŞAR-EROĞLU

Keyword(s):

Experimental Work ◽

Brain Function ◽

Present Report ◽

Whole Brain ◽

Animal Brain ◽

Oscillatory Dynamics ◽

New Research ◽

The Brain ◽

Face Support

The present report describes the dynamic foundations of long-standing experimental work in the field of oscillatory dynamics in the human and animal brain. It aims to show the role of multiple oscillations in the integrative brain function, memory, and complex perception by a recently introduced conceptional framework: the super-synergy in the whole brain. Results of recent experiments related to the percept of the grandmother-face support our concept of super-synergy in the whole brain in order to explain manifestation of Gestalts and Memory-Stages. This report may also provide new research avenues in macrodynamics of the brain.

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Necrotizing Enterocolitis, Gut Microbiota, and Brain Development: Role of the Brain-Gut Axis

Neonatology ◽

10.1159/000497420 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 115 (4) ◽

pp. 423-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Hendrik J. Niemarkt ◽

Tim G. De Meij ◽

Christ-jan van Ganzewinkel ◽

Nanne K.H. de Boer ◽

Peter Andriessen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Brain Development ◽

Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽

The Brain

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Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2021.729346 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Lin Xiao ◽

Qin Liu ◽

Mei Luo ◽

Lishou Xiong

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Functional Bowel Disorder ◽

Irritable Bowel ◽

The Brain ◽

Bowel Disorder

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional bowel disorder worldwide and is associated with visceral hypersensitivity, gut motility, immunomodulation, gut microbiota alterations, and dysfunction of the brain-gut axis; however, its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Gut microbiota and its metabolites are proposed as possible etiological factors of IBS. The aim of our study was to investigate specific types of microbiota-derived metabolites, especially bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids, serotonin and hypoxanthine, which are all implicated in the pathogenesis of IBS. Metabolites-focused research has identified multiple microbial targets relevant to IBS patients, important roles of microbiota-derived metabolites in the development of IBS symptoms have been established. Thus, we provide an overview of gut microbiota and their metabolites on the different subtypes of IBS (constipation-predominant IBS-C, diarrhea-predominant IBS-D) and present controversial views regarding the role of microbiota in IBS.

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