Microbiological Air Quality and Drug Resistance in Airborne Bacteria Isolated from a Waste Sorting Plant Located in Poland―A Case Study

International interests in biological air pollutants have increased rapidly to broaden the pool of knowledge on their identification and health impacts (e.g., infectious, respiratory diseases and allergies). Antibiotic resistance and its wider implications present us with a growing healthcare crisis, and an increased understanding of antibiotic-resistant bacteria populations should enable better interpretation of bioaerosol exposure found in the air. Waste sorting plant (WSP) activities are a source of occupational bacterial exposures that are associated with many health disorders. The objectives of this study were (a) to assess bacterial air quality (BAQ) in two cabins of a WSP: preliminary manual sorting cabin (PSP) and purification manual sorting cabin (quality control) (QCSP), (b) determine the particle size distribution (PSD) of bacterial aerosol (BA) in PSP, QCSP, and in the outdoor air (OUT), and (c) determine the antibiotic resistance of isolated strains of bacteria. Bacterial strains were identified on a Biolog GEN III (Biolog, Hayward, CA, USA), and disc diffusion method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out according to the Kirby–Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol. A large share of fecal bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis and Alcaligenes faecalis spp. feacalis, was found in the tested indoor air, which is a potential health hazard to the workers of the monitored WSP. Our results demonstrate the necessity to take into account fecal air pollution levels to avoid making erroneous assumptions regarding the environmental selection of antibiotic resistance. Total elimination of many anthropogenic sources is not possible, but important findings of this study can be used to develop realistic management policies methods to improve BAQ.

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Indoor Air Quality and Potential Health Risk Impacts of Exposure to Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in an Office Rooms in Southern Poland

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph15112604 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. 2604 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Ewa Brągoszewska ◽

Izabela Biedroń

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Air Quality ◽

Indoor Air Quality ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Indoor Air ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Potential Health ◽

Southern Poland ◽

Bacterial Aerosol ◽

Office Rooms

The aims of this article are to characterize: the quantity of culturable bacterial aerosol (QCBA) and the quality of culturable bacterial aerosol (QlCBA) in an office building in Southern Poland during the spring. The average concentration of culturable bacterial aerosol (CCBA) in this building ranged from 424 CFU m−3 to 821 CFU m−3, below Polish proposals for threshold limit values. Size distributions were unimodal, with a peak of particle bacterial aerodynamic diameters less than 3.3 μm, increasing potentially adverse health effects due to their inhalation. The spring office exposure dose (SPED) of bacterial aerosol was estimated. The highest value of SPED was in April (218 CFU kg−1), whereas the lowest was in June (113 CFU kg−1). Analysis was undertaken to determine the antibiotic resistance of isolated strains and their ability to form biofilms, which may facilitate the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. In the course of the study, it was found that Staphylococcus xylosus had the greatest ability to form biofilms, while the strains with the highest antibiotic resistance were Micrococcus luteus D and Macrococcus equipercicus. Given that mainly antibiotic-sensitive bacteria from bioaerosol were isolated, which transfers resistance genes to their plasmids, this shows the need for increased monitoring of indoor air quality in workplaces.

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Antibacterial Activity of Prismatomeris tetrandra K. Schum Root Extract against Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria

Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) ◽

10.48048/wjst.2019.6291 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 341-348

Author(s):

On-Anong SOMSAP

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Culture Broth ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Root Extract ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Colony Forming Units

Antibiotic resistance bacteria has become an increasing problem now today due to many factors. This study investigates the efficacy of Prismatomeris tetrandra K. Schum root extract as a new source of antibacterial activity for antibiotic resistant bacteria using agar well diffusion method. The results showed that S. aureus TISTR517 exhibited more sensitivity to P. tetrandra K. Schum root extract than other Gram-positive bacteria indicator strains. On the other hand, Gram-negative bacteria exhibited resistance to P. tetrandra K. Schum root extract. The study further showed the activity between P. tetrandra K. Schum root extract and gentamycin (10 µg), it revealed that MRSA142 was resistant to gentamycin (10µg) but sensitive to P. tetrandra K. Schum root extract. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was evaluated by using S. aureus TISTR517 and MRSA142 as indicator strains. The MIC value was 0.59 mg/mL and 1.17 mg/mL for S. aureus TISTR517 and MRSA142, respectively. MBC assay demonstrated that the MBC value was 9.75 mg/mL and 150 mg/mL for S. aureus TISTR517 and MRSA142 respectively. The mode of action was investigated with the presence of P. tetrandra K. Schum root extract in the culture broth. The action of P. tetrandra K. Schum root extract was revealed of bacteriostatic activity due to the Optical density (OD) at 600 nm and Colony-Forming Units (CFU) of indicator strains were continuously decreased.

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Antibiotic Resistance of Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Fresh Fruits and Vegetables and Characterization of their AmpC β-Lactamases

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-089 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 82 (11) ◽

pp. 1857-1863 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

ZAHRA S. AL-KHAROUSI ◽

NEJIB GUIZANI ◽

ABDULLAH M. AL-SADI ◽

ISMAIL M. AL-BULUSHI

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Clinically Significant ◽

Enterobacter Asburiae

ABSTRACT Enterobacteria may gain antibiotic resistance and be potent pathogens wherever they are present, including in fresh fruits and vegetables. This study tested the antibiotic resistance of enterobacteria isolated from 13 types of local and imported fresh fruits and vegetables (n = 105), using the standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Phenotypic and genotypic characterizations of AmpC β-lactamases were determined in cefoxitin-resistant isolates. Ten percent of the enterobacteria tested (n = 88) were pansusceptible, 74% were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 16% were multidrug resistant. Enterobacteria isolates showed the highest antibiotic resistance against ampicillin (66%), cephalothin (57%), amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (33%), cefoxitin (31%), tetracycline (9%), nalidixic acid (7%), trimethoprim (6%), and kanamycin (5%). Three isolates showed intermediate resistance to the clinically important antibiotic imipenem. Escherichia coli isolated from lettuce exhibited multidrug resistance against five antibiotics. Fifteen isolates were confirmed to have AmpC β-lactamase, using the inhibitor-based test and the antagonism test; the latter test confirmed that the enzyme was an inducible type. Four types of ampC β-lactamase genes (CIT, EBC, FOX, and MOX) were detected in eight isolates: four Enterobacter cloacae isolates and one isolate each of Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacter hormaechei, and Enterobacter ludwigii. It was concluded that fresh fruits and vegetables might play a role as a source or vehicle for transferring antibiotic-resistant bacteria that might spread to other countries through exportation. The clinically significant AmpC β-lactamase was rarely documented in the literature on bacteria isolated from fruits and vegetables, and to our knowledge, this is the first report on the detection of an inducible type in such commodities.

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Microbiological Air Quality in a Highschool Gym Located in an Urban Area of Southern Poland—Preliminary Research

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos11080797 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 797 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ewa Brągoszewska ◽

Izabela Biedroń ◽

Anna Mainka

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Air Quality ◽

Urban Area ◽

Physical And Mental Health ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Southern Poland ◽

Respirable Fraction ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Bacterial Aerosol ◽

Corynebacterium Striatum

The benefits of regular exercise include improved physical and mental health. The school gym is a particular micro-environment where students perform intensive physical training. The question is if there is an increased risk of microbiological contamination. This preliminary work studied the exposure of students to bacterial aerosol (BA) in a highschool gym located in an urban area of Southern Poland. A sampling of BA was undertaken with an Andersen six-stage impactor (ANDI). BA was identified using API (analytical profile index) tests. The BA concentrations were expressed as Colony Forming Units (CFU) per cubic metre of air. The results showed that before gym classes (BGC), the concentration of BA was 4.20 × 102 ± 49.19 CFU/m3, while during gym classes (DGC), the level of BA more than doubled (8.75 × 102 ± 121.39 CFU/m3). There was also an increase in the respirable fraction of BA (particles less than 3.3 µm). Before the start of the sports activities, respirable fraction accounted for 30% of the BA, while during physical education classes, this share increased to over 80%. Identification of BA species showed that the dominant group of bacteria in the indoor air of the gym BGC was Gram-positive rods (61%) and for DGC it was Gram-positive cocci (81%). We detected that one bacteria strain (Corynebacterium striatum) was classified into risk group 2 (RG2) according to Directive 2000/54/EC. Additionally, multi-antibiotic resistance (MAR) showed that among the isolated airborne bacteria, the highest antibiotic resistance was demonstrated by Staphylococcus epidermis (isolated DGC) and Pseudomonas sp. (isolated BGC). The quantitative and qualitative information on microbiological air quality (MIAQ) in the school gym indicates that the actions to improve indoor physical activity spaces are recommended.

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Antibiotic Resistance among Escherichia coli Isolates from Hospital Wastewater Compared to Community Wastewater

Water ◽

10.3390/w13233449 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 3449

Author(s):

Cristina-Mirabela Gaşpar ◽

Ludovic Toma Cziszter ◽

Cristian Florin Lăzărescu ◽

Ioan Ţibru ◽

Marius Pentea ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Hospital Wastewater ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

E Coli

This study aimed to compare the antibiotic resistance levels of the indicator bacteria Escherichia coli in wastewater samples collected from two hospitals and two urban communities. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 81 E. coli isolates (47 from hospitals and 34 from communities) using the disc diffusion method according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) methodology. Ten antibiotics from nine different classes were chosen. The strains isolated from the community wastewater, compared to those from the hospital wastewater, were not resistant to gentamicin (p = 0.03), but they showed a significantly higher susceptibility—increased exposure to ceftazidime (p = 0.001). Multidrug resistance was observed in 85.11% of the hospital wastewater isolates and 73.53% of the community isolates (p > 0.05). The frequency of the presumed carbapenemase-producing E. coli was higher among the community isolates (76.47% compared to 68.09%) (p > 0.05), whereas the frequency of the presumed extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli was higher among the hospital isolates (21.28% compared to 5.88%) (p > 0.05). The antibiotic resistance rates were high in both the hospital and community wastewaters, with very few significant differences between them, so the community outlet might be a source of resistant bacteria that is at least as important as the well-recognised hospitals.

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A Preliminary Study on Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. Grown on Mannitol Salt Agar in European Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Hunted in Campania Region—Italy

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani12010085 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 85

Author(s):

Francesca Paola Nocera ◽

Gianmarco Ferrara ◽

Emanuela Scandura ◽

Monica Ambrosio ◽

Filomena Fiorito ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Wild Boar ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Mannitol Salt Agar ◽

Campania Region ◽

Wild Boars ◽

Nasal Cavities ◽

Enterococcus Spp ◽

Staphylococcus Spp

The importance of wild boar lies in its role as a bioindicator for the control of numerous zoonotic and non-zoonotic diseases, including antibiotic resistance. Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) is a selective medium used for isolation, enumeration, and differentiation of pathogenic staphylococci. Other genera such as Enterococcus spp. are also salt tolerant and able to grow on MSA. The present study focused on the identification, by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), of bacteria grown on MSA isolated from the nasal cavities of 50 healthy wild boars hunted in Campania Region (southern Italy) in the year 2019. In addition, the antimicrobial resistance phenotype of the isolated strains was determined by disk diffusion method. Among genus Staphylococcus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) were the most common isolated species, with Staphylococcus xylosus as the most prevalent species (33.3%). Furthermore, Enterococcus spp. strains were isolated, and Enterococcus faecalis was the species showing the highest frequency of isolation (93.8%). For staphylococci, high levels of resistance to oxacillin (93.3%) were recorded. Differently, they exhibited low frequencies of resistance to tested non-β-lactams antibiotics. Among enterococci, the highest resistances were observed for penicillin (93.7%), followed by ampicillin (75%), and ciprofloxacin (68.7%). Interestingly, 43.7% of the isolated strains were vancomycin-resistant. In conclusion, this study reports the phenotypic antibiotic resistance profiles of Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. strains isolated from nasal cavities of wild boars hunted in Campania Region, highlighting that these wild animals are carriers of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

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Detection of Multidrug Resistant Gram Negative Bacteria in Healthy Cattle from Maiduguri Metropolitan, Nigeria

Journal of Advances in Microbiology ◽

10.9734/jamb/2020/v20i630255 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 68-76

Author(s):

Adam Mustapha ◽

Mustafa Alhaji Isa ◽

Ibrahim Yusuf Ngoshe ◽

Hashidu Bala

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Healthy Cattle

Aim: Prevalence of multidrug resistant bacteria on apparently health animals has turned antibiotic resistance to multifaceted process and threatens global food security and public health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the resistance profile of isolates from apparently healthy cattle in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 120 nasal swab samples were collected from cattle. Colony identification was according to the guidelines of Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. The susceptibility pattern of the isolates was conducted on the identified isolates according to the Modified Kirby-Baur disc diffusion method on Muller-Hilton agar and interpreted according to the procedures of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, 2018) guidelines. Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) was calculated using the formula, MARI=a/b where “a” is the number of antibiotic resisted and “b” is the total number of antibiotic used in the study. Results: Of the total samples (120) from cattle 96 (80%) detected the following isolates; E. coli was the most commonly recovered isolates (33, 34.4%), followed by Klebsiella spp (28, 29.2%), Salmonella spp (21, 21.9%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14, 14.5%). In this study, all the recovered isolates were found to be multidrug resistant gram negative bacteria, with highest resistance was shown by Salmonella spp. The high MARI observed in all the isolates in this study ranging from 0.7 to 0.9. MARI value of 0.2 > is suggests multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria and indicate presence of highly resistant bacteria. Conclusion: The study indicates highly resistant bacteria are carried by healthy food animals. Thus, there is need for continued monitoring of antibiotics use in animal husbandry to prevent further spread of resistance in Maiduguri, Nigeria.

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Investigation of Some Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Indigenous Lactobacilli Isolated From Traditional Yogurt In Zanjan Province of Iran

10.21203/rs.3.rs-612605/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bahare Moghimi ◽

Maryam Ghobadi Dana ◽

Reza Shapouri

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Food Chain ◽

Starter Culture ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Molecular Methods ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Fermented Foods ◽

Antibiotic Resistant

Abstract Purpose: Given the increasing use of antibiotics on humans and livestock for treatment or as a growth stimulant, antibiotic resistance has become a general concern. The food chain and specially fermented foods could be a source of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) and Lactobacilli are considered safe to use as starter culture or probiotic strains. Recently, however, antibiotic-resistant genes isolated from LABs showed the necessity of setting international regulations to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance genes transmission via the food chain. The current study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance of Lactobacilli isolated from traditional yogurt samples from Zanjan province in Iran.Methods: Lactobacilli characterization and identification were carried out through biochemical and molecular methods. The disk diffusion method was applied to determine phenotype resistance using 13 antibiotic disks resistance genes presence were investigated in the isolates to determine transferability risk, respectively.Results: Based on biochemical and molecular methods, 24 isolates have been identified as Lactobacilli with multiple antibiotic-resistant phenotypes. Vancomycin resistance was a typical phenotype and genotype among isolates. On investigated Lactobacilli chromosome, Tetracycline resistance genes Chloramphenicol (cat), beta-lactam, aminoglycosides (aph (3’)-III), and aadA resistance genes have been detected. While the examined resistance genes have not been detected on the plasmids, they were all on the bacterial chromosome.Conclusion: The results showed that the investigated isolates did not carry the resistance genes on their plasmids. It, therefore, would be a good point since they probably do not transfer resistance genes to other bacteria, and they would be proper candidates to do more investigation for introducing new safe starter culture or probiotic strain to food industries.

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ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM SEDIMENT OF COASTAL WATER OF PAHANG, MALAYSIA

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v77.6709 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 77 (24) ◽

Author(s):

Nurhazlin Ab Rahman ◽

Ahmed Jalal Khan Chowdhury ◽

Zaima Azira Zainal Abidin

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Coastal Water ◽

High Resistance ◽

Polymyxin B ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Index Value

This study was undertaken to determine the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in sediment of coastal water of Pahang, Malaysia. A total of 125 bacteria were isolated from sediment samples of Tanjung Lumpur (A and B), Teluk Chempedak, Batu Hitam and Balok and tested against 10 different antibiotics by disc diffusion method. In Teluk Chempedak and Balok, the greatest frequencies of resistance in bacteria were found in Polymyxin B and Streptomycin but less common in Chloramphenicol. Meanwhile, high resistance of bacteria against the antibiotic in Tanjung Lumpur existed in Polymyxin B, Penicillin G and Ampicillin, whilst no resistance in bacteria was found in Chloramphenicol, Gentamycin and Erythromycin. Most of the bacteria from Batu Hitam exhibited high resistance to most of the antibiotics tested. Approximately, most of the isolates showed Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index value higher than 0.2 (>0.2) which suggest there are high-risk of antibiotics contamination in the areas. Two isolates that showed resistance to most antibiotics were identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Brevundimonas vesicularis. Findings from this preliminary study revealed the presence of antibiotic resistance strain of bacteria which may indicate the occurrence of antibiotic contamination s at the coastal water of Pahang, Malaysia and this may pose a potential public health implications.

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Multidrug Resistance among Gram Negative E. coli in Chicken Meat (Rafha-Saudi Arabia)

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i58a34087 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 38-48

Author(s):

Akbar Ali ◽

Vijay R. Chidrawar

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Saudi Arabia ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

E Coli ◽

Northern Border

Aims: Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria pose a major public health issuer globally. The genes for antibiotic resistance are transferred vertically in the form of genomic DNA and horizontally in the form of plasmids or transposons. Antibiotic are extensively used in animal farming to treat and prevent animal diseases, and at sub-therapeutic doses, they are used to promote animal growth. This extensive use of antibiotics is causing an increase in resistance among bacteria. More frequent, chicken meat available at retail shops is reported to be contaminated with a variety of drug resistant bacteria including E. Coli. The aim of the present study was to investigate antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from chicken meat available in the local shops of Rafha, Saudi Arabia. Place and Duration of Study: Department of basic health sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia, between February and October, 2019 Methodology: Eighty-six E. coli strains, isolated from chicken meat, were tested for their antibiotic resistance profile, using the disc diffusion method. Results: All the isolated E. coli strains were tested against 14 antibiotics. The maximum resistance was found against penicillin G (95%) followed by amoxicillin (85%), Cephalothin (81%), Erythromycin (72%), and Tetracycline (50%). Imipenem was the most effective agent of all with only 1% resistance followed by Cefepime with almost 6% resistance. A high percentage of the isolates (57%,) were multidrug resistant as they were non—susceptible to at least one antimicrobial in ≥3 antimicrobial classes including amoxicillin, erythromycin and tetracycline. Conclusion: The prevalence of MDR E. coli in retail chicken meat is very high and could pose a serious threat to public health.

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