scholarly journals Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Trichoderma spp. against Phytopathogenic Fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja Asad Ali Khan ◽  
Saba Najeeb ◽  
Shaukat Hussain ◽  
Bingyan Xie ◽  
Yan Li
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Fungal Resistance ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Global Food Security

Phytopathogenic fungi, causing significant economic and production losses, are becoming a serious threat to global food security. Due to an increase in fungal resistance and the hazardous effects of chemical fungicides to human and environmental health, scientists are now engaged to explore alternate non-chemical and ecofriendly management strategies. The use of biocontrol agents and their secondary metabolites (SMs) is one of the potential approaches used today. Trichoderma spp. are well known biocontrol agents used globally. Many Trichoderma species are the most prominent producers of SMs with antimicrobial activity against phytopathogenic fungi. Detailed information about these secondary metabolites, when grouped together, enhances the understanding of their efficient utilization and further exploration of new bioactive compounds for the management of plant pathogenic fungi. The current literature provides the information about SMs of Trichoderma spp. in a different context. In this review, we summarize and group different antifungal SMs of Trichoderma spp. against phytopathogenic fungi along with a comprehensive overview of some aspects related to their chemistry and biosynthesis. Moreover, a brief overview of the biosynthesis pathway, action mechanism, and different approaches for the analysis of SMs and the factors affecting the regulation of SMs in Trichoderma is also discussed.

scholarly journals Trichodiene Production in a Trichoderma harzianum erg1-Silenced Strain Provides Evidence of the Importance of the Sterol Biosynthetic Pathway in Inducing Plant Defense-Related Gene Expression

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1181-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Malmierca ◽  
S. P. McCormick ◽  
R. E. Cardoza ◽  
E. Monte ◽  
N. J. Alexander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Defense Related Gene ◽  
Fungal Interactions

Trichoderma species are often used as biocontrol agents against plant-pathogenic fungi. A complex molecular interaction occurs among the biocontrol agent, the antagonistic fungus, and the plant. Terpenes and sterols produced by the biocontrol fungus have been found to affect gene expression in both the antagonistic fungus and the plant. The terpene trichodiene (TD) elicits the expression of genes related to tomato defense and to Botrytis virulence. We show here that TD itself is able to induce the expression of Botrytis genes involved in the synthesis of botrydial (BOT) and also induces terpene gene expression in Trichoderma spp. The terpene ergosterol, in addition to its role as a structural component of the fungal cell membranes, acts as an elicitor of defense response in plants. In the present work, using a transformant of T. harzianum, which is silenced in the erg1 gene and accumulates high levels of squalene, we show that this ergosterol precursor also acts as an important elicitor molecule of tomato defense-related genes and induces Botrytis genes involved in BOT biosynthesis, in both cases, in a concentration-dependent manner. Our data emphasize the importance of a balance of squalene and ergosterol in fungal interactions as well as in the biocontrol activity of Trichoderma spp.

scholarly journals Research Progress on Phytopathogenic Fungi and Their Role as Biocontrol Agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Peng ◽  
Shi J. Li ◽  
Jun Yan ◽  
Yong Tang ◽  
Jian P. Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Pathogenic Factors ◽  
Microbial Resources

Phytopathogenic fungi decrease crop yield and quality and cause huge losses in agricultural production. To prevent the occurrence of crop diseases and insect pests, farmers have to use many synthetic chemical pesticides. The extensive use of these pesticides has resulted in a series of environmental and ecological problems, such as the increase in resistant weed populations, soil compaction, and water pollution, which seriously affect the sustainable development of agriculture. This review discusses the main advances in research on plant-pathogenic fungi in terms of their pathogenic factors such as cell wall-degrading enzymes, toxins, growth regulators, effector proteins, and fungal viruses, as well as their application as biocontrol agents for plant pests, diseases, and weeds. Finally, further studies on plant-pathogenic fungal resources with better biocontrol effects can help find new beneficial microbial resources that can control diseases.

scholarly journals In vitro CONFRONTATION OF Trichoderma spp. ISOLATES WITH PHYTOPATHOGENIC AND NON-PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton Luiz da Paz Lima ◽  
Maria Cristina Araújo Vaz ◽  
Aline Suelen da Silva ◽  
Karoliny De Almeida Souza ◽  
Gabriel Isaias Lee Tuñon
Keyword(s):  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Opposite Position ◽  
Trichoderma Isolate ◽  
Alternaria Sp ◽  
Area Percentage

The aim of this study was the confrontation of Trichoderma spp. with pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi. The Trichoderma spp. and filamentous fungi (Fusarium solani, Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Aspergillus niger) were transferred to potato-dextrose-agar (PDA). The confrontation was performed using Petri dishes inoculated with mycelial disks in opposite position (9 mm) of Trichoderma spp. and filamentous fungi. After inoculation the plates remained under 25 ° C regime to 12 hours light for a period of seven days. After this period was evaluated qualitatively according to the scale of Bell et al. (1982), which consists of the suitability scores for the area percentage of the culture medium under expression of antagonism. The isolate of C. gloeosporioides (jatropha) was isolated which had statistically slightly inhibited growth by Trichoderma spp., Unlike the isolated Alternaria sp. (parsley) was isolated micelial fungi suffered the most antagonism. Statistically the Trichoderma isolate derived from pineapple promoted the highest antagonistic activity against isolates of pathogenic fungi tested, being a candidate for use in biocontrol.

scholarly journals Defective RNA of a Novel Mycovirus with High Transmissibility Detrimental to Biocontrol Properties of Trichoderma spp.

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaqi You ◽  
Kang Zhou ◽  
Xiaolin Liu ◽  
Mingde Wu ◽  
Long Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stop Codon ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Start Codon ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Defective Rna

Trichoderma species are a group of fungi which is widely distributed in major terrestrial ecosystems; they are also commonly used as biocontrol agents for many plant diseases. A virus, namely Trichoderma harzianum hypovirus 1 (ThHV1), was identified in T. harzianum isolate T-70, and also infected isolate T-70D, together with its defective RNA (ThHV1-S). The ThHV1 genome possessed two Open Reading Frames (ORFs), namely ORF1 and ORF2. The start codon of ORF2 overlapped with the stop codon of ORF1 in a 43 nt long region. The polypeptide encoded by ORF2 of ThHV1 shared sequence similarities with those of betahypoviruses, indicating that ThHV1 is a novel member of Hypoviridea. Isolate T-70D, carrying both ThHV1 and ThHV1-S, showed abnormal biological properties, notably a decreased mycoparasitism ability when compared with isolate T-70. Both ThHV1 and ThHV1-S could be vertically transmitted to conidia and horizontally transmitted to T. harzianum isolate T-68 and T. koningiopsis T-51. The derivative strains carrying both ThHV1 and ThHV1-S showed decreased mycoparasitism ability, whereas strains carrying ThHV1 alone were normal, indicating that ThHV1-S is closely associated with the decreased mycoparasitism ability of T. harzianum isolate T-70D. ThHV1 was widely detected in isolates of T. harzianum, T. koningiopsis and T. atroviride originating from soil of China. Therefore, viruses in fungal biocontrol agents may also be a factor associated with the stability of their application.

scholarly journals Functional Characterization of TvCyt2, a Member of the p450 Monooxygenases From Trichoderma virens Relevant During the Association With Plants and Mycoparasitism

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia A. Ramírez-Valdespino ◽  
Maria Daniela Porras-Troncoso ◽  
Alma Rosa Corrales-Escobosa ◽  
Kazimierz Wrobel ◽  
Pedro Martínez-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Trichoderma Virens ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
P450 Monooxygenases

Secondary metabolites are crucial for the establishment of interactions between plants and microbes, as in the case of Trichoderma-plant interactions. In the biosynthetic pathway of secondary metabolites, specific enzymes participate in the formation of hydroxyl and epoxy groups, belonging to the p450 monooxygenases family. Here, we show that the product of the gene TvCyt2 from Trichoderma virens encodes a new protein homologous to the cytochrome p450, which is down-regulated at the beginning of Trichoderma-Arabidopsis interaction. To investigate its role in the interactions established by Trichoderma spp., we analyzed the metabolic profile obtained from the overexpressing (OETvCyt2) and null mutant (Δtvcyt2) strains, observing that the OETvCyt2 strains produce a higher concentration of some metabolites than the wild-type (WT) strain. Δtvcyt2 strains showed a decreased antagonistic activity against Rhizoctonia solani in antibiosis assays. Arabidopsis plants cocultivated with the OETvCyt2 strains showed stronger induction of systemic acquired resistance than plants cocultivated with the WT strain, as well as increases in biomass and fitness. Our data suggest that the product of the TvCyt2 gene is involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, which can increase antagonistic activity with phytopathogenic fungi and the capacity to promote plant growth.

scholarly journals Non-Volatile Metabolites from Trichoderma spp.

Metabolites ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Fei Li ◽  
Guo-Hong Li ◽  
Ke-Qin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Structural Type ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Volatile Metabolites ◽  
Unidentified Species ◽  
Potential Use

The genus Trichoderma is comprised of many common fungi species that are distributed worldwide across many ecosystems. Trichoderma species are well-known producers of secondary metabolites with a variety of biological activities. Their potential use as biocontrol agents has been known for many years. Several reviews about metabolites from Trichoderma have been published. These reviews are based on their structural type, biological activity, or fungal origin. In this review, we summarize the secondary metabolites per Trichoderma species and elaborate on approximately 390 non-volatile compounds from 20 known species and various unidentified species.

scholarly journals The Constitutive Endopolygalacturonase TvPG2 Regulates the Induction of Plant Systemic Resistance by Trichoderma virens

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 537-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Sarrocco ◽  
Fabiola Matarese ◽  
Riccardo Baroncelli ◽  
Giovanni Vannacci ◽  
Verena Seidl-Seiboth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Opportunistic Fungi ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Tomato Roots

Trichoderma spp. are opportunistic fungi some of which are commonly present in the rhizosphere. Several species, such as T. virens, are also efficient biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic fungi and exert beneficial effects on plants. These effects are the consequence of interactions between Trichoderma and plant roots, which trigger enhanced plant growth and induce plant resistance. We have previously shown that T. virens I10 expresses two endopolygalacturonase genes, tvpg1 and tvpg2, during the interaction with plant roots; tvpg1 is inducible while tvpg2 is constitutively transcribed. Using the same system, the tomato polygalacturonase-inhibitor gene Lepgip1 was induced at the same time as tvpg1. Here we show by gene disruption that TvPG2 performs a regulatory role on the inducible tvpg1 gene and in triggering the plant immune response. A tvpg2-knockout strain fails to transcribe the inducible tvpg1 gene in neither in vitro in inducing media containing pectin or plant cell walls, nor during the in vivo interaction with tomato roots. Likewise, the in vivo induction of Lepgip1 does not occur, and its defense against the pathogen Botrytis cinerea is significantly reduced. Our data prove the importance of a T. virens constitutively produced endopolygalacturonase in eliciting plant induced systemic resistance against pathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals Streptomycetes antagonism against Cladosporium fulvum Cooke and Fusarium oxysporium f.sp. lycopersici

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1897-1900
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina Fermino Soares ◽  
Carla da Silva Sousa ◽  
Marlon da Silva Garrido
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Development Methods

This research aimed to evaluate the secondary effects of secondary metabolites produced by streptomycetes on spore germination and mycelial growth of the phytopathogenic fungi Cladosporium fulvum Cooke and Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. lycopersici from tomato plants. Metabolites produced by streptomycete isolates codified as AC-147 and AC-92 caused 94.1% inhibition of C. fulvum while AC-95 isolate caused 33.9% inhibition. AC-92 was the most efficient for F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, causing 94.2% inhibition of spore germination. For mycelial growth, AC-26 and AC-92 were the most efficient in inhibiting C. fulvum growth by 46.6% and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici by 29.9%. These streptomycetes are potential agents for biocontrol development methods of these tomato plant pathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals Fungal Resistance to Plant Antibiotics as a Mechanism of Pathogenesis

1999 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 708-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Morrissey ◽  
Anne E. Osbourn
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Fungal Resistance ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Degradative Enzymes

SUMMARY Many plants produce low-molecular-weight compounds which inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi in vitro. These compounds may be preformed inhibitors that are present constitutively in healthy plants (also known as phytoanticipins), or they may be synthesized in response to pathogen attack (phytoalexins). Successful pathogens must be able to circumvent or overcome these antifungal defenses, and this review focuses on the significance of fungal resistance to plant antibiotics as a mechanism of pathogenesis. There is increasing evidence that resistance of fungal pathogens to plant antibiotics can be important for pathogenicity, at least for some fungus-plant interactions. This evidence has emerged largely from studies of fungal degradative enzymes and also from experiments in which plants with altered levels of antifungal secondary metabolites were generated. Whereas the emphasis to date has been on degradative mechanisms of resistance of phytopathogenic fungi to antifungal secondary metabolites, in the future we are likely to see a rapid expansion in our knowledge of alternative mechanisms of resistance. These may include membrane efflux systems of the kind associated with multidrug resistance and innate resistance due to insensitivity of the target site. The manipulation of plant biosynthetic pathways to give altered antibiotic profiles will also be valuable in telling us more about the significance of antifungal secondary metabolites for plant defense and clearly has great potential for enhancing disease resistance for commercial purposes.

scholarly journals The Effect of Trichoderma spp. on the Composition of Volatile Secondary Metabolites and Biometric Parameters of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gębarowska ◽  
M. Pytlarz-Kozicka ◽  
J. Nöfer ◽  
J. Łyczko ◽  
M. Adamski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Coriandrum Sativum ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Biometric Parameters ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Liquid Suspension ◽  
Number Of Seeds

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of Trichoderma spp. on volatile secondary metabolites and biometric parameters obtained from coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). The fruits of coriander treated with liquid suspension spores of T. harzianum strain T22 and of T. asperellum strain B35 increased the yield of essential oil (by ∼36%); however, it was unaffected in its composition. Moreover, Trichoderma spp. influenced the yield and increased the number of seeds of coriander by ∼60%. Inoculation seeds with T. asperelleum strain B35 caused about 2-fold increase in the biomass of the aerial parts of coriander. There was also an increased root colonization by the fungus Trichoderma spp., limiting the number of phytopathogenic fungi from genus Fusarium observed.

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