scholarly journals Origin of Fluoride and Arsenic in the Main Ethiopian Rift Waters

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 453
Author(s):  
Gianluca Bianchini ◽  
Valentina Brombin ◽  
Chiara Marchina ◽  
Claudio Natali ◽  
Tewodros Rango Godebo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spring ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Lacustrine Sediments ◽  
Volcanic Glass ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ethiopian Rift ◽  
Main Ethiopian Rift ◽  
Health Organization

In the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER) area, rural populations often use water that exceeds the World Health Organization thresholds for fluoride (F–) and arsenic (As), two elements that are hazardous for human health. In this study, twenty-nine water samples were collected from lakes and hot and cold springs in southern MER to investigate source(s) and health-risk of the F– and As contamination. According to major ion and trace element analyses, only cold spring water is safe for consumption, whereas hot spring water is the most contaminated. Leaching tests performed with the MER rhyolitic volcanic rocks and their weathered products (fluvio-lacustrine sediments) demonstrate that the main cause of the F– and As release is geogenic, i.e., not related to anthropogenic activities. The weathering of volcanic glass and minerals (apatites, clays, hydro-oxides) by CO2-bearing alkaline water induces the mobilisation of F– and As from solid to liquid phase. This process is particularly fast, when fluvio-lacustrine sediments are involved, and can be further enhanced by hot groundwater leaching. This study, investigating the distribution, sources, and mechanisms of F– and As release in MER water, could be of interest also for other sectors of the East African Rift and other similar volcano-tectonic settings.

scholarly journals The effect of hydrogeological and hydrochemical dynamics on landslide triggering in the central highlands of Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 1239-1260
Author(s):  
Tesfay Kiros Mebrahtu ◽  
Andre Banning ◽  
Ermias Hagos Girmay ◽  
Stefan Wohnlich
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Unconsolidated Sediments ◽  
Ethiopian Rift ◽  
Main Ethiopian Rift ◽  
Groundwater Level Fluctuations ◽  
Landslide Mass ◽  
Landslide Triggering

AbstractThe volcanic terrain at the western margin of the Main Ethiopian Rift in the Debre Sina area is known for its slope stability problems. This report describes research on the effects of the hydrogeological and hydrochemical dynamics on landslide triggering by using converging evidence from geological, geomorphological, geophysical, hydrogeochemical and isotopic investigations. The chemical characterization indicates that shallow to intermediate aquifers cause groundwater flow into the landslide mass, influencing long-term groundwater-level fluctuations underneath the landslide and, as a consequence, its stability. The low content of total dissolved solids and the bicarbonate types (Ca–Mg–HCO3 and Ca–HCO3) of the groundwater, and the dominantly depleted isotopic signature, indicate a fast groundwater flow regime that receives a high amount of precipitation. The main causes of the landslide are the steep slope topography and the pressure formed during precipitation, which leads to an increased weight of the loose and weathered materials. The geophysical data indicate that the area is covered by unconsolidated sediments and highly decomposed and weak volcanic rocks, which are susceptible to sliding when they get moist. The heterogeneity of the geological materials and the presence of impermeable layers embodied within the highly permeable volcanic rocks can result in the build-up of hydrostatic pressure at their interface, which can trigger landslides. Intense fracturing in the tilted basalt and ignimbrite beds can also accelerate infiltration of water, resulting to the build-up of high hydrostatic pressure causing low effective normal stress in the rock mass, giving rise to landslides.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in the Vicinity of Khurrianwala Industrial Zone, Pakistan

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aleem ◽  
Cao Shun ◽  
Chao Li ◽  
Arslan Aslam ◽  
Wu Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
World Health ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Industrial Zone ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
National Environmental

The industrial augmentation and unguided anthropogenic activities contaminate water sources in most parts of the world especially in developing countries like Pakistan. High concentration of pollutants in groundwater affects human, soil, and crop health badly. The present study was conducted to investigate groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in an industrial zone of Pakistan. A GIS tool was used to investigate the spatial distribution of different physico-chemical parameters. In this study, the average results exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) and National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) were found for pH 7.84, total dissolved solids (TDS) 1492 mg/L, phosphate 0.51 mg/L, dissolved oxygen (DO) 9.92% saturation, F-coli 6.48 colonies/100 mL, Na+ 366 mg/L, HCO3− 771 mg/L, sulfate 251 mg/L, chlorides 427 mg/L, total hardness (as CaCO3) 292 mg/L, electrical conductivity (EC) 2408 μS/cm, iron (Fe) 0.48 mg/L, chrome (Cr) 0.50 mg/L, arsenic (As) 0.04 mg/L, total phosphorus (TP) 0.17 mg/L, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 9.76 (in meq/L), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) 9.28 meq/L, % ion balance 14.4 (in meq/L), percentage sodium ion (% Na+) concentration 58.9 meq/L, and water quality index (WQI) 69.0. The trend of cations and anions were (in meq/L) Na > Mg > Ca > K and HCO3 > Cl > CO3 > SO4 respectively. Although the results of the present study showed poor conditions of the groundwater for drinking as WQI but and irrigation purposes as SAR, it needs to improve some more conditions for the provision of safe drinking water and irrigation water quality.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Fluoride in Drinking Water in Dhamar City, Yemen

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63
Author(s):  
Hefdhallah Al Aizari ◽  
Rachida Fegrouche ◽  
Ali Al Aizari ◽  
Saeed S. Albaseer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
World Health ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Central Plateau ◽  
The World ◽  
Pca Method ◽  
Health Organization

The fact that groundwater is the only source of drinking water in Yemen mandates strict monitoring of its quality. The aim of this study was to measure the levels of fluoride in the groundwater resources of Dhamar city. Dhamar city is the capital of Dhamar governorate located in the central plateau of Yemen. For this purpose, fluoride content in the groundwater from 16 wells located around Dhamar city was measured. The results showed that 75% of the investigated wells contain fluoride at or below the permissible level set by the World Health Organization (0.5 – 1.5 mg/L), whereas 25% of the wells have relatively higher fluoride concentrations (1.59 – 184 mg/L). The high levels of fluoride have been attributed to the anthropogenic activities in the residential areas near the contaminated wells. Interestingly, some wells contain very low fluoride concentrations (0.30 – 0.50 mg/L).  Data were statistically treated using the principal component analysis (PCA) method to investigate any possible correlations between various factors. PCA shows a high correlation between well depth and its content of fluoride. On the other hand, health problems dominating in the study area necessitate further studies to investigate any correlation with imbalanced fluoride intake.

scholarly journals Hydrogeochemical characteristics of the Ozancik hot spring, Canakkale, Turkey

2001 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rustem Pehlivan
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Alluvial Deposits ◽  
Basement Rocks ◽  
The World ◽  
Geological Map ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Town

This investigation was carried out to determine the hydrogeochemical characteristics of the Ozancik hot spring. The study area is located about 15 km southwest of the town of Can, Canakkale. During the investigation, a geological map of the hot spring and its surroundings was prepared, and hot water and rock samples were collected from the study site. The Palaeogene-Neogene andesite, trachyandesite, andesitic tuff, silicified tuff, and tuffites form the basement rocks and they are overlain by the Quaternary alluvial deposits. The chemical analysis of hot water indicates that it is rich in SO42-(575 ppm), Cl-(193.2 ppm), HCO3-(98.5 ppm), Na+(315 ppm),  K+(7.248 ppm). Ca2+(103 ppm), Mg2+(0.274 ppm), and SiO2(43.20). The distribution of ions in the hot water on the Schoeller diagram has an arrangement of r(Na++K+)>rCa2+>rMg2+and r(SO42-)>rCl->r(HCO3-).  In addition, the inclusion of Fe2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Ni2+ and Hg2+ in the hot water samples indicates potential natural inorganic contamination.  The water analysis carried out following the ICPMS-200 technique was evaluated according to the World Health Organization and Turkish Standards. The utilisation and the effects of the hot water on human health are also discussed in the paper.

Air quality evaluation of some industrial cities of Pakistan using INAA and AAS

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Waheed ◽  
A. Rahman ◽  
M. Daud ◽  
S. Rahman ◽  
Z. Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
World Health ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Health Organization

SummaryInstrumental Neutron Activation Analysis technique (INAA) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) have been employed for the characterization of 40 trace elements in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and soil samples from Pakistan's industrially important cities of Gujranwala and Faisalabad. The air particulates, which were collected from five different locations of each city, indicate moderate to unhealthy air quality with SPM levels above the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.Enrichment factors (EF) for all the elements have been calculated with respect to their concentrations in the soils. Some of the areas of Gujranwala show high EF values for Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd and Ca, which may indicate contributions due to heavy traffic with automotive exhaust, tanneries and many other acute anthropogenic activities in this area. The presence of high concentration of Cr is due to chrome plating units and leather industry in the adjoining areas. Similarly few sites from Faisalabad have high Pb, Cd and Sb contents from vehicular aerosols with the contributions from coal combustion, battery manufacturing industries, lead smelters and numerous other industries. IAEA Reference Materials were analyzed for the validation of INAA and AAS procedures employed and to ensure the accuracy and precision of the characterized data.

scholarly journals Groundwater Resources in the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley: An Overview for a Sustainable Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1347
Author(s):  
Sabrina Maria Rita Bonetto ◽  
Chiara Caselle ◽  
Domenico Antonio De Luca ◽  
Manuela Lasagna
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Shallow Aquifer ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ethiopian Rift ◽  
Main Ethiopian Rift ◽  
Health And Economic Development

In arid and semi-arid areas, human health and economic development depend on water availability, which can be greatly compromised by droughts. In some cases, the presence of natural contaminants may additionally reduce the availability of good quality water. This research analyzed the water resources and hydrochemical characteristics in a rural area of the central Main Ethiopian Rift Valley, particularly in the districts of Shashemene, Arsi Negelle, and Siraro. The study was developed using a census of the main water points (springs and wells) in the area and the sampling and physico-chemical analysis of the water, with particular regard to the fluoride concentration. In many cases, fluoride content exceeded the drinking water limits set by the World Health Organization, even in the absence of anthropogenic contamination. Two different aquifers were recognized: A shallow aquifer related to the eastern escarpment and highlands, and a deep aquifer in the lowland areas of the rift valley on the basis of compositional changes from Ca–Mg/HCO3 to Na–HCO3. The distribution of fluoride, as well as pH and EC values, showed a decrease from the center of the lowlands to the eastern highlands, with similar values closely aligned along an NNE/SSW trend. All these data contribute to creating awareness among and sharing information on the risks with rural communities and local governments to support the adequate use of the available water resources and to plan appropriate interventions to increase access to fresh water, aimed at the sustainable human and rural local development of the region.

A geochemical survey of spring water from the main Ethiopian rift valley, southern Ethiopia: implications for well-head protection

2001 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. McKenzie ◽  
Donald I. Siegel ◽  
William Patterson ◽  
D. Jonathan McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Ethiopian Rift ◽  
Main Ethiopian Rift ◽  
Geochemical Survey ◽  
Head Protection

scholarly journals Emergence and Spread of Cephalosporinases in Wildlife: A Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1765
Author(s):  
Josman D. Palmeira ◽  
Mónica V. Cunha ◽  
João Carvalho ◽  
Helena Ferreira ◽  
Carlos Fonseca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Health Organization

In the last decade, detection of antibiotic resistant bacteria from wildlife has received increasing interest, due to the potential risk posed by those bacteria to wild animals, livestock or humans at the interface with wildlife, and due to the ensuing contamination of the environment. According to World Health Organization, cephalosporins are critically important antibiotics to human health. However, acquired resistance to β-lactams is widely distributed and is mainly mediated by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and AmpC beta-lactamases, such as cephalosporinases. This work thus aimed to compile and analyse the information available on the emergence and dissemination of cephalosporinases in wildlife worldwide. Results suggest a serious scenario, with reporting of cephalosporinases in 46 countries from all continents (52% in Europe), across 188 host species, mainly birds and mammals, especially gulls and ungulates. The most widely reported cephalosporinases, CTX-M-1, CTX-M-14, CTX-M-15 and CMY-2, were also the most common in wild animals, in agreement with their ubiquity in human settings, including their association to high-risk clones of Escherichia coli (E. coli), such as the worldwide distributed CTX-M-15/ST131 E. coli. Altogether, our findings show that anthropogenic activities affect the whole ecosystem and that public policies promoting animal and environmental surveillance, as well as mitigation measures to avoid antimicrobial misuse and AMR spread, are urgently needed to be out in practise.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic Effects of Coal Mining on Ecological Resources of the Central Indus Basin, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Jabbar Khan ◽  
Gulraiz Akhter ◽  
Hamza Farooq Gabriel ◽  
Muhammad Shahid
Keyword(s):  
Mine Drainage ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
National Standard ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quality Guidelines ◽  
Ecological Resources ◽  
Health Organization

Water is essential for life, agriculture, and industrialization; however, a rapid increase in population is constantly causing water scarcity and pollution in Pakistan. Mining activities produce the potential toxic element (PTE) accumulation, which lead to unnatural enrichment, ecological pollution, and environmental degradation. The ecological resources impeded by the PTEs cause serious abnormalities in the population through dermal contact, inhalation, and digestion. Mining induced anthropogenic activities are well-known causes of contamination of ecological resources. The produced effluents have drastic effects by changing the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the concerned resources. The Central Indus Basin is a well-known coal regime, where more than 160 mines are active at present. The samples that were collected from the mine water, groundwater, surface water, and the soil were analyzed by atomic absorption and elemental determination analysis (EDA) for an assessment of their quality and the presence of PTEs. The results were correlated with available quality standards, including the World Health Organization (WHO), National Standard of Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ), World Wildlife Fund (WWF), and Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). These analyses showed the noticeable anthropogenic concentration of PTEs, like iron, cadmium, sulphur, and copper, which can degrade the quality of resources in the Central Indus Basin and have adverse effects on human health. An excessive amount of acid mine drainage (AMD) draws attention to some suitable active or passive treatments for disposal from mines to avoid degradation of ecological resources in the Central Indus Basin of Pakistan.

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