The Stimulatory Effects of Nanochitin Whisker on Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism and on the Enhancement of Grain Yield and Crude Protein of Winter Wheat

Nanochitin whisker (NC) with a cationic nature could enhance plant photosynthesis, grain yield, and quality of wheat, but have not been systematically studied. This study was designed to investigate the stimulatory effects of NC on dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) accumulation and translocation, and on the metabolism of carbon (C) and N in later growth stages of winter wheat to reveal the enhancement mechanism of grain yield and crude protein concentration. Different parts of NC-treated plants from pot grown experiments were collected at the pre- and post-anthesis stages. The accumulation, translocation, and contributions of DM and N from pre-anthesis vegetation organs to grains, as well as key metabolic enzyme activities, including sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), were examined. The results showed that, at an application rate of 6 mg·kg−1 of NC in the soil, the accumulation of DM and N were significantly enhanced by 16.2% and 38.8% in pre-anthesis, and by 15.4% and 30.0% in post-anthesis, respectively. Translocation of N and DM in the post-anthesis periods were enhanced by 38.4% and 50.9%, respectively. NC could also stimulate enzyme activities, and increased 39.8% and 57.1% in flag leaves, and by 36.0% and 58.8% in spikes, respectively, at anthesis. SPS and PEPC increased by 28.2% and 45.1% in flag leaves, and by 42.2% and 56.5% in spikes, respectively, at 15 days after anthesis. The results indicated that the NC promoted N metabolism more than C metabolism, and resulted in the enhancement of grain yield by 27.56% and of crude protein concentration in grain by 13.26%, respectively.

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Supplemental irrigation affected flag leaves senescence post-anthesis and grain yield of winter wheat in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China

Field Crops Research ◽

10.1016/j.fcr.2015.05.015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 180 ◽

pp. 100-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Zengjiang Guo ◽

Yu Shi ◽

Zhenwen Yu ◽

Yongli Zhang

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Supplemental Irrigation ◽

Flag Leaves

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Use of an Active Canopy Sensor Mounted on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle to Monitor the Growth and Nitrogen Status of Winter Wheat

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12223684 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (22) ◽

pp. 3684

Author(s):

Jie Jiang ◽

Zeyu Zhang ◽

Qiang Cao ◽

Yan Liang ◽

Brian Krienke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Growth Indices ◽

N Accumulation ◽

N Nutrition ◽

Red Edge ◽

Aerial Vehicle

Using remote sensing to rapidly acquire large-area crop growth information (e.g., shoot biomass, nitrogen status) is an urgent demand for modern crop production; unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) acts as an effective monitoring platform. In order to improve the practicability and efficiency of UAV based monitoring technique, four field experiments involving different nitrogen (N) rates (0–360 kg N ha−1) and seven winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties were conducted at different eco-sites (Sihong, Rugao, and Xinghua) during 2015–2019. A multispectral active canopy sensor (RapidSCAN CS-45; Holland Scientific Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA) mounted on a multirotor UAV platform was used to collect the canopy spectral reflectance data of winter wheat at key growth stages, three growth parameters (leaf area index (LAI), leaf dry matter (LDM), plant dry matter (PDM)) and three N indicators (leaf N accumulation (LNA), plant N accumulation (PNA) and N nutrition index (NNI)) were measured synchronously. The quantitative linear relationships between spectral data and six growth indices were systematically analyzed. For monitoring growth and N nutrition status at Feekes stages 6.0–10.0, 10.3–11.1 or entire growth stages, red edge ratio vegetation index (RERVI), red edge chlorophyll index (CIRE) and difference vegetation index (DVI) performed the best among the red edge band-based and red-based vegetation indices, respectively. Across all growth stages, DVI was highly correlated with LAI (R2 = 0.78), LDM (R2 = 0.61), PDM (R2 = 0.63), LNA (R2 = 0.65) and PNA (R2 = 0.73), whereas the relationships between RERVI (R2 = 0.62), CIRE (R2 = 0.62) and NNI had high coefficients of determination. The developed models performed better in monitoring growth indices and N status at Feekes stages 10.3–11.1 than Feekes stages 6.0–10.0. To sum it up, the UAV-mounted active sensor system is able to rapidly monitor the growth and N nutrition status of winter wheat and can be deployed for UAV-based remote-sensing of crops.

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Soil nitrate accumulation and leaching in conventional, optimized and organic cropping systems

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/768/2017-pse ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 64 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 156-163

Author(s):

Wang Dapeng ◽

Zheng Liang ◽

Gu Songdong ◽

Shi Yuefeng ◽

Liang Long ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Root Zone ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Cropping System ◽

N Leaching ◽

N Accumulation ◽

Organic System ◽

Grain Yields

Excessive nitrogen (N) and water input, which are threatening the sustainability of conventional agriculture in the North China Plain (NCP), can lead to serious leaching of nitrate-N (NO3–-N). This study evaluates grain yield, N and water consumption, NO3–-N accumulation and leaching in conventional and two optimized winter wheat-summer maize double-cropping systems and an organic alfalfa-winter wheat cropping system. The results showed that compared to the conventional cropping system, the optimized systems could reduce N, water consumption and NO3–-N leaching by 33, 35 and 67–74%, respectively, while producing nearly identical grain yields. In optimized systems, soil NO3–-N accumulation within the root zone was about 80 kg N/ha most of the time. In the organic system, N input, water consumption and NO3–-N leaching was reduced even more (by 71, 43 and 92%, respectively, compared to the conventional system). However, grain yield also declined by 46%. In the organic system, NO3–-N accumulation within the root zone was generally less than 30 kg N/ha. The optimized systems showed a considerable potential to reduce N and water consumption and NO3–-N leaching while maintaining high grain yields, and thus should be considered for sustainable agricultural development in the NCP.

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Physiological and developmental traits associated with the grain yield of winter wheat as affected by phosphorus fertilizer management

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-53000-z ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Xiu-Xiu Chen ◽

Wei Zhang ◽

Xiao-Yuan Liang ◽

Yu-Min Liu ◽

Shi-Jie Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Photosynthetic Capacity ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Photosynthetic Parameters ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Grain Yields ◽

P Concentration ◽

Spike Number

Abstract Although researchers have determined that attaining high grain yields of winter wheat depends on the spike number and the shoot biomass, a quantitative understanding of how phosphorus (P) nutrition affects spike formation, leaf expansion and photosynthesis is still lacking. A 3-year field experiment with wheat with six P application rates (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 kg P ha−1) was conducted to investigate this issue. Stem development and mortality, photosynthetic parameters, dry matter accumulation, and P concentration in whole shoots and in single tillers were studied at key growth stages for this purpose. The results indicated that spike number contributed the most to grain yield of all the yield components in a high-yielding (>8 t/ha) winter wheat system. The main stem (MS) contributed 79% to the spike number and tiller 1 (T1) contributed 21%. The 2.7 g kg−1 tiller P concentration associated with 15 mg kg−1 soil Olsen-P at anthesis stage led to the maximal rate of productive T1s (64%). The critical shoot P concentration that resulted in an adequate product of Pn and LAI was identified as 2.1 g kg−1. The thresholds of shoot P concentration that led to the maximum productive ability of T1 and optimal canopy photosynthetic capacity at anthesis were very similar. In conclusion, the thresholds of soil available P and shoot P concentration in whole plants and in single organs (individual tillers) were established for optimal spike formation, canopy photosynthetic capacity, and dry matter accumulation. These thresholds could be useful in achieving high grain yields while avoiding excessive P fertilization.

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Subsoiling and Sowing Time Influence Soil Water Content, Nitrogen Translocation and Yield of Dryland Winter Wheat

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9010037 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 37 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yan Liang ◽

Shahbaz Khan ◽

Ai-xia Ren ◽

Wen Lin ◽

Sumera Anwar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Soil Water ◽

Loess Plateau ◽

Water Storage ◽

Soil Water Storage ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Sowing Time ◽

N Accumulation

Dryland winter wheat in the Loess Plateau is facing a yield reduction due to a shortage of soil moisture and delayed sowing time. The field experiment was conducted at Loess Plateau in Shanxi, China from 2012 to 2015, to study the effect of subsoiling and conventional tillage and different sowing dates on the soil water storage, Nitrogen (N) accumulation, and remobilization and yield of winter wheat. The results showed that subsoiling significantly improved the soil water storage (0–300 cm soil depth) and increased the contribution of N translocation to grain N and grain yield (17–36%). Delaying sowing time had reduced the soil water storage at sowing and winter accumulated growing degree days by about 180 °C. The contribution of N translocation to grain yield was maximum in glume + spike followed by in leaves and minimum by stem + sheath. Moreover, there was a positive relationship between the N accumulation and translocation and the soil moisture in the 20–300 cm range. Subsoiling during the fallow period and the medium sowing date was beneficial for improving the soil water storage and increased the N translocation to grain, thereby increasing the yield of wheat, especially in a dry year.

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Influence of rate and timing of nitrogen fertilization on yield and quality of hard red winter wheat in Ontario

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps92-002 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 13-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

B. J. Zebarth ◽

R. W. Sheard

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Growth Stages ◽

N Application ◽

Yield Increase ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Hard Red Winter Wheat ◽

Average Precipitation ◽

Red Winter Wheat

Several previous studies have reported that grain yield of cereal crops was greater from multiple than from single nitrogen (N) applications. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of the time and rate of N application on the yield and quality of hard red winter wheat grown in Ontario. One experiment was conducted in each of 2 yr using a factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were rate of N application (40, 80, 120, 160, 200 or 240 kg N ha−1), and timing of N application (100/0/0, 75/25/0, 50/50/0 or 25/50/25 percent of the N applied at Zadok’s growth stages 22/32/45). Early N application reduced grain yield in a year of below-average precipitation, increased grain yield in a year of average precipitation, and increased straw yield in both years. Late N application increased grain crude protein concentration and harvest index in both years. Given the lack of a consistent yield increase and the added cost of application, it is unlikely that multiple N applications will be economical for hard red winter wheat production in Ontario.Key words: Triticum aestivum, intensive cereal management, yield components, wheat

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Relative effectiveness of various sources, methods, times and rates of copper fertilizers in improving grain yield of wheat on a Cu-deficient soil

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p04-089 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 85 (1) ◽

pp. 59-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

S. S. Malhi ◽

L. Cowell ◽

H. R. Kutcher

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Protein Concentration ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Leaf Growth ◽

Flag Leaf ◽

Relative Effectiveness ◽

Growing Season ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Cu Deficiency

A field experiment was conducted to determine the relative effectiveness of various sources, methods, times and rates of Cu fertilizers on grain yield, protein concentration in grain, concentration of Cu in grain and uptake of Cu in grain of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and residual concentration of DTPA-extractable Cu in soil on a Cu-deficient soil near Porcupine Plain in northeastern Saskatchewan. The experiment was conducted from 1999 to 2002 on the same site, but the results for 2002 were not presented because of very low grain yield due to drought in the growing season. The 25 treatments included soil application of four granular Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate, Cu sulphate, Cu oxysulphate I and Cu oxysulphate II) as soil-incorporated (at 0.5 and 2.0 kg Cu ha-1), seedrow-placed (at 0.25 and 1.0 kg Cu ha-1) and foliar application of four solution Cu fertilizers (Cu chelate-EDTA, Cu sequestered I, Cu sulphate/chelate and Cu sequestered II at 0.25 kg Cu ha-1) at the four-leaf and flag-leaf growth stages, plus a zero-Cu check. Soil was tilled only once to incorporate all designated Cu and blanket fertilizers into the soil a few days prior to seeding. Wheat plants in the zero-Cu treatment exhibited Cu deficiency in all years. For foliar application at the flag-leaf stage, grain yield increased with all four of the Cu fertilizers in 2000 and 2001, and in all but Cu sequestered II in 1999. Foliar application at the four-leaf growth stage of three Cu fertilizers (Cu chelate-EDTA, Cu sequestered I and Cu sulphate/chelate), soil incorporation of all Cu fertilizers at 2 kg Cu ha-1 and two Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate and Cu sulphate) at 0.5 kg Cu ha-1 rate, and seedrow placement of two Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate and Cu sulphate) at 1 kg Cu ha-1 increased grain yield of wheat only in 2001. There was no effect of Cu fertilization on protein concentration in grain. The increase in concentration and uptake of Cu in grain from Cu fertilization usually showed a trend similar to grain yield. There was some increase in residual DTPA-extractable Cu in the 0–60 cm soil in Cu lignosulphonate, Cu sulphate and Cu oxysulphate II soil incorporation treatments, particularly at the 2 kg Cu ha-1 rate. In summary, the results indicate that foliar application of Cu fertilizers at the flag-leaf growth stage can be used for immediate correction of Cu deficiency in wheat. Because Cu deficiency in crops often occurs in irregular patches within fields, foliar application may be the most practical and economical way to correct Cu deficiency during the growing season, as lower Cu rates can correct Cu deficiency. Key words: Application time, Cu source, foliar application, granular Cu, growth stage, placement method, rate of Cu, seedrow-placed Cu, soil incorporation

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Identification of stay-green and early senescence phenotypes in high-yielding winter wheat, and their relationship to grain yield and grain protein concentration using high-throughput phenotyping techniques

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp13221 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 227 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Sebastian Kipp ◽

Bodo Mistele ◽

Urs Schmidhalter

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

High Throughput ◽

Protein Concentration ◽

Partial Least Square ◽

Large Field ◽

Grain Protein ◽

Stay Green ◽

Grain Protein Concentration ◽

High Throughput Phenotyping

Yield and grain protein concentration (GPC) represent crucial factors in the global agricultural wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production and are predominantly determined via carbon and nitrogen metabolism, respectively. The maintenance of green leaf area and the onset of senescence (Osen) are expected to be involved in both C and N accumulation and their translocation into grains. The aim of this study was to identify stay-green and early senescence phenotypes in a field experiment of 50 certified winter wheat cultivars and to investigate the relationships among Osen, yield and GPC. Colour measurements on flag leaves were conducted to determine Osen for 20 cultivars and partial least square regression models were used to calculate Osen for the remaining 30 cultivars based on passive spectral reflectance measurements as a high-throughput phenotyping technique for all varieties. Using this method, stay-green and early senescence phenotypes could be clearly differentiated. A significant negative relationship between Osen and grain yield (r2 = 0.81) was observed. By contrast, GPC showed a significant positive relationship to Osen (r2 = 0.48). In conclusion, the high-throughput character of our proposed phenotyping method should help improve the detection of such traits in large field trials as well as help us reach a better understanding of the consequences of the timing of senescence on yield.

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The Response of Grain Yield and Root Morphological and Physiological Traits to Nitrogen Levels in Paddy Rice

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.713814 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Wei Xin ◽

Hualong Liu ◽

Hongwei Zhao ◽

Jingguo Wang ◽

Hongliang Zheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Surface Area ◽

N Uptake ◽

Growth Stages ◽

N Accumulation ◽

Oxidation Activity ◽

Cytokinin Content ◽

N Supply ◽

Yield Formation ◽

Late Growth

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important crop in China. Although it is known that its yield is restricted by nitrogen (N) supply, the response of the root system to N supply specifically has not been systematically explored. This study aimed to investigate the effect of N uptake on grain yield to clarify the relationships between root morphophysiological traits and N uptake, and to understand relation between phytohormones and root morphophysiological traits. Two N-efficient absorption cultivars (NEAs) and two N-inefficient absorption cultivars (NIAs) were grown in the field, and three N conditions, deficient N (60 kg ha–1), intermediate N (180 kg ha–1), and sufficient N (240 kg ha–1), were applied during the growing season. The results showed higher dry matter and grain yield in NEAs than in NIAs, which was mainly attributed to increased N uptake in the mid- and late growth stages under all N conditions. And NEAs have different root regulation methods to obtain higher N accumulation and yield under different N supply conditions. Under lower N conditions, compared with NIAs, NEAs shown greater total root length, root oxidation activity, and root active absorbing surface area and smaller root diameter owing to higher indole-3-acetic acid and cytokinin content and lower 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid content in the early growth stages to respond to low N stress faster, laying a morphophysiological basis for its high N-uptake capacity in the mid- and late growth stages. Under higher N conditions, NEAs had higher root oxidation activity and root active absorbing surface area for N uptake and yield formation owing to higher abscisic acid and cytokinin content in the mid- and late growth stages, which improved the seed setting rate, thereby increasing the rice grain yield. These results suggest that NEAs can optimize the morphophysiological characteristics of roots through phytohormone regulation to adapt to different nutrient conditions, thereby promoting N accumulation and yield formation in rice.

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Evaluation of Three Portable Optical Sensors for Non-Destructive Diagnosis of Nitrogen Status in Winter Wheat

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21165579 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (16) ◽

pp. 5579

Author(s):

Jie Jiang ◽

Cuicun Wang ◽

Hui Wang ◽

Zhaopeng Fu ◽

Qiang Cao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Optical Sensors ◽

Accurate Estimation ◽

Growth Stages ◽

N Accumulation ◽

N Nutrition ◽

N Concentration ◽

Non Destructive ◽

N Status ◽

Leaf N

The accurate estimation and timely diagnosis of crop nitrogen (N) status can facilitate in-season fertilizer management. In order to evaluate the performance of three leaf and canopy optical sensors in non-destructively diagnosing winter wheat N status, three experiments using seven wheat cultivars and multi-N-treatments (0–360 kg N ha−1) were conducted in the Jiangsu province of China from 2015 to 2018. Two leaf sensors (SPAD 502, Dualex 4 Scientific+) and one canopy sensor (RapidSCAN CS-45) were used to obtain leaf and canopy spectral data, respectively, during the main growth period. Five N indicators (leaf N concentration (LNC), leaf N accumulation (LNA), plant N concentration (PNC), plant N accumulation (PNA), and N nutrition index (NNI)) were measured synchronously. The relationships between the six sensor-based indices (leaf level: SPAD, Chl, Flav, NBI, canopy level: NDRE, NDVI) and five N parameters were established at each growth stages. The results showed that the Dualex-based NBI performed relatively well among four leaf-sensor indices, while NDRE of RS sensor achieved a best performance due to larger sampling area of canopy sensor for five N indicators estimation across different growth stages. The areal agreement of the NNI diagnosis models ranged from 0.54 to 0.71 for SPAD, 0.66 to 0.84 for NBI, and 0.72 to 0.86 for NDRE, and the kappa coefficient ranged from 0.30 to 0.52 for SPAD, 0.42 to 0.72 for NBI, and 0.53 to 0.75 for NDRE across all growth stages. Overall, these results reveal the potential of sensor-based diagnosis models for the rapid and non-destructive diagnosis of N status.

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