scholarly journals An Overview of the Potential Therapeutic Applications of Essential Oils

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 628
Author(s):  
Mariam Nasser Aljaafari ◽  
Asma Obaid AlAli ◽  
Laila Baqais ◽  
Maream Alqubaisy ◽  
Mudhi AlAli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Membrane Disruption ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Natural Plant ◽  
Cinnamon Bark ◽  
Efflux Inhibition ◽  
Increase Membrane Permeability ◽  
Therapeutic Alternatives

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has urged researchers to explore therapeutic alternatives, one of which includes the use of natural plant products such as essential oils (EO). In fact, EO obtained from clove, oregano, thymus, cinnamon bark, rosemary, eucalyptus, and lavender have been shown to present significant inhibitory effects on bacteria, fungi, and viruses; many studies have been done to measure EO efficacy against microorganisms. The strategy of combinatory effects via conventional and non-conventional methods revealed that the combined effects of EO–EO or EO–antibiotic exhibit enhanced efficacy. This paper aims to review the antimicrobial effects of EO, modes of EO action (membrane disruption, efflux inhibition, increase membrane permeability, and decrease in intracellular ATP), and their compounds’ potential as effective agents against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. It is hoped that the integration of EO applications in this work can be used to consider EO for future clinical applications.

scholarly journals Synergistic Antimicrobial Activities of Combinations of Vanillin and Essential Oils of Cinnamon Bark, Cinnamon Leaves and Cloves

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1406
Author(s):  
Rita Cava-Roda ◽  
Amaury Taboada-Rodríguez ◽  
Antonio López-Gómez ◽  
Ginés Benito Martínez-Hernández ◽  
Fulgencio Marín-Iniesta
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Cinnamon Bark ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pure Compounds ◽  
Main Component

Plant bioactive compounds have antimicrobial and antioxidant activities that allow them to be used as a substitute for synthetic chemical additives in both food and food packaging. To improve its sensory and bactericidal effects, its use in the form of effective combinations has emerged as an interesting possibility in the food industry. In this study, the antimicrobial activities of essential oils (EOs) of cinnamon bark, cinnamon leaves, and clove and the pure compounds vanillin, eugenol, and cinnamaldehyde were investigated individually and in combination against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7. The possible interactions of combinations of pure compounds and EOs were performed by the two-dimensional checkerboard assay and isobologram methods. Vanillin exhibited the lowest antimicrobial activity (MIC of 3002 ppm against L. monocytogenes and 2795 ppm against E. coli O157:H7), while clove and cinnamon bark EOs exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity (402–404 against L. monocytogenes and 778–721 against E. coli O157:H7). For L. monocytogenes, pure compound eugenol, the main component of cinnamon leaves and clove, showed lower antimicrobial activity than EOs, which was attributed to the influence of the minor components of the EOs. The same was observed with cinnamaldehyde, the main component of cinnamon bark EO. The combinations of vanillin/clove EO and vanillin/cinnamon bark EO showed the most synergistic antimicrobial effect. The combination of the EOs of cinnamon bark/clove and cinnamon bark/cinnamon leaves showed additive effect against L. monocytogenes but indifferent effect against E. coli O157:H7. For L. monocytogenes, the best inhibitory effects were achieved by cinnamon bark EO (85 ppm)/vanillin (910 ppm) and clove EO (121 ppm)/vanillin (691 ppm) combinations. For E. coli, the inhibitory effects of clove EO (104 ppm)/vanillin (1006 ppm) and cinnamon leaves EO (118 ppm)/vanillin (979 ppm) combinations were noteworthy. Some of the tested combinations increased the antimicrobial effect and would allow the effective doses to be reduced, thereby offering possible new applications for food and active food packaging.

Interactive effects of food deprivation and exercise on reproductive function in female hamsters

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (1) ◽  
pp. R185-R190 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Powers ◽  
A. E. Jetton ◽  
G. N. Wade
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Estradiol Benzoate ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Estrous Cycles ◽  
Running Wheels ◽  
Estrous Behavior

Two experiments evaluated the combined effects of food deprivation and runningwheel access on estrous cycles and estrous behavior of female hamsters. In experiment 1, food deprivation on days 1 and 2 of the estrous cycle disrupted the next expected ovulation, and this effect was more, rather than less, robust in females allowed to exercise in running wheels while they were deprived. In experiment 2, a similar protocol was used except the females were ovariectomized and received sequential injections of estradiol benzoate (EB; 5 micrograms) and progesterone (P; 200 micrograms) separated by 48 h to induce lordosis, which was tested 4-5 after P. Food deprivation concomitant with hormonal treatment diminished lordosis durations, but this effect was significant only among the females that were permitted to run in activity wheels. Previous findings demonstrated that access to running wheels attenuated the inhibitory effects of short photoperiod exposure on hamster estrous cycles. In contrast, the present results indicate that this same manipulation exaggerates rather than diminishes the inhibitory effects of food deprivation on estrous cycles and hormone-induced behavioral estrus.

scholarly journals Effects of Essential Oils on Escherichia coli Inactivation in Cheese as Described by Meta-Regression Modelling

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 716
Author(s):  
Beatriz Nunes Silva ◽  
Vasco Cadavez ◽  
José António Teixeira ◽  
Ursula Gonzales-Barron
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Food Preservatives ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Bactericidal Properties ◽  
Study Characteristics ◽  
Meta Regression

The growing intention to replace chemical food preservatives with plant-based antimicrobials that pose lower risks to human health has produced numerous studies describing the bactericidal properties of biopreservatives such as essential oils (EOs) in a variety of products, including cheese. This study aimed to perform a meta-analysis of literature data that could summarize the inactivation of Escherichia coli in cheese achieved by added EOs; and compare its inhibitory effectiveness by application method, antimicrobial concentration, and specific antimicrobials. After a systematic review, 362 observations on log reduction data and study characteristics were extracted from 16 studies. The meta-regression model suggested that pathogenic E. coli is more resistant to EO action than the non-pathogenic type (p < 0.0001), although in both cases the higher the EO dose, the greater the mean log reduction achieved (p < 0.0001). It also showed that, among the factual application methods, EOs’ incorporation in films render a steadier inactivation (p < 0.0001) than when directly applied to milk or smeared on cheese surface. Lemon balm, sage, shallot, and anise EOs showed the best inhibitory outcomes against the pathogen. The model also revealed the inadequacy of inoculating antimicrobials in cheese purposely grated for performing challenge studies, as this non-realistic application overestimates (p < 0.0001) the inhibitory effects of EOs.

scholarly journals Detection and Identification of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Components of Essential Oils by TLC-Biodetection and GC-MS

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ágnes M. Móricz ◽  
Györgyi Horváth ◽  
Andrea Böszörményi ◽  
Péter G. Ott
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cinnamon Bark ◽  
Scavenging Effect ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Radical Scavenging Effect ◽  
Direct Bioautography ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Components of cinnamon bark, rosemary, clove and thyme essential oils were screened for antioxidant and antibacterial activity utilizing thin-layer chromatography (TLC) coupled with the DPPH• test and direct bioautography using Bacillus subtilis cells. The compounds in the active chromatographic zones were identified by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) after their elution. Seven antibacterial components were found: cinnamaldehyde and eugenol in cinnamon bark oil, 1,8-cineole, camphor, borneol and α-terpineol in rosemary oil, eugenol in clove oil and thymol in thyme oil. Only two of them, thymol and eugenol displayed a free radical scavenging effect.

scholarly journals Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Leaf, Stem and Root of Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh. from Iran

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1934578X0900400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Shafaghat ◽  
Hajar Sadeghi ◽  
Khodamali Oji
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Germacrene D ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Microdilution Broth

The water distilled essential oils from leaves, stems and roots of Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh. were analyzed by GC and GC/MS methods. The leaf oil was characterized by a high amount of camphor (56.4%), whereas in the stem oil, camphor (26.0%), trans-β-ocimene (23.6%) and germacrene-d (15.0%) were the major constituents. The main components of the root oil were α-pinene (50.0%), trans-β-farnesene (13.8%) and bicyclogermacrene (11.0%). Antibacterial activity of the leaf, stem and root oil were evaluated using the microdilution broth method. The oils showed inhibitory effects on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, but were not active against Staphylococcus aureus.

scholarly journals USING ESSENTIAL OILS TO COMBAT THE THREAT OF MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT BACTERIA, PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenies Grullon ◽  
James P. Mack ◽  
Albert Rojtman
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Alternative Treatment ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cinnamon Bark

<div class="WordSection1"><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The development of antibiotics was a revolutionary scientific discovery and medical advancement that greatly extended the life expectancy of mankind. Through less than 100 y of using antibiotics to treat infectious bacteria, some of these highly adaptive organisms have developed resistance to the drugs. The healthcare field is greatly concerned with the threat of many common infections that have been considered treatable for decades, regaining its ability to be severely fatal; thus, making alternative treatments currently in high demand. This study concentrated on investigating an alternative treatment for a specific gram-negative bacterium, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa)</em>, a resistance-gaining bacteria that commonly infects hospitalized patients with weakened immune systems and/or open wounds.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prior to the age of modern medicine, human beings relied on nature for medicinal treatments. In our research, we focused on determining the <em>in vitro </em>efficacy of using the essential oils, cassia and cinnamon bark, their major component, cinnamaldehyde, as well as the major component of manuka honey, methylglyoxal, as an alternative treatment against <em>P. aeruginosa</em> We tested cassia, cinnamon bark, cinnamaldehyde, and methylglyoxal using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method; the diameter of the zone of inhibition for each treated bacterial sample was measured and compared with the standard antibiotic treatments, tobramycin, and amikacin.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study showed that the selected essential oils, cinnamaldehyde, and methylglyoxal were as effective or better in inhibiting the growth of <em>P. aeruginosa </em>compared to the standard aminoglycoside antibiotics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The tested essential oils, cinnamaldehyde, and methylglyoxal may be useful as an alternative treatment for infections caused by <em>P. aeruginosa</em> and may also provide communities where antibiotics are not readily available, a cost-effective way to treat this infectious disease.</p></div>

Inhibitory effects of cinnamon and thyme essential oils against Salmonella spp. in hummus (chickpea dip)

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. e13925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin N. Olaimat ◽  
Murad A. Al‐Holy ◽  
Mahmoud H. Abu Ghoush ◽  
Anas A. Al‐Nabulsi ◽  
Tareq M. Osaili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Salmonella Spp

scholarly journals Geranium and Lemon Essential Oils and Their Active Compounds Downregulate Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), a SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain, in Epithelial Cells

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 770 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Senthil Kumar ◽  
M. Gokila Vani ◽  
Chung-Shuan Wang ◽  
Chia-Chi Chen ◽  
Yu-Chien Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Host Cell Receptor ◽  
Lemon Oil

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), is a pandemic disease that has been declared as modern history’s gravest health emergency worldwide. Until now, no precise treatment modality has been developed. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, a host cell receptor, has been found to play a crucial role in virus cell entry; therefore, ACE2 blockers can be a potential target for anti-viral intervention. In this study, we evaluated the ACE2 inhibitory effects of 10 essential oils. Among them, geranium and lemon oils displayed significant ACE2 inhibitory effects in epithelial cells. In addition, immunoblotting and qPCR analysis also confirmed that geranium and lemon oils possess potent ACE2 inhibitory effects. Furthermore, the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis displayed 22 compounds in geranium oil and 9 compounds in lemon oil. Citronellol, geraniol, and neryl acetate were the major compounds of geranium oil and limonene that represented major compound of lemon oil. Next, we found that treatment with citronellol and limonene significantly downregulated ACE2 expression in epithelial cells. The results suggest that geranium and lemon essential oils and their derivative compounds are valuable natural anti-viral agents that may contribute to the prevention of the invasion of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 into the human body.

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