scholarly journals Potential of Sulforaphane as a Natural Immune System Enhancer: A Review

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 752
Author(s):  
Andrea Mahn ◽  
Antonio Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Activation Of Transcription ◽  
Health Promoting

Brassicaceae are an outstanding source of bioactive compounds such as ascorbic acid, polyphenols, essential minerals, isothiocyanates and their precursors, glucosinolates (GSL). Recently, GSL gained great attention because of the health promoting properties of their hydrolysis products: isothiocyanates. Among them, sulforaphane (SFN) became the most attractive one owing to its remarkable health-promoting properties. SFN may prevent different types of cancer and has the ability to improve hypertensive states, to prevent type 2 diabetes–induced cardiomyopathy, and to protect against gastric ulcer. SFN may also help in schizophrenia treatment, and recently it was proposed that SFN has potential to help those who struggle with obesity. The mechanism underlying the health-promoting effect of SFN relates to its indirect action at cellular level by inducing antioxidant and Phase II detoxifying enzymes through the activation of transcription nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like (Nrf2). The effect of SFN on immune response is generating scientific interest, because of its bioavailability, which is much higher than other phytochemicals, and its capacity to induce Nrf2 target genes. Clinical trials suggest that sulforaphane produces favorable results in cases where pharmaceutical products fail. This article provides a revision about the relationship between sulforaphane and immune response in different diseases. Special attention is given to clinical trials related with immune system disorders.

Endocrine autoimmunity

2011 ◽  
pp. 34-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Simmonds ◽  
Stephen C. L. Gough
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Graves Disease ◽  
Self Tolerance ◽  
Autoimmune Attack ◽  
Endocrine Organs

Dysfunction within the endocrine system can lead to a variety of diseases with autoimmune attack against individual components being some of the most common. Endocrine autoimmunity encompasses a spectrum of disorders including, e.g., common disorders such as type 1 diabetes, Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and rarer disorders including Addison’s disease and the autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes type 1 (APS 1) and type 2 (APS 2) (see Table 1.6.1). Autoimmune attack within each of these diseases although aimed at different endocrine organs is caused by a breakdown in the immune system’s ability to distinguish between self and nonself antigens, leading to an immune response targeted at self tissues. Investigating the mechanisms behind this breakdown is vital to understand what has gone wrong and to determine the pathways against which therapeutics can be targeted. Before discussing how self-tolerance fails, we first have to understand how the immune system achieves self-tolerance.

scholarly journals Potentials of probiotics in the treatment of food allergy – a review

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Patel ◽  
N. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Food Allergy ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Treatment Of Food Allergy ◽  
Made In

Food allergy is an adverse immune response to some proteins in some foods. Probiotic, health promoting bacteria have gained much importance because of their innumerable benefits, particularly in the treatment of diarrhea, hypercholesterolemia, atopic dermatitis, eczema, and gastrointestinal disorders by strengthening the immune system. The current paper reviews recent advances made in the treatment of food allergy through employing probiotic or synbiotic therapy. The results of several reports are very promising suggesting probiotics can influence the immune system to curtail the allergic responses.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Effects of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Fact or Fiction?

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo A. Leto Barone ◽  
Saami Khalifian ◽  
W. P. Andrew Lee ◽  
Gerald Brandacher
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽  
Adipose Derived Stromal Cells

Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are often referred to as adipose-derived stem cells due to their potential to undergo multilineage differentiation. Their promising role in tissue engineering and ability to modulate the immune system are the focus of extensive research. A number of clinical trials using ASCs are currently underway to better understand the role of such cell niche in enhancing or suppressing the immune response. If governable, such immunoregulatory role would find application in several conditions in which an immune response is present (i.e., autoimmune conditions) or feared (i.e., solid organ or reconstructive transplantation). Although allogeneic ASCs have been shown to prevent acute GvHD in both preclinical and clinical studies, their potential warrants further investigation. Well-designed and standardized clinical trials are necessary to prove the role of ASCs in the treatment of immune disorders or prevention of tissue rejection. In this paper we analyze the current literature on the role of ASCs in immunomodulationin vitroandin vivoand discuss their potential in regulating the immune system in the context of transplantation.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory properties of milk

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (S1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin L. Cross ◽  
H. S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Commercial Interest ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Immunomodulatory Properties ◽  
Made In

There is increasing commercial interest in the production of functional foodstuffs which have health-promoting properties. Over the last five to ten years, significant progress has been made in the identification and characterisation of bovine milk components that can affect the function of the immune system. This review outlines the major components of bovine milk that have been shown to modulate immune function, and discusses experimental approaches to the identification of various facets of the immune response that are known to be affected by milk-derived proteins.

scholarly journals Time-Resolved Gene Expression Analysis Monitors the Regulation of Inflammatory Mediators and Attenuation of Adaptive Immune Response by Vitamin D

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 911
Author(s):  
Andrea Hanel ◽  
Carsten Carlberg
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) belong to the innate and adaptive immune system and are highly sensitive and responsive to changes in their systemic environment. In this study, we focused on the time course of transcriptional changes in freshly isolated human PBMCs 4, 8, 24 and 48 h after onset of stimulation with the active vitamin D metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). Taking all four time points together, 662 target genes were identified and segregated either by time of differential gene expression into 179 primary and 483 secondary targets or by driver of expression change into 293 direct and 369 indirect targets. The latter classification revealed that more than 50% of target genes were primarily driven by the cells' response to ex vivo exposure than by the nuclear hormone and largely explained its down-regulatory effect. Functional analysis indicated vitamin D’s role in the suppression of the inflammatory and adaptive immune response by down-regulating ten major histocompatibility complex class II genes, five alarmins of the S100 calcium binding protein A family and by affecting six chemokines of the C-X-C motif ligand family. Taken together, studying time-resolved responses allows to better contextualize the effects of vitamin D on the immune system.

scholarly journals Research progress of CpG-DNA in regulation of immune system and signal pathway

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Yunpeng Wang ◽  
Xiaoming Yang
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Cpg Dna ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Signaling Mechanisms ◽  
Dna Specificity ◽  
Signal Cascades ◽  
Rapid Activation

<p> CpG-DNA is a DNA sequence with immunostimulatory function as the core of unmethylated CpG motif.It includes synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) containing CpG motifs and genomic DNA of lower organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and invertebrates.CpG-DNA as a potential immunostimulatory factor can be recognized by the vertebrate natural immune system, rapid activation of natural immune response. When exposed to microbes, the release of CpG-DNA provides a "dangerous signal" to the body's immune system, triggering a protective immune response to remove foreign pathogens. CpG-DNA activated cell signaling mechanisms include endocytosis of CpG-DNA, specificity with Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and a series of signal cascades that induce the expression of target genes and Feedback by various endogenous factors. This paper reviews the basic concepts of CpG-DNA, the characteristics of TLR9 receptors, the regulation of the immune system and its signaling pathways.</p>

scholarly journals Modulation of Host Immune Response Is an Alternative Strategy to Combat SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakhveer Singh ◽  
Sakshi Bajaj ◽  
Manoj Gadewar ◽  
Nitin Verma ◽  
Mohd Nazam Ansari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Host Membrane

The novel SARS-CoV-2virus that caused the disease COVID-19 is currently a pandemic worldwide. The virus requires an alveolar type-2 pneumocyte in the host to initiate its life cycle. The viral S1 spike protein helps in the attachment of the virus on toACE-2 receptors present on type-2 pneumocytes, and the S2 spike protein helps in the fusion of the viral membrane with the host membrane. Fusion of the SARS-CoV-2virus and host membrane is followed by entry of viral RNA into the host cells which is directly translated into the replicase-transcriptase complex (RTC) following viral RNA and structural protein syntheses. As the virus replicates within type-2 pneumocytes, the host immune system is activated and alveolar macrophages start secreting cytokines and chemokines, acting as an inflammatory mediator, and chemotactic neutrophils, monocytes, natural NK cells, and CD8+ T cells initiate the local phagocytosis of infected cells. It is not the virus that kills COVID-19 patients; instead, the aberrant host immune response kills them. Modifying the response from the host immune system could reduce the high mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The present study examines the viral life cycle intype-2 pneumocytes and resultant host immune response along with possible therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Plant-Derived Nutraceuticals and Immune System Modulation: An Evidence-Based Overview

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 468
Author(s):  
Antonella Di Sotto ◽  
Annabella Vitalone ◽  
Silvia Di Giacomo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immune Disorders ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Abnormal Immune Response ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Immune System Modulation ◽  
Immune Defences

Immunomodulators are agents able to affect the immune system, by boosting the immune defences to improve the body reaction against infectious or exogenous injuries, or suppressing the abnormal immune response occurring in immune disorders. Moreover, immunoadjuvants can support immune system acting on nonimmune targets, thus improving the immune response. The modulation of inflammatory pathways and microbiome can also contribute to control the immune function. Some plant-based nutraceuticals have been studied as possible immunomodulating agents due to their multiple and pleiotropic effects. Being usually more tolerable than pharmacological treatments, their adjuvant contribution is approached as a desirable nutraceutical strategy. In the present review, the up to date knowledge about the immunomodulating properties of polysaccharides, fatty acids and labdane diterpenes have been analyzed, in order to give scientific basic and clinical evidence to support their practical use. Since promising evidence in preclinical studies, limited and sometimes confusing results have been highlighted in clinical trials, likely due to low methodological quality and lacking standardization. More investigations of high quality and specificity are required to describe in depth the usefulness of these plant-derived nutraceuticals in the immune system modulation, for health promoting and disease preventing purposes.

scholarly journals Sensing of cytoplasmic chromatin by cGAS activates innate immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuo Zhou ◽  
Xinyi Zhang ◽  
Xiaobo Lei ◽  
Xia Xiao ◽  
Tao Jiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cell Fusion ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Sting Pathway

Abstract The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a positive-sense RNA virus. How the host immune system senses and responds to SARS-CoV-2 infection remain to be determined. Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 infection activates the innate immune response through the cytosolic DNA sensing cGAS-STING pathway. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the cellular level of 2'3'-cGAMP associated with STING activation. cGAS recognizes chromatin DNA shuttled from the nucleus as a result of cell-to-cell fusion upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. We further demonstrate that the expression of spike protein from SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 from host cells is sufficient to trigger cytoplasmic chromatin upon cell fusion. Furthermore, cytoplasmic chromatin-cGAS-STING pathway, but not MAVS mediated viral RNA sensing pathway, contributes to interferon and pro-inflammatory gene expression upon cell fusion. Finally, we show that cGAS is required for host antiviral responses against SARS-CoV-2, and a STING-activating compound potently inhibits viral replication. Together, our study reported a previously unappreciated mechanism by which the host innate immune system responds to SARS-CoV-2 infection, mediated by cytoplasmic chromatin from the infected cells. Targeting the cytoplasmic chromatin-cGAS-STING pathway may offer novel therapeutic opportunities in treating COVID-19. In addition, these findings extend our knowledge in host defense against viral infection by showing that host cells’ self-nucleic acids can be employed as a “danger signal” to alarm the immune system.

scholarly journals Sensing of cytoplasmic chromatin by cGAS activates innate immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuo Zhou ◽  
Xinyi Zhang ◽  
Xiaobo Lei ◽  
Xia Xiao ◽  
Tao Jiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cell Fusion ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Sting Pathway

AbstractThe global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a positive-sense RNA virus. How the host immune system senses and responds to SARS-CoV-2 infection remain largely unresolved. Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 infection activates the innate immune response through the cytosolic DNA sensing cGAS-STING pathway. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the cellular level of 2′3′-cGAMP associated with STING activation. cGAS recognizes chromatin DNA shuttled from the nucleus as a result of cell-to-cell fusion upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. We further demonstrate that the expression of spike protein from SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 from host cells is sufficient to trigger cytoplasmic chromatin upon cell fusion. Furthermore, cytoplasmic chromatin-cGAS-STING pathway, but not MAVS-mediated viral RNA sensing pathway, contributes to interferon and pro-inflammatory gene expression upon cell fusion. Finally, we show that cGAS is required for host antiviral responses against SARS-CoV-2, and a STING-activating compound potently inhibits viral replication. Together, our study reported a previously unappreciated mechanism by which the host innate immune system responds to SARS-CoV-2 infection, mediated by cytoplasmic chromatin from the infected cells. Targeting the cytoplasmic chromatin-cGAS-STING pathway may offer novel therapeutic opportunities in treating COVID-19. In addition, these findings extend our knowledge in host defense against viral infection by showing that host cells’ self-nucleic acids can be employed as a “danger signal” to alarm the immune system.

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