Protein Intake Estimated from Brief-Type Self-Administered Diet History Questionnaire and Urinary Urea Nitrogen Level in Adolescents

Our aim was to assess the validity of the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ15y) to estimate the protein intake in 248 Japanese secondary school students (mean age = 14.2 years), using urinary biomarkers as references. Participants provided three samples of overnight urine for measurement of urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, underwent anthropometric measurements, and answered the questionnaires. Additionally, 58 students provided 24-h urine specimens. A significant correlation was observed between excretion of urea nitrogen in overnight and 24-h urine specimens (ρ = 0.527; p < 0.001), with biases ≤5.8%. The mean daily protein intake estimated from urinary biomarkers was 76.4 ± 20.4 g/d in males and 65.4 ± 16.9 g/d in females, and the mean protein intake estimated from the BDHQ15y (PRTbdhq) was 89.3 ± 33.7 g/d in males and 79.6 ± 24.6 g/d in females. Crude and energy-adjusted coefficients of correlation between PRTbdhq and protein intake estimated from urinary biomarkers were 0.205 (p = 0.001; 0.247 for males and 0.124 for females), and 0.204 (p = 0.001; 0.302 for males and 0.109 for females), respectively. The BDHQ15y is a low-cost tool to assess protein intake of a large population, instead of a weakness of overestimation.

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Reproducibility and relative validity of dietary glycaemic index and load assessed with a self-administered diet-history questionnaire in Japanese adults

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114507812086 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 99 (3) ◽

pp. 639-648 ◽

Cited By ~ 76

Author(s):

Kentaro Murakami ◽

Satoshi Sasaki ◽

Yoshiko Takahashi ◽

Hitomi Okubo ◽

Naoko Hirota ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Glycaemic Index ◽

Relative Validity ◽

White Rice ◽

Glycaemic Load ◽

Japanese Adults ◽

Dietary Records ◽

Diet History Questionnaire ◽

Diet History ◽

The Mean

Although many epidemiological studies have examined the association of dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) with health outcomes, information on the reproducibility and relative validity of these variables estimated from dietary questionnaires is extremely limited. We examined the reproducibility and relative validity of dietary GI and GL assessed with a self-administered diet-history questionnaire (DHQ) in adult Japanese. A total of ninety-two Japanese women and ninety-two Japanese men aged 31–76 years completed the DHQ (assessing diet during the preceding month) and 4 d dietary records (DR) in each season over a 1-year period (DHQ1–4 and DR1–4, respectively) and the DHQ at 1 year after completing DHQ1 (DHQ5). We used intraclass correlations between DHQ1 and DHQ5 to assess reproducibility, and Pearson correlations between the mean of DR1–4 and mean of DHQ1–4 and between the mean of DR1–4 and DHQ1 to assess relative validity. Reproducibility correlations for dietary GI and GL were 0·57 and 0·69 among women and 0·65 and 0·58 among men, respectively. Validity correlations for dietary GI and GL assessed by DHQ1–4 were 0·72 and 0·66 among women and 0·65 and 0·71 among men, respectively. Corresponding correlations for DHQ1 were 0·53 and 0·58 among women and 0·57 and 0·60 among men, respectively. White rice was the major contributor to GI and GL in both methods (49–64 %). These data indicate reasonable reproducibility and relative validity of dietary GI and GL assessed by a DHQ for Japanese adults, whose dietary GI and GL are primarily determined by the GI of white rice.

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KARAKTERISTIK ISOLAT Proteus mirabilis PADA SPESIMEN URIN DI RSUP SANGLAH SELAMA TAHUN 2018 – 2019

JURNAL KEDOKTERAN ◽

10.36679/kedokteran.v6i2.364 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 121

Author(s):

I Nyoman Arnatha ◽

Komang Januartha Putra Pinatih ◽

Ni Luh Ranthi Kurniawathi

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract ◽

Blood Urea Nitrogen ◽

Proteus Mirabilis ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Urea Nitrogen ◽

Multidrug Resistant Organisms ◽

Urinary Tract Stones ◽

The Mean ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Urine Specimens

Proteus mirabilis merupakan salah satu bakteri penyebab utama infeksi saluran kemih yang dapat memicu pembentukan kristal atau batu saluran kemih (BSK). Pemberian antibiotik yang adekuat dapat menurunkan resiko pembentukan BSK. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan karakteristik Proteus mirabilis yang diisolasi dari spesimen urin dan pola kepekaannya terhadap antibiotik. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang dilakukan secara potong lintang dengan kurun waktu 2 tahun (1 Januari 2018 sampai 31 Desember 2019) di RS Sanglah, Denpasar, Bali. Semua kultur urin dengan Proteus mirabilis dimasukkan dalam penelitian. Identifikasi bakteri dan sensitivitas terhadap antibiotik dilakukan dengan menggunakan mesin Vitek®2 Compact (BioMerieux). Dari 4.094 spesimen urin yang dikultur, didapatkan 49 isolat Proteus mirabilis dengan karakteristik pasiennya adalah : 49% laki-laki dan 51% perempuan. Usia mayoritas adalah 18-65 tahun (77.6%). Isolat yang menunjukkan adanya BSK adalah 13 isolat (26.5%) dengan lokasi batu paling banyak berada di ginjal sejumlah 9 isolat (69.2%). Rerata jumlah leukosit adalah 13.88 x103/mL (± 7.56). Rerata persentase neutrofil adalah 67.24 % (± 25.38). Rerata kadar Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) adalah 27.25 mg/dL (± 26.66). Rerata kadar serum kreatinin adalah 2.64 mg/dL (± 9.15). Persentase Multidrug Resistant Organisms (MDRO) sejumlah 38.8%. Hasil sensitivitas Proteus mirabilis terhadap amikacin sebesar 100%. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bakteri Proteus mirabilis cenderung mampu untuk membentuk kristal / BSK. Marker infeksi, fungsi ginjal pasien, dan sensitivitas terhadap antibiotik, tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan antara isolat dengan BSK dan tanpa BSK.Kata Kunci : Proteus mirabilis, batu saluran kemih, MDRO ABSTRACTProteus mirabilis is one of the main causes of urinary tract infections which can lead to formation of urinary tract stones. Adequate antibiotics can reduce the risk of stone formation. The aim of this study was to determine characteristics of Proteus mirabilis isolated from urine specimens and its sensitivity to antibiotics. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study with a period of 2 years (1 January 2017 to 31 December 2018) in Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, Bali. All urine cultures with Proteus mirabilis were included in this study. Identification and sensitivity test were conducted using Vitek-2 Compact machine (BioMerieux). Out of 4,094 urine specimens were cultured, in which 49 isolates of Proteus mirabilis were obtained. Characteristics of patients as follows 49% male and 51% female. The majority of the age is 18-65 years (77.6%). Isolates that showed the presence of stone were 13 isolates (26.5%) with location of the stones were mostly in the kidneys (9 isolates/69.2%). The mean leukocyte count was 13.88 x103/mL (± 7.56). The average percentage of neutrophils was 67.24% (± 25.38). The mean Blood Urea Nitrogen levels was 27.25 mg/dL (± 26.66). The mean serum creatinine level was 2.64 mg/dL (± 9.15). Percentage of Multidrug Resistant Organisms was 38.8%. All of isolates were sensitive to amikacin (100%). This study showed that Proteus mirabilis might be as a cause of urinary tract stone. Infection markers, patient kidney function, and sensitivity to antibiotics did not show a significant difference between isolates with and without stones.Keywords: Proteus mirabilis, urinary tract stones, MDRO

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Validation of a diet history questionnaire for use with Costa Rican adults

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980007000225 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 65-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Anne Chinnock

Keyword(s):

Standard Method ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Nutrient Intake ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Food Group ◽

Food Groups ◽

Food Record ◽

Diet History Questionnaire ◽

Diet History ◽

The Mean

AbstractObjectiveTo validate a diet history questionnaire (DHQ) using a weighed food record (WFR) as the standard method in the estimation of food consumption and nutrient intake in a group of adults.DesignWFR: all foods consumed by subjects during 7 consecutive days were weighed and recorded by nutrition students. Two DHQ interviews were carried out on days 1 (first diet history questionnaire, DHQ1) and 28 (second diet history questionnaire, DHQ2).SettingCosta Rica.SubjectsSixty adults: 30 men and 30 women; 30 living in urban and 30 in rural areas.ResultsIn comparison to the WFR, the DHQ1 gave statistically significant higher estimates of the mean intake of 19 nutrients for men and of three nutrients for women. The uncorrected correlation coefficients for nutrient intake according to both methods ranged from 0.40 to 0.83 for males and from 0.22 to 0.62 for females. Percentage of subjects classified in the same quartiles of nutrient intake according to each method ranged from 33.3% to 63.3% for males and from 23.3% to 53.3% for females. Misclassification in extreme quartiles ranged from 0% to 13.3% for both sexes. The mean food group consumption, according to the DHQ1, when compared with the WFR, gave statistically significant differences for three of the 18 food groups for men and for two groups in the case of women. The two applications of the DHQ gave similar results.ConclusionValidation of a DHQ using a WFR as the standard method gave results that compare favourably with those reported by other authors. This study found important differences in the response of men and women to the DHQ: among men, the estimates of mean nutrient intake from DHQ1 were significantly greater than those of the WFR, while in the case of women, the mean nutrient intake estimates from both methods were not significantly different. There was a higher degree of correlation between the DHQ1 and the WFR mean nutrient intakes among men than among women. The DHQ showed good reproducibility.

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Ability of self-reported estimates of dietary sodium, potassium and protein to detect an association with general and abdominal obesity: comparison with the estimates derived from 24 h urinary excretion

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114515000495 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 113 (8) ◽

pp. 1308-1318 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Kentaro Murakami ◽

M. Barbara E. Livingstone ◽

Satoshi Sasaki ◽

Kazuhiro Uenishi ◽

Keyword(s):

Urinary Excretion ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Inverse Association ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Diet History Questionnaire ◽

Diet History

As under-reporting of dietary intake, particularly by overweight and obese subjects, is common in dietary surveys, biases inherent in the use of self-reported dietary information may distort true diet–obesity relationships or even create spurious ones. However, empirical evidence of this possibility is limited. The present cross-sectional study compared the relationships of 24 h urine-derived and self-reported intakes of Na, K and protein with obesity. A total of 1043 Japanese women aged 18–22 years completed a 24 h urine collection and a self-administered diet history questionnaire. After adjustment for potential confounders, 24 h urine-derived Na intake was associated with a higher risk of general obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥ 80 cm; both P for trend = 0·04). For 24 h urine-derived protein intake, positive associations with general and abdominal obesity were observed (P for trend = 0·02 and 0·053, respectively). For 24 h urine-derived K intake, there was an inverse association with abdominal obesity (P for trend = 0·01). Conversely, when self-reported dietary information was used, only inverse associations between K intake and general and abdominal obesity were observed (P for trend = 0·04 and 0·02, respectively), with no associations of Na or protein intake. In conclusion, we found positive associations of Na and protein intakes and inverse associations of K intake with obesity when using 24 h urinary excretion for estimating dietary intakes. However, no association was observed based on using self-reported dietary intakes, except for inverse association of K intake, suggesting that the ability of self-reported dietary information using the diet history questionnaire for investigating diet–obesity relationships is limited.

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Discriminant Validation of the Test of Reading Performance (TORP) for Identifying Children at Risk of Reading Difficulties

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027//1015-5759.16.2.139 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 139-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Padeliadu Susana ◽

Georgios D. Sideridis

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Elementary School Students ◽

Reading Difficulties ◽

Reading Performance ◽

Low Achievers ◽

Children At Risk ◽

School Students ◽

Students At Risk ◽

Group A ◽

The Mean

Abstract This study investigated the discriminant validation of the Test of Reading Performance (TORP), a new scale designed to evaluate the reading performance of elementary-school students. The sample consisted of 181 elementary-school students drawn from public elementary schools in northern Greece using stratified random procedures. The TORP was hypothesized to measure six constructs, namely: “letter knowledge,” “phoneme blending,” “word identification,” “syntax,” “morphology,” and “passage comprehension.” Using standard deviations (SD) from the mean, three groups of students were formed as follows: A group of low achievers in reading (N = 9) including students who scored between -1 and -1.5 SD from the mean of the group. A group of students at risk of reading difficulties (N = 6) including students who scored between -1.5 and -2 SDs below the mean of the group. A group of students at risk of serious reading difficulties (N = 6) including students who scored -2 or more SDs below the mean of the group. The rest of the students (no risk, N = 122) comprised the fourth group. Using discriminant analyses it was evaluated how well the linear combination of the 15 variables that comprised the TORP could discriminate students of different reading ability. Results indicated that correct classification rates for low achievers, those at risk for reading problems, those at risk of serious reading problems, and the no-risk group were 89%, 100%, 83%, and 97%, respectively. Evidence for partial validation of the TORP was provided through the use of confirmatory factor analysis and indices of sensitivity and specificity. It is concluded that the TORP can be ut ilized for the identification of children at risk for low achievement in reading. Analysis of the misclassified cases indicated that increased variability might have been responsible for the existing misclassification. More research is needed to determine the discriminant validation of TORP with samples of children with specific reading disabilities.

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Planetary Nebulae in M31: Abundances, and comparison with bright Planetary Nebulae in the LMC

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s007418090013178x ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 180 ◽

pp. 475-476

Author(s):

M. G. Richer ◽

G. Stasińska ◽

M. L. McCall

Keyword(s):

Planetary Nebula ◽

Luminosity Function ◽

Large Population ◽

Wavelength Region ◽

Planetary Nebulae ◽

Surprising Result ◽

Population Synthesis ◽

Abundance Distribution ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Mean

We have obtained spectra of 28 planetary nebulae in the bulge of M31 using the MOS spectrograph at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. Typically, we observed the [O II] λ3727 to He I λ5876 wavelength region at a resolution of approximately 1.6 å/pixel. For 19 of the 21 planetary nebulae whose [OIII]λ5007 luminosities are within 1 mag of the peak of the planetary nebula luminosity function, our oxygen abundances are based upon a measured [OIII]λ4363 intensity, so they are based upon a measured electron temperature. The oxygen abundances cover a wide range, 7.85 dex < 12 + log(O/H) < 9.09 dex, but the mean abundance is surprisingly low, 12 + log(O/H)–8.64 ± 0.32 dex, i.e., roughly half the solar value (Anders & Grevesse 1989). The distribution of oxygen abundances is shown in Figure 1, where the ordinate indicates the number of planetary nebulae with abundances within ±0.1 dex of any point on the x-axis. The dashed line indicates the mean abundance, and the dotted lines indicate the ±1 σ points. The shape of this abundance distribution seems to indicate that the bulge of M31 does not contain a large population of bright, oxygen-rich planetary nebulae. This is a surprising result, for various population synthesis studies (e.g., Bica et al. 1990) have found a mean stellar metallicity approximately 0.2 dex above solar. This 0.5 dex discrepancy leads one to question whether the mean stellar metallicity is as high as the population synthesis results indicate or if such metal-rich stars produce bright planetary nebulae at all. This could be a clue concerning the mechanism responsible for the variation in the number of bright planetary nebulae observed per unit luminosity in different galaxies (e.g., Hui et al. 1993).

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The Iterative Development and Testing of an Interactive Mobile Application for Skill Retention of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Among High School Students: A Pilot Study

Simulation & Gaming ◽

10.1177/10468781211032692 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 104687812110326

Author(s):

Adeel Arif ◽

Amber Arif ◽

Kimberly Anne Fasciglione ◽

Farrukh Nadeem Jafri

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽

Mobile Apps ◽

Low Cost ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Compression Rate ◽

School Students ◽

Skill Retention ◽

Before And After

Abstract: Background Locations concentrated with High School (HS) students tend to have lower out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survival rates. Mobile applications (apps) have the capability to augment cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) skill retention as a low-cost, accessible training method. Methods An iterative process to develop an app to reinforce CPR skills emphasizing hand placement, compression rate, real-time feedback, and recurring tips is described. The app was tested on HS students to measure its impact on quality and comfort of CPR using Likert surveys and skills assessments before and after one month of usage. CPR Score and compression rate were measured using the Laerdal™ Little Anne Manikin QCPR software. Results Fourteen HS students participated in a prospective observational study. It was found that the use of the developed app was associated with improved CPR performance (80.43% v. 87.86%, p=0.01-0.02, 95% CI=2.20-12.66) after one month. Additionally, improvements were demonstrated in compression rate accuracy (21.43% v. 64.29%, p=0.041, 95% CI=0.132-0.725), increased comfort performing CPR (3.86 v. 4.79, p<0.001, 95% CI =0.99-1.00) and comfort performing CPR on strangers (2.71 v. 4.42, p<0.001, 95% CI=1.24-2.19). In addition, for every time the app was used, CPR performance increased by 0.5668% (p=0.0182). Conclusion Findings suggest that mobile apps may have promising implications as augmentative tools for CPR curriculums.

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Utility-Scale PV-Battery versus CSP-Thermal Storage in Morocco: Storage and Cost Effect under Penetration Scenarios

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14154675 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (15) ◽

pp. 4675

Author(s):

Ayat-allah Bouramdane ◽

Alexis Tantet ◽

Philippe Drobinski

Keyword(s):

Storage Capacity ◽

Low Cost ◽

Thermal Storage ◽

Solar Pv ◽

Storage Duration ◽

Maximum Cost ◽

Pv Inverter ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Variance Portfolio ◽

Utility Scale

In this study, we examine how Battery Storage (BES) and Thermal Storage (TES) combined with solar Photovoltaic (PV) and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technologies with an increased storage duration and rental cost together with diversification would influence the Moroccan mix and to what extent the variability (i.e., adequacy risk) can be reduced; this is done using recent (2013) cost data and under various penetration scenarios. To do this, we use MERRA-2 climate reanalysis to simulate hourly demand and capacity factors (CFs) of wind, solar PV and CSP without and with increasing storage capabilities—as defined by the CSP Solar Multiple (SM) and PV Inverter Loading Ratio (ILR). We adjust these time series to observations for the four Moroccan electrical zones over the year 2018. Our objective is to maximize the renewable (RE) penetration and minimize the imbalances between RE production and consumption considering three optimization strategies. We analyze mixes along Pareto fronts using the Mean-Variance Portfolio approach—implemented in the E4CLIM model—in which we add a maximum-cost constraint to take into account the different rental costs of wind, PV and CSP. We propose a method to calculate the rental cost of storage and production technologies taking into account the constraints on storage associated with the increase of SM and ILR in the added PV-BES and CSP-TES modules, keeping the mean solar CFs fixed. We perform some load bands-reduction diagnostics to assess the reliability benefits provided by each RE technology. We find that, at low penetrations, the maximum-cost budget is not reached because a small capacity is needed. The higher the ILR for PV, the larger the share of PV in the mix compared to wind and CSP without storage is removed completely. Between PV-BES and CSP-TES, the latter is preferred as it has larger storage capacity and thus stronger impact in reducing the adequacy risk. As additional BES are installed, more than TES, PV-BES is favored. At high penetrations, optimal mixes are impacted by cost, the more so as CSP (resp., PV) with high SM (resp., ILR) are installed. Wind is preferably installed due to its high mean CF compared to cost, followed by either PV-BES or CSP/CSP-TES. Scenarios without or with medium storage capacity favor CSP/CSP-TES, while high storage duration scenarios are dominated by low-cost PV-BES. However, scenarios ignoring the storage cost and constraints provide more weight to PV-BES whatever the penetration level. We also show that significant reduction of RE variability can only be achieved through geographical diversification. Technological complementarity may only help to reduce the variance when PV and CSP are both installed without or with a small amount of storage. However, the diversification effect is slightly smaller when the SM and ILR are increased and the covariances are reduced as well since mixes become less diversified.

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Economic Burden of Colorectal Cancer: A Case of Fars, Iran

Cancer Control ◽

10.1177/10732748211009952 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 107327482110099

Author(s):

Abdosaleh Jafari ◽

Peyman Mehdi Alamdarloo ◽

Mehdi Dehghani ◽

Peivand Bastani ◽

Ramin Ravangard

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Purchasing Power Parity ◽

Annual Cost ◽

Low Cost ◽

Direct Costs ◽

Fars Province ◽

Power Parity ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

The Mean

Among cancers, colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world and the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Some studies have shown that the incidence of colorectal cancer is increasing in Iran and in Fars province. The present study aimed to determine the economic burden of colorectal cancer in patients referred to the referral centers affiliated to Iran, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2019 from the patients’ perspective. This is a partial economic evaluation and a cost-of-illness study conducted cross-sectionally in 2019. All the patients with colorectal cancer who had been referred to the referral centers affiliated to Iran, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, and had medical records were studied through the census method (N = 96). A researcher-made data collection form was used to collect the cost data. The prevalence-based and bottom-up approaches were also used in this study. The human capital approach was applied to calculate indirect costs. The mean annual cost per patient with colorectal cancer in the present study was $10930.98 purchasing power parity (PPP) (equivalent to 5745.29 USD), the main part of which was the medical direct costs (74.86%). Also, among the medical direct costs per patient, the highest were those of surgeries (41.7%). In addition, the mean annual cost per patient with colorectal cancer in the country was $ 116917762 PPP (equivalent to 61451621.84 USD) in 2019. Regarding the considerable economic burden of colorectal cancer and in order to reduce the costs, these suggestions can be made: increasing the number of specialized beds through the cooperation of health donors, establishing free or low-cost accommodation centers for patients and their companions near the medical centers, using the Internet and cyberspace technologies to follow up the treatment of patients, and increasing insurance coverage and government drug subsidies on drug purchase.

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Assessment of Foods Associated with Sodium and Potassium Intake in Japanese Youths Using the Brief-Type Self-Administered Diet History Questionnaire

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13072345 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 2345

Author(s):

Masayuki Okuda ◽

Satoshi Sasaki

Keyword(s):

Sodium Excretion ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Potassium Excretion ◽

Potassium Intake ◽

Soybean Paste ◽

Diet History Questionnaire ◽

Diet History ◽

8Th Graders ◽

Sodium And Potassium

The identification of sodium and potassium intake in youths is an important step to preventing the increase of blood pressure in childhood. We examined food intake and estimated mineral intake using a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ) to test its validity as a comparison with urinary excretion in Japanese youths. The subjects were 5th and 8th graders (n = 2377), who completed the BDHQ and permitted the use of their overnight urine specimens. Sodium intake was poorly associated with sodium excretion (Rho = 0.048), and the coefficients of dietary potassium and a sodium-to-potassium molar ratio were 0.091–0.130. Higher soybean paste (miso) intake and pickles were significantly associated with higher sodium excretion (p ≤ 0.005). However, these foods were positively associated with potassium excretion (p = 0.002–0.012), and not associated with an excreted sodium-to-potassium ratio. Fruits and dairy products were positively associated (p ≤ 0.048), whereas beverages were negatively associated with potassium excretion (p ≤ 0.004). The association of the sodium-to-potassium ratio was opposite to that of potassium (p ≤ 0.001). The choice of foods, potassium, and the sodium-to-potassium ratio assessed using the BDHQ are available as part of health education for youths, but the assessment of sodium intake in population levels should be carefully conducted.

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